Battery

One of the common methods that developed to predict state of charge is open circuit voltage (OCV) method. The problem which commonly occurs is to find the correction parameter between open circuit voltage and loaded voltage of the battery. In this research, correlation between state of charge measurement at loaded condition of a Panasonic LC-VA1212NA1, which is a valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, and open circuit voltage had been analyzed. Based on the results of research, correlation between battery’s measured voltage under loaded condition and open circuit voltage could be approached by two linearization area. It caused by K v ’s values tend to increase when measured voltage under loaded condition V M < 11.64 volt. However, K v values would be relatively stable for every V M ≥ 11.64 volts. Therefore, estimated state of charge value, in respect to loaded battery voltage, would increase slower on V M < 11.64 volts and faster on other range.

Due to its low cost and recycle-ability, the lead-acid battery is widely used in mobile and stationary applications. Despite much research on lead-acid batteries, the effect of charging voltage on the degradation mechanism requires further investigation. In particular, the origin of cycle life degradation remains unclear. In the present work, by using electrochemical tests and materials characterization, we studied the effect of charging voltage at voltages slightly higher than the open-circuit potential (OCP) i.e., 103-107% OCP, on the battery life cycle. The highest degradation was observed at 105% OCP charging voltage. Based on the materials characterization results, we found that the degradation of a lead-acid battery is influenced by the amount of hard sulfate and the sulfate particles' size.

This paper describes a vehicle simulation toolbox developed under Matlab® environment, which can be used to estimate the range of a vehicle battery, or a fuel cell/battery hybrid system. The model is function of mechanical and physical variables that depend not only on the vehicle but also on the ground. This toolbox can be extended to GPS tracking files by means of reading data file plug-ins. Even standard drive cycles can be simulated. Battery and hydrogen consumption, hydrogen storage tank level, battery state of charge, power consumption and fuel cell energy production, maximum range and maximum number of cycles for a real route can be determined. The model facilitates the prediction of the vehicle range and the hydrogen and energy consumption. Real route simulation gives a good approximation of the vehicle speed close to real-life services instead of using driving cycles that are quite arbitrary approximations to a real route.

This paper describes a vehicle simulation toolbox developed under Matlab® environment, which can be used to estimate the range of a vehicle battery, or a fuel cell/battery hybrid system. The model is function of mechanical and physical variables that depend not only on the vehicle but also on the ground. This toolbox can be extended to GPS tracking files by means of reading data file plug-ins. Even standard drive cycles can be simulated. Battery and hydrogen consumption, hydrogen storage tank level, battery state of charge, power consumption and fuel cell energy production, maximum range and maximum number of cycles for a real route can be determined. The model facilitates the prediction of the vehicle range and the hydrogen and energy consumption. Real route simulation gives a good approximation of the vehicle speed close to real-life services instead of using driving cycles that are quite arbitrary approximations to a real route.

This study presents a design of internal parameters of supercapacitor using charging/discharging characteristics of a battery. We aim at investigating the optimal supercapacitors-battery combination .This investigation is twofold first, supercapacitors and battery models are developed using MATLAB/Simulink and are presented and. Second, the architecture and the simulation of the designed system that combines the Supercapacitor and the battery are shown. The supercapacitors are used as high-power storage devices to smooth the peak power applied to the battery during backup time and to deliver full load power during short grid failures. By charging the supercapacitor through the battery at a suitable rate, all impulse power demands would be satisfied by the supercapacitors. KeywordsSupercapacitors, UPS, hybrid, battery, Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

Electric cars are initially developed as an alternative option for existing gas powered car. It also shows good results in both performance and energy utilization. Usage of electric cars are encouraged due to its effect over global warming as there is no emission of harmful gases like CO, CO2, NOX. The electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. This idea was coined in later 18 th century. But it was initiated in 20 th century to roll on roads. Even though we use battery as the energy source, we need a cooling system. It isnecessary to ensure the proper dissipation of heat which is emitted from the battery while transmission. Here we discuss about the cooling system of battery in an electric car. We use three different liquids to analyze its effectiveness. Those fluids are Glycol, Fluorinert FC72 and NOVEC7200 (Ethoxy nonaflurobutane). We have designed and drawn the model using CATIA V5 software and analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT software. Then analyzed best Coolant for the battery coolingsystem.

