Battery management system

While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charge and discharge voltage, and 5) measure and display all readings.

While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charg...

Battery management system (BMS) is an integral part of an automobile. It protects the battery from damage, predicts battery life and maintains the battery in an operational condition. The BMS performs these tasks by integrating one or more of the functions, such as protecting the cell, controlling the charge, determining the state of charge (SOC), the state of health (SOH), and the remaining useful life (RUL) of the battery, cell balancing, as well as monitoring and storing historical data. In this paper, we propose a BMS that estimates three critical characteristics of the battery (SOC, SOH, and RUL) using a data-driven approach. Our estimation procedure is based on an equivalent circuit battery model consisting of resistors, capacitor, and Warburg impedance. The resistors usually characterize the self-discharge and internal resistance of the battery, the capacitor generally represents the charge stored in the battery, and the Warburg impedance represents the diffusion phenomenon. We investigate the use of support vector machines to predict the capacity fade and power fade, which characterize the SOH of a battery, as well as estimate the SOC of the battery. The circuit parameters are estimated from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test data using nonlinear least squares estimation techniques. Predictions of remaining useful life (RUL) of the battery are obtained by support vector regression of the power fade and capacity fade estimates.

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the mainstream of rechargeable batteries and has been widely used in electronics and electric vehicles due to its promising properties. Although the endurance and reliability are the everlasting pursuits, the performance fade of battery is inevitable. What's more, the performance diversity on capacity and fading rate make the general evaluation of battery intractable. To further investigate the inherent properties of the battery, this paper carries out a thorough analysis on battery's behavior at different discharge rates based on a set of multi-discharge rates degradation test of LIBs. The in uence of discharge rate and cycling on battery performance are highlighted with the discussion on issues of capacity diversity, capacity fading, and charge/discharge time behaviors. A dynamic version of Peukert's law, which summarizes the general degradation characteristics of Peukert coefficient (PC) and eliminates batteries' discrepancies on life cycle is proposed. Using the proposed dynamic Peukert's equation, capacity can be transferred to the desired discharge rate level and capacities at different discharge rates become comparable. The findings reveal LIB's behavior and establish the numerical correlation for capacities at different discharge rates, which helps to better understand battery's performance and is a powerful technique for battery condition monitoring.

Electric mobility contributing to greater extent to balance the energy and power demands, energy storage units as well as environment safety for current automobile sector. Electric vehicle has major efficient features of zero combustion, longer charging and discharging cycle which plays a vital role to replace the ongoing increase in price of petroleum fuels and its harmful effect son environment with their degrading store. Many non-conventional energy sources like solar, tidal, wind etc. Can be used to generate energy and store it in suitable types of batteries to run these vehicles. The Different types of batteries like lead acid, lithium ion, nickel bromide are used as an energy storage devices for these electric vehicles. But with many advantages these batteries has some structural and thermal issues if not designed or connected properly. These issues are capacity loss, cell balancing, thermal runaway, reduction in battery life etc. therefore much focus need to give on proper battery connections considering its working parameters. Possible types of connections for batteries are active, passive and semi active as per their connections in series and parallel type. These connections depends on increasing the voltage and capacity of the battery. For series combinations apposite terminals of batteries are connected to each other, in which current remains constant and battery voltage is summed up to increase for maintaining the same capacity or ampere hour (Ah) rating of batteries. Whereas in parallel connections same terminals of the batteries are connected to each other in which voltage remained constant and battery current is summed up to rise. This is needed when we need to double the battery capacity or ampere hours (Ah) rating according to your system needs while maintain the same level of voltages. Each connections has its significance for battery performance. The present work focused on various design parameters of electric vehicle i.e. Comparative analysis of both series and parallel connection of batteries through its circuit connection, active and passive cell balancing of battery cells. This analysis will be carried out in Experimental with simulation study using by analysing the behaviour of it on battery performance characteristics such as state of charge, voltage and current variation as per load cycle.