Battery is a promising cause of action for toxic tort plaintiffs. Nevertheless, there remains substantial controversy as to whether battery can only be applied in the case of direct interferences. Building on the principles of corrective justice, this article undertakes a critical exploration of the directness element in the tort of battery. The analysis begins by considering how the directness ought to be treated where the battery committed occurred via an environmental vector, such as wind or water. Then, using a series of thought experiments, the article ultimately argues that Canadian law should abolish the distinction between direct and indirect acts in battery in response to pragmatic and doctrinal considerations.

— In the following paper, a new innovative design in which simple and effective components are utilized in a circuit that enhances the capabilities of the portable power banks available in the market is discussed. Components such as DC voltage regulators and USB cable have been used to create a circuit that has more utility compared to products available in the market. It offers additional advantages and simpler approach to these portable power banks.

A jack is a mechanical lifting device used to apply great forces or lift heavy loads. A mechanical jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment. A hydraulic jack uses hydraulic power. In the case of tyre puncture or replacing wheels lift the car is more important part. This time we use traditional ways to lift the tyre. In that case a physically handicapped person, older person aged person not lifts the tyre easily. They require more time and also require more force to lift the tyre. In that way to help those who are physically challenged, aged person this project automatic hydraulic jack system is more useful. So, we tried to grab the opportunity. Here we use a wiper motor to drive the hydraulic jack loading subsequently and automatically.

Electric Vehicles took the world a step ahead in world of automobiles. It plays a major role for the contribution of a pollution free environment. The Electric Vehicle battery is one of the major components and therefore it has been maintained for a greater throughput of the life. Thus the parameters such as the voltage, State of Charge (SoC) of the battery is obtained and monitored so as to obtain a greater lifespan of the battery. Further the temperature plays a major role in the performance of the battery; wherein its ideal range must be in 25º to 30 ºC in order to get a good battery performance and to increase the life of electric vehicles battery, hence this parameter is also monitored. These parameters are sent to the IoT platform using the ESP8266 module in order monitor the parameters of the electric battery remotely. The model of the battery are simulated with its charging & discharging properties using Matlab and the parameters of the battery such as SOC, voltage and current are obtained.

The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs) depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DC converter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.

Nowadays energy storage is increasingly becoming a hot topic in the debate on how to improve efficiency, reliability and price-competitiveness of electricity services as well as on how to achieve deeper integration of intermittent renewable energies. Battery can play an important role in achieving the target of universal access to clean, reliable and affordable electricity services. Battery is an energy storage device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy and used as a source of power. As an energy storage device, the use of the battery is increasing day by day such as in automobiles, charger light & fan, IPS, UPS etc. But most of the users are not aware of proper maintenance of batteries. Batteries cannot serve as per capacity and sometimes permanently damage before completing economic lifetime due to the lack of proper maintenance. But if batteries are properly designed and maintained, batteries will improve the system’s performance and lead to economic savings over its lifetime. The purpose of this paper is to outline the duties and responsibilities for routine operation and care of batteries so that batteries will serve properly more than its economic lifetime.

The purpose of the project is to fabricate a Personal Transporter (PT).This vehicle is designed to overcome the cost of the actual Segway Vehicle and to provide zero pollution within the campus or industries and this transporter doesn’t use the gyroscope unit and sensors to keep the vehicle in the flat position, Instead this is achieved by the supporting wheels. The project aims at fabricating a vehicle which can reach a maximum speed of 20kmph (can be programmed up to 50kmph) and travel a distance of approximately 8- 10 kms. The time for which the vehicle runs is roughly 2 hours and vary depending on the speed at which the vehicle travels. The torque and power of the motor and are selected from the various configurations available in the market and which satisfies our requirements also. The wheels used are hub motor type wheels in which the motor is situated inside the hub of the wheel at the center. These wheels are not generally available in India and need to be imported. These wheels require less torque and power when compared to motor driving the wheel. The input to the wheel is given through an accelerator and is controlled using an electronic controller. Brakes can be applied to any wheel and turning the vehicle can be done by applying brakes on any of the side required depending on the direction of turn to be taken. For the vehicle to stop completely both the brakes need to be applied.

Conventionally two components are used for standing the motorcycle, namely side stand and center stand. Both components undergo static loading. The side stand is easily deployed allowing the motorcycle to lean to the left side. The task of mounting two wheelers on the center stand can be challenging. To operate center stand, rider has to get down from bike and has to pull against the lever which is difficult sometime. Rider has to lift minimum 50% of weight of motorcycle to engage the center stand. It becomes more difficult in case of heavy two wheelers like the Royal Enfield or if the rider is old. In this paper, an automated centre stand is designed and fabricated which uses a linear actuator powered by a battery to lower the stand and lift the vehicle and park it on the stand. This stand minimises human efforts to almost zero. In addition, the self-balancing mechanism was firmly established which lifts the motorcycle upright on uneven surfaces. As a result, it has become possible to install this automated centre stand in mass production scooter.

While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charge and discharge voltage, and 5) measure and display all readings.

While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charg...

Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power source. They power most of today's portable devices and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale. Lithium-ion batteries are being widely used in military applications for over a decade. These man portable applications include tactical radios, thermal imagers, ECM, ESM, and portable computing. In the next five years, due to the rapid inventions going on in li-ion batteries, the usage of lithium batteries will further expand to heavy-duty platforms, such as military vehicles, boats, shelter applications, aircraft and missiles. The aim of this paper is to review key aspects of Li-ion batteries, the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solution as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use in Indian Armed Forces which are deployed in very harsh conditions across the country.

The prevailing standards and scientific literature offer a wide range of options for the construction of a battery thermal management system (BTMS). The design of an innovative yet well-functioning BTMS requires strict supervision, quality audit and continuous improvement of the whole process. It must address all the current quality and safety (Q&S) standards. In this review article, an effective battery thermal management is sought considering the existing battery Q&S standards and scientific literature. The article contains a broad overview of the current existing standards and literature on a generic compliant BTMS. The aim is to assist in the design of a novel compatible BTMS. Additionally, the article delivers a set of recommendations to make an effective BTMS.

This paper discusses the coordination of photovoltaics, batteries, and supercapacitors. The Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA) method is proposed to improve system performance in minimizing output voltage errors. With the DEA method, at the 42V reference voltage, the overshoot value is 42.36 V, the settling time is 0.1361 seconds, and the final value is 42.01 V, and the reference voltage is 52V, the overshoot value is 52.4V, the settling time is 0.234 and the final value is 52.01V compared to conventional control when the reference voltage V is 42V, Overshoot is 42.98 V, the settling time is 0.2414 and the final value is 42, 02 V, when the reference voltage V is 52V, overshoot is 53.74V, settling time is 0.284 and Final Value is 52.06.

This paper describes bidirectional DC-DC converter fed separately excited dc motor for EV application. Battery fed electric vehicles (BFEVs) is required to function in three different modes namely: normal (steady-state) mode, acceleration mode and braking (regenerative) mode. During acceleration and normal modes the power flow is from battery to motor whereas during braking or regenerative mode the kinetic energy of the motor is converted into electrical energy and fed back to battery.

— Nowadays, power is a principle necessity of creating nations. Power is the most imperative piece of nature and it is a standout amongst the most generally utilized types of vitality over the world. [1] This paper exhibits how imperativeness can be tapped and used at a typically used structure the road speed breakers. The number of vehicles disregarding the speed measuring glass in extending each day. In this paper investigated by a spring coil course of action control age and air pressure instrument. In this paper we evaluate the sustainable power sources through age of power. Presently in this paper contrasting with a few techniques and examination of the power age. In this gadget active vitality proselytes to the electrical vitality.