A critical element of a hybrid-electric-vehicle (HEV) propulsion system is the battery management system (BMS), which controls the performance of the HEV battery, the costliest and heaviest component of the propulsion system. This paper examines the relevance and criticality of an HEV BMS as a whole; that is, its general functions and "responsibilities". Of these, its ability to accurately estimate

This paper considers the solid state transformer concept as a viable alternative to the line frequency conventional transformer in distribution circuits. In existing method is efficient method for voltage transmission. However it is inconvenient for future because it produce harmonics, voltage sag, so it is less efficiency when compared to solid state transformer. The benefits of this transformer are improved power quality, efficiency of power transmission, Integrating and managing the future renewable energy resourcesin smart gird using SST and it has bidirectional power flow. This paper discuss configuration of solid state transformer and its topologies and comparison between the conventional transformer and SST based on its performance. This review will provide recommendations of future SST configuration and development

Abstract Mass integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will lead to transmission line congestion, transformer overload, necessary power plant construction, and power quality problems on the electric grid. In this work, Multi-port Power Electronics Interface (MPEI) is proposed as a solution. It is shown that MPEI, especially coupled with some distributed generation source (s), can perform the required functions to eliminate the harsh effects of mass EV market penetration. An MPEI is built to perform these functions in conjunction with a fleet of ...

Presently plug-in type electric and hybrid vehicles are already entered in the market. Electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are powered by batteries and have shown great potential to become vehicle of next generation. In an electric car industry several types of batteries are used to propel vehicle motor. Essentially the battery should be strong enough to power the car. The present research work is focused on development of battery simulator and estimation of battery parameters using Peukerts law. The Peukert coefficient is estimated from the real time observations carried with the help of active load. Various methods are available to estimate the battery efficiency and the life time of the battery. The presented work deals with the use of computers to test the battery parameters using scientific tool as a MATLAB. The developed GUI based battery model represents the behavior of the selected system and represents the battery system over time. Thus battery system gives real effects on battery under test. In this process of simulation, the Peukert's law played a significant role. Every battery system has a specific Peukert's exponent and this exponent is used to estimate the battery performance parameters. This estimation will play important role in improving the hardware in the loop (HIL) setup

A critical element of a hybrid-electric-vehicle (HEV) propulsion system is the battery management system (BMS), which controls the performance of the HEV battery, the costliest and heaviest component of the propulsion system. This paper examines the relevance and criticality of an HEV BMS as a whole; that is, its general functions and "responsibilities". Of these, its ability to accurately estimate and report the state-of- charge (SOC) is arguably the most important. This paper will explain why SOC estimation is important, and will examine advances in the state of the art of SOC estimation methods, with a focus on Kalman Filter techniques.

A doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is considered one of the most suitable generators for the variable wind speed due to its different composition from the rest of the other generators. This paper presents optimal design, power management, and control of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) for grid-connected DFIG Based wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The proposed system integrates the BESS-PV hybrid system with the DFIG grid-connected system via the DC-link of the back-to-back converter. The main objective of the paper is to maintain a constant DC-link voltage (Vdc), keep the stator and rotor currents stable and smooth, and maintain constant and smooth active power during the variation in wind speed. The proposed optimized control methodology includes a moth-flame optimized fuzzy logic controller (MFO-FLC) to extract the maximum power of PV power under variable solar radiation. Moreover, a constantcurrent constant-voltage controller (CC-CV) for BESS is implemented using MFO-PI. MATLAB/ SIMULINK® platform was used to verify the design and control of the proposed system. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the optimized control methodology under variable solar radiation and wind speed conditions. The active power transferred to the grid through the grid side converter of the DC-link is smoothed and maximized by approximately 22% from its actual value during low wind speed and 1000 w/m 2 while preserving a constant DC-link voltage during transient and steady-state conditions.

In-situ monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) of lead acid battery is important to understand the residual electrical energy. Usage of battery reduces the charge content of the active electrolyte which in turn changes its refractive index. This paper reports refract metric fiber optic sensor developed for on-line monitoring of SOC. The sensor is designed in such a way that it can be easily fitted in any cell of lead acid battery. The SOC of battery is estimated from sensor output. The battery performance parameters of the battery such as terminal voltage, discharge current, ampere-hour, battery temperature, SOC and Depth of discharge using fiber optic sensor output of battery are monitored for given electric load. The data is recorded continuously by data acquisition card USB 6009 using Lab VIEW Platform. Concurrently specific gravity of active electrolyte is measured using suck type of acidic hydrometer. The set of experiments are carried out for different discharge current by varying electrical load and SOC of the battery is monitored. After comparing the results for SOC of the battery with the conventional methods such as coulomb counting, terminal voltage and acidic hydrometer, it is concluded that developed sensor output is direct measure of SOC of battery.