Energy is the need of the day. The generation of energy from conventional sources are under exploitation. The conventional energy pollutes environment severely and its least availability. So, India turned to produce electricity on the usage of non- conventional energy resourceslike solar, wind, hydro etc. According to the development of India, Electricity generation on non-conventional energy sources also plays a major role. On behalf of this, the application based solar-wind hybrid system projects is more powerful than other combined sources. Hybrid energy system is the combination of any two energy sources in a power system to fulfil the requirement of consumers. Thissystem can be designed for both of grid and on grid and also providing the uninterrupted supply in various climatic conditions. Some of the hybrid generation systems are solar- wind, solar-diesel, wind-hydro and wind-diesel. This Project mainly on non-grid connected solar and wind hybrid power system.

Pengaplikasian energi terbarukan dapat dimana saja termasuk pada rumah tangga, salah satu sumber energi yang bisa dimanfaatkan adalah energi surya dengan menggunakan panel surya. Tegangan pada panel surya tentunya bergantung dari radiasi surya yang diterima oleh panel surya sehingga dibutuhkan DC to DC converter sebagai penstabil tegangan. Pada penelitian ini DC to DC converter yang digunakan adalah Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter (NIBB) berbasis arduino yang akan menstabilkan tegangan panel surya, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk pengisian accu 12 V 40 Ah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan peralatan Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter (NIBB) dapat digunakan untuk pengisian aki 12 Volt 40 ah dengan tegangan awal aki sebesar pada tanggal 16 Juni sebesar 11,86 Volt dan tegangan akhir aki setelah dicharge sebesar 12,86 Volt dengan daya pengisian ratarata sebesar 47,50 Watt sedangkan daya solar panel rata-rata sebesar 56,68 Watt sehingga efesiensi ratarata dari perangkat sebesar 82,75 %.

Inverters are widely used in the domestic as well as industrial environments to serve as second line of source in case of power cut form the electricity utility grids. However, due to low capacity of the battery the inverter dies out with the use of heavy load appliances. This project is designed in such a way that it overcomes this limitation using solar energy. Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an inverter powered by a 12V Battery. This inverter generates up to 110V AC with the help of driver circuitry and a heavy load transformer. This battery gets charged from two sources, first being the mains power supply itself. If the mains power supply is available, the relay switches to the connection using mains power supply to supply to the load. This power supply also charges the battery for using it as back up the next time there is power outage. The use of solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage of surplus power in case the power outage of mains is prolonging. Thus, this inverter can last for longer duration's and provide uninterrupted power supply to the user.

The fuel economy and all-electric range (AER) of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are highly dependent on the on-board energy-storage system (ESS) of the vehicle. Energy-storage devices charge during low power demands and discharge during high power demands, acting as catalysts to provide energy boost. Batteries are the primary energy-storage devices in ground vehicles. Increasing the AER of vehicles by 15% almost doubles the incremental cost of the ESS. This is due to the fact that the ESS of HEVs requires higher peak power while preserving high energy density. Ultracapacitors (UCs) are the options with higher power densities in comparison with batteries. A hybrid ESS composed of batteries, UCs, and/or fuel cells (FCs) could be a more appropriate option for advanced hybrid vehicular ESSs. This paper presents state-of-the-art energy-storage topologies for HEVs and plug-in HEVs (PHEVs). Battery, UC, and FC technologies are discussed and compared in this paper. In addition, various hybrid ESSs that combine two or more storage devices are addressed. Index Terms-Battery, energy storage, fuel cell (FC), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEVs (PHEVs), ultracapac-itor (UC).