This work presents a battery management system for lead–acid batteries that integrates a battery-block (12 V) sensor that allows the online monitoring of a cell’s temperature, voltage, and impedance spectra. The monitoring and diagnostic capabilities enable the implementation of improved battery management algorithms in order to increase the life expectancy of lead–acid batteries and report the battery health conditions. The novelty is based on the online monitoring of the evolution of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) over a battery’s life as a way to monitor the battery’s performance. Active cell balancing is also proposed as an alternative to traditional charge equalization to minimize excessive electrolyte consumption. A battery-block sensor (VTZ) was validated by using the correlation between experimental data collected from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy lab-testing equipment and sensors that were implemented in a series of 12 V lead–acid battery blocks. The...

Fluoride shuttle batteries (FSBs) are superior to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of high energy density, safety, etc. An electrolyte consisting of tetraglyme (G4) as a solvent molecule and triphenylboroxine (TPhBX) as an anion acceptor to improve the solubility of cesium fluoride (CsF) salt is a candidate of the electrolytes for FSBs. The low concentration of CsF in the electrolyte makes it difficult to study. Electrical X-Ray total scattering and anomalous X-Ray scattering (AXS) are powerful techniques for studying the local structures of electrolytes. This study shows that AXS measurement with a Cs K-edge can clarify the local structure around very low atomic concentration (0.27 at%) Cs. The first-neighbor distance and the coordination number suggest that Csþ ions exist in the major
Cs(G4)2 þ complex together with the minor Cs(G4)þ. The low-Q peak observed in the scattering patterns can be attributed to the structure of alternating [TPhBX]F and [Cs(G4)]þ (or [Cs(G4)2]þ). The large sizes of cations ([Cs(G4)]þ and [Cs(G4)2] þ) and anion [TPhBX]F lead to a long correlation distance. This work presents the picture that the F ions hop from TPhBX to [Cs(G4)]þ or [Cs(G4)2]þ toward the cathode and anode during charge and discharge, respectively.

ABSTRACT Taking into account the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources in the electric grid it has become important to manage these resources to improve the availability, reliability and quality of the electric power. In order to connect to the electric grid a solar photovoltaic (PV) plant with the characteristic of energy management plant it is required a set of conditions established by the transmission system operator (TSO). Among those, there are important points as the reliability in the power prediction, obligation to provide energy reserve and support to voltage disturbances. In order to provide a reserve of energy, some possibilities are proposed in this paper, all of them based on the energy storage system concept. A hybrid batteries and flywheels solution will be analysed for a specific application of 1MW, 1MWh solar photovoltaic plant. Only technical evaluation has been developed.

While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charg...

Energy is the need of the hour. There is an increasing demand for an alternate source of energy and energy storage is on rising, considering the prevailing conditions, the best solution for an internal combustion engine vehicle would be the battery- operated electric vehicle. The essential component of an electric vehicle is the battery. Batteries are said to be the new fuel tanks in electric vehicles. The lithium-ion batteries store more energy as possible to minimize range anxiety, maintains safety in case of unexpected events. They are highly complex systems, which require advanced engineering methods and techniques at the dif erent levels of manufacturing from chemistry to cell engineering, module, and pack engineering, and finally integration into full vehicles. The proposed system aims at the monitoring of the battery parameters and implementation of the safe and reliable operation of the system. The motive behind the proposal of the project is the demand for battery-operated electric vehicle's operation and safety. Even though there is an emerging trend of battery vehicles, people are still hesitant towards a complete shift considering the safety and reliability of the battery operation. When the above-mentioned problems are rectified, it can pave way for the use and easy commercialization of the vehicles. The system is aimed at applying to the battery-operated vehicles primarily and further can be used in any batteryoperated appliances which use the parameters for its functioning

ABSTRACT This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop battery simulation platform capable of emulating individual cells of a series connected string. The platform enables an efficient and reproducible way to benchmark battery management systems. The focus is put on battery modeling, embedded system architecture and software development. A practical implementation of a lithium-ion cell emulator based on a linear amplifier is described.

Battery systems are affected by many factors, the most important one is the cells unbalancing. Without the balancing system, the individual cell voltages will differ over time, battery pack capacity will decrease quickly. That will result in the fail of the total battery system. Thus cell balancing acts an important role on the battery life preserving. Different cell balancing methodologies have been proposed for battery pack. This paper presents a review and comparisons between the different proposed balancing topologies for battery ...

This paper considers the solid state transformer concept as a viable alternative to the line frequency conventional transformer in distribution circuits. In existing method is efficient method for voltage transmission. However it is inconvenient for future because it produce harmonics, voltage sag, so it is less efficiency when compared to solid state transformer. The benefits of this transformer are improved power quality, efficiency of power transmission, Integrating and managing the future renewable energy resources in smart gird using SST and it has bidirectional power flow. This paper discuss configuration of solid state transformer and its topologies and comparison between the conventional transformer and SST based on its performance. This review will provide recommendations of future SST configuration and development.

Energy is the need of the hour. There is an increasing demand for an alternate source of energy and energy storage is on rising, considering the prevailing conditions, the best solution for an internal combustion engine vehicle would be the batteryoperated electric vehicle. The essential component of an electric vehicle is the battery. Batteries are said to be the new fuel tanks in electric vehicles. The lithium-ion batteries store more energy as possible to minimize range anxiety, maintains safety in case of unexpected events. They are highly complex systems, which require advanced engineering methods and techniques at the different levels of manufacturing from chemistry to cell engineering, module, and pack engineering, and finally integration into full vehicles. The proposed system aims at the monitoring of the battery parameters and implementation of the safe and reliable operation of the system. The motive behind the proposal of the project is the demand for battery-operated electric vehicle's operation and safety. Even though there is an emerging trend of battery vehicles, people are still hesitant towards a complete shift considering the safety and reliability of the battery operation. When the above-mentioned problems are rectified, it can pave way for the use and easy commercialization of the vehicles. The system is aimed at applying to the battery-operated vehicles primarily and further can be used in any batteryoperated appliances which use the parameters for its functioning.

The battery management system (BMS) is an integral part of an automobile. It protects the battery from damage, predicts battery life, and maintains the battery in an operational condition. The BMS performs these tasks by integrating one or more of the functions, such as protecting the cell, thermal management, controlling the charge-discharge, determining the state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and remaining useful life (RUL) of the battery, cell balancing, data acquisition, communication with on-board and off-board modules, as well as monitoring and storing historical data. In this paper, we propose a BMS that estimates the critical characteristics of the battery (such as SOC, SOH, and RUL) using a data-driven approach. Our estimation procedure is based on a modified Randles circuit model consisting of resistors, a capacitor, the Warburg impedance for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test data, and a lumped parameter model for hybrid pulse power characterization test data. The resistors in a Randles circuit model usually characterize the self-discharge and internal resistance of the battery, the capacitor generally represents the charge stored in the battery, and the Warburg impedance represents the diffusion phenomenon. The Randles circuit parameters are estimated using a frequency-selective nonlinear least squares estimation technique, while the lumped parameter model parameters are estimated by the prediction error minimization method. We investigate the use of support vector machines (SVMs) to predict the capacity fade and power fade, which characterize the SOH of a battery, as well as estimate the SOC of the battery. An alternate procedure for estimating the power fade and energy fade from low-current Hybrid Pulse Power characterization (L-HPPC) test data using the lumped parameter battery model has been proposed. Predictions of RUL of the battery are obtained by support vector regression of the power fade and capacity fade estimates. Survival - - function estimates for reliability analysis of the battery are obtained using a hidden Markov model (HMM) trained using time-dependent estimates of capacity fade and power fade as observations. The proposed framework provides a systematic way for estimating relevant battery characteristics with a high-degree of accuracy.