Global environmental issues and shortage of fossil fuel available are major concerned in today's world. Due to this focus has been turned to renewable energy sources like wind energy solar energy & tidal energy. They are becoming more and more popular all over the world due to many advantages associated with them. Our model concern to generate electricity by human footstep through the foot pump at 0.7 bar pressure. The volume of air generates in a cylinder210702.69 mm3.The model consists a setup of mechanism to compress an air in foot pumps through human footsteps energy this convert it into compressed air. This compressed air is then stored in the air tank of sufficient pressure, then this compressed air gets impacted on fan coupled with D.C. generator through a high pressure nozzle. The D.C. generator generates D.C. voltage which gets stored in battery.

Rapid developments in the lithium-ion battery technology in the last decade have made it the overwhelming choice over lead-acid batteries, especially for advanced vehicles like hybrid and electric vehicles. However, for the traditional starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) application, the lead-acid technology continues to be dominant due to its low costs, despite its shortcomings. This could change in the future as a consequence of the introduction of newer, cheaper and safer lithium technologies. This paper examines the feasibility of using lithium-ion batteries for SLI application in conventional vehicles, over the lifetime of the vehicle, along with their battery management and thermal management systems and various related issues.

Every nanosatellite, including Tel-Usat which is currently developed by Telkom University, needs power resource to carry out its mission. Thus, a subsystem called Electrical Power System (EPS) is usually given a task to harvest and manage the power resource. One of the problems in the EPS subsystem is the design so it can work properly and effectively to convert the energy from sunlight into electric power. In this paper, two design of EPS has been done and investigated. Both design use two different concept where the model one using a pair of series SPV1040 charger module at the solar cell input while model 2 only uses single LT3652 charger module at the same point. The result shows that EPS model 2 has a better performance in charging or discharging capability although the circuit is more complex than the EPS model 1.

PWM or Pulse Width Modulation based control of
power electronic circuits is most common method used for
controlling output voltage of bidirectional converter. Various
modes of operation of bidirectional converter is discussed. A low
cost micro-controller board, Arduino, has been used to
implement the PWM control technique thus avoiding the need
for complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used
to design the bidirectional converter.

كما هو معلوم لدينا أن البطارية هي المصدر الأساسي  للطاقة الكهربائية اللازمة لتشغيل كافة المنظومات والأجهزة والدوائر الكهربائية  والإلكترونية في المركبة .
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على أنواع البطاريات من حيث كونها جافة  أو سائلة، والإطلاع على الأعطال الشائعة  في البطاريات وإيجاد الحلول المناسبة لها .
يتضمن هذا البحث خمس  فصول حيث يشتمل الفصل الأول على مقدمة عامة عن البطاريات و أنواعها المختلفة .
يتضمن الفصل الثاني نبذة عامة عن البطاريات السائلة والبطاريات والجافة.
يتضمن الفصل الثالث الأسباب الشائعة لأعطال البطاريات وكيفية  تلافيها مثل التآكل والكبرتة والمستوى غير الصحيح للمحلول الإلكتروليتي  بالإضافة إلى مشاكل ميكانيكية مثل درجة الحرارة الزائدة للمحرك و الإرتخاء أو الشد الزائد لسير المروحة .
يشتمل الفصل الرابع على تشخيص الاعطال الشائعة  للبطاريات ووضع الحلول لها .
يشتمل الفصل الخامس والأخير على المناقشة والخاتمة.

This paper gives the details about the research papers related to the solar power tricycle project and includes the methods and considerations regarding the proper working of the tricycle. The main content of this paper is Solar PV panel, Brushless PMDC motor, Charge controller and battery. This paper will discuss about the main idea of the component and here we compared the different component.

Fuel cell (FC) application in vehicular technology has gained much popularity since the past few years. Typically, fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) consists of fuel cell, battery and/or ultracapacitor (UC) as the power sources. The power converter is integrated to the power sources to form the hybrid FC system. This helps to compensate the drawback of individual power sources. Apart from the technical efficiency of power sources itself, the performance of an FCHEV is governed by the efficiency of power electronics and associated controller. In this paper, a state-of-the-art of vehicle classification is reviewed, in which the focus is placed on the deployment of fuel cell, battery, ultracapacitor and flywheel. The configurations used in FCHEV, followed by the updated power converter topologies, are also discussed. The topologies are categorized and discussed according to the power stages and control techniques used in the configurations. Then, multiple stages conversion and single stage topologies are described chronologically. The advantages and disadvantages of each topology, safety standards, current situation and environmental impact of FCHEV are also discussed. In addition, the current development of FCHEV, challenges and future prospects are also elaborated. The rapid growth of FC based research and technology has paved great prospects for FCHEVs in the near future, with the prediction of the competitive cost of hydrogen as compared to gasoline.

Solar plays a very important role in our day to day life. We have developed the solar tricycle especially for the handicapped person. In this paper it is discussed that how solar power is utilized for providing the power to the tricycle, which will reduce the efforts of the handicapped person. The solar tricycle mainly consists of Solar panel, Brushless DC motor, Battery, Charge controller and Throttle. This paper includes all the information regarding the solar powered tricycle and its main components used in it.

A smart grid will require, to greater or lesser degrees, advanced tools for planning and operation, broadly accepted communications platforms, smart sensors and controls, and real-time pricing. The smart grid has been described as something of an ecosystem with constantly communication, proactive, and virtually self-aware. The use of smart grid has a lot of economical and environmental advantages; however it has a downside of instability and unpredictability introduced by distributed generation (DG) from renewable energy into the public electric systems. Variable energies such as solar and wind power have a lack of stability and to avoid short-term fluctuations in power supplied to the grid, a local storage subsystem could be used to provide higher quality and stability in the fed energy. Energy storage systems (ESSs) would be a facilitator of smart grid deployment and a " small amount " of storage would have a " great impact " on the future power grid. The smart grid, with its various superior communications and control features, would make it possible to integrate the potential application of widely dispersed battery storage systems as well other ESSs. This work deals with a detailed updated review on available ESSs applications in future smart power grids. It also highlights latest projects carried out on different ESSs throughout all around the world.

Until recently, the relatively high levelized cost of electricity from solar photovoltaic (PV) technology limited deployment; however, recent cost reductions, combined with various financial incentives and innovative financing techniques, have made PV fully competitive with conventional sources in many American regions. In addition, the costs of electrical storage have also declined enough to make PV + battery systems potentially economically viable for a mass-scale off-grid low-emission transition. However, many regions in the U.S. (e.g. Northern areas) cannot have off-grid PV systems without prohibitively large battery systems. Small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) systems provide a potential solution for off-grid power backup of residential-scale PV + battery arrays, while also minimizing emissions from conventional sources. Thus, an opportunity is now available to maximize the use of solar energy and gain the improved efficiencies possible with CHPs to deploy PV + battery + CHP systems throughout the U.S. The aim of this study is to determine the technical viability of such systems by simulating PV + battery + CHP hybrid systems deployed in three representative regions in the U.S., using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro Microgrid Analysis tool. The results show that the electricity generated by each component of the hybrid system can be coupled to fulfill the residential load demand. A sensitivity analysis of these hybrid off grid systems is carried out as a function capacity factor of both the PV and CHP units. The results show that conservatively sized systems are technically viable in any continental American climate and the details are discussed to provide guidance for both design and deployment of PV + battery + CHP hybrid systems to reduce consumer costs, while reducing energy- and electricity-related emissions.

This study presents a design of internal parameters of supercapacitor using charging/discharging characteristics of a battery. We aim at investigating the optimal supercapacitors-battery combination .This investigation is twofold first, supercapacitors and battery models are developed using MATLAB/Simulink and are presented and. Second, the architecture and the simulation of the designed system that combines the Supercapacitor and the battery are shown. The supercapacitors are used as high-power storage devices to smooth the peak power applied to the battery during backup time and to deliver full load power during short grid failures. By charging the supercapacitor through the battery at a suitable rate, all impulse power demands would be satisfied by the supercapacitors.