Papers by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
Design of a unified controller framework for Grid-tied and Grid-forming battery energy storage system, 2022
This paper presents an investigation and design of a unified control framework of a battery energ... more This paper presents an investigation and design of a unified control framework of a battery energy storage system (BESS) for the electrification of different Distributed Energy Resources (DER) assets. The preliminary challenge is that BESS should operate in both grid-connected and standalone modes while ensuring a seamless transition between the two modes and efficient power distribution between the load, the battery, and the grid. So, having a unified controller scheme deployed in suitable compliant controller hardware is highly desired. Additionally, it is vital for suitable integration and operation of BESS into different grid and load conditions. This approach is different from the conventional methods found in literature, which use a different individual controller for each of the modes. Instead, in this work, a single unified controller is proposed. The unified controller framework is evaluated in the simulation of different case studies. The results disclosed that the proposed control scheme gives good dynamic responses to grid power events and load variations.
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Design of a unified controller framework for Grid-tied and Grid-forming battery energy storage system, 2022
This paper presents an investigation and design of a unified control framework of a battery energ... more This paper presents an investigation and design of a unified control framework of a battery energy storage system (BESS) for the electrification of different Distributed Energy Resources (DER) assets. The preliminary challenge is that BESS should operate in both grid-connected and standalone modes while ensuring a seamless transition between the two modes and efficient power distribution between the load, the battery, and the grid. So, having a unified controller scheme deployed in suitable compliant controller hardware is highly desired. Additionally, it is vital for suitable integration and operation of BESS into different grid and load conditions. This approach is different from the conventional methods found in literature, which use a different individual controller for each of the modes. Instead, in this work, a single unified controller is proposed. The unified controller framework is evaluated in the simulation of different case studies. The results disclosed that the proposed control scheme gives good dynamic responses to grid power events and load variations.
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The chapter primarily explores the likelihood of heat measurement by means of the calorim-eter in... more The chapter primarily explores the likelihood of heat measurement by means of the calorim-eter in the lithium-ion battery cells for different applications. The presented focus applications are electrical vehicle and smart grid application. The efficiency parameter for battery cell is established using state of the art isothermal calorimeter by taking the consideration of heat related measurement. The calorimeter is principally used for the determination of the heat flux of the battery cell. The main target is to achieve the precision and accuracy of measurement of battery cell thermal performance. In this chapter, the assessment of battery efficiency parameter is proposed. A newly devised efficiency calculation methodology is projected and illustrated. The procedure ensures the precision an accurate measurement of heat flux measurement and turns into more comparable efficiency parameter. In addition, the issue is to investigate thermal sensitivity to factors that influence the energy storage system performance, i.e., current rate and temperature requirements. The results provide insight into the establishment of new key performance indicator (KPI) efficiency specification of the battery system. The usage of the calorimetric experiments is presented to predict the temperature distribution over a battery cell and an array of cells.
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The prevailing standards and scientific literature offer a wide range of options for the construc... more The prevailing standards and scientific literature offer a wide range of options for the construction of a battery thermal management system (BTMS). The design of an innovative yet well-functioning BTMS requires strict supervision, quality audit and continuous improvement of the whole process. It must address all the current quality and safety (Q&S) standards. In this review article, an effective battery thermal management is sought considering the existing battery Q&S standards and scientific literature. The article contains a broad overview of the current existing standards and literature on a generic compliant BTMS. The aim is to assist in the design of a novel compatible BTMS. Additionally, the article delivers a set of recommendations to make an effective BTMS.
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A three-dimensional multiphysics-based thermal model of a battery pack is presented. The model is... more A three-dimensional multiphysics-based thermal model of a battery pack is presented. The model is intended to demonstrate the cooling mechanism inside the battery pack. Heat transfer (HT) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) physics are coupled for both time-dependent and steady-state simulation. Inside the battery cells in the pack a lumped value of heat generation (HG), that works as a volumetric heat source, is used. The measured HG stems from the cell level isothermal calorimeter experiment. The batteries inside the pack stay in the same initial thermal state in the simulation case. The pack is simulated to find the temperature gradient over the pack surfaces. Moreover, the temperature evolution results are simulated. It is demonstrated that the developed pack model can provide the thermal spatio-temporal behaviour with great detail. The result helps to understand the thermal behavior of the cells inside a battery pack.
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In this experiment-based research, the performance and behaviour of a pouch type Li-ion battery c... more In this experiment-based research, the performance and behaviour of a pouch type Li-ion battery cell are reported. The commercial test cell has a Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) based anode with 13Ah capacity. It is accomplished by measuring the evolution of surface temperature distribution, and the heat flux of the battery cell at the same time. Temperatures on the surface of the cell are measured using contact thermocouples, whereas, the heat flux is measured simultaneously by the isothermal calorimeter. This heat flux measurement is used for determining the heat generation inside the cell. Consequently, using the heat generation result the important performance constituent of the battery cell efficiency is calculated. Those are accomplished at different temperature levels (-5°C, 10°C, 25°C and 40°C) of continuous charge and discharge constant current rate (1C,2C,4C,8C,10C (maximum)). There is a significant change in heat generation in both charge and discharge events on different temperature and Crate. The heat flux change level is non-linear. This nonlinear heat flux is responsible for the nonlinear change of efficiency in different Crate in a particular temperature. The presented experimental technique is a very precise determination to profile the battery cell. The result of the research can be incorporated in constructing a precise datasheet for a battery cell which can assist the researchers, engineers, and different stakeholders to enhance different aspects of battery research. Keywords— Surface temperature; spatial distribution; Isothermal Calorimeter; Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO), Battery thermal management, battery efficiency, heat Generation, key performance indicator (KPI), battery behaviour.
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In this experiment-based research, there is an attempt to determine the evolution of surface temp... more In this experiment-based research, there is an attempt to determine the evolution of surface temperature distribution, thermal behaviour and performance of a battery cell at the same time. The pouch type commercial test cell has a 13Ah capacity and Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) based anode. Temperatures on the surface of the cell are measured using contact thermocouples. Additionally, the heat flux is simultaneously measured with the isothermal calorimeter. This heat flux measurement is used for determining the heat generation inside the cell. Consequently, the important performance constituent of the battery cell efficiency is calculated. Those are accomplished at different temperature levels (0°C and 25°C) of continuous constant current 1C charge and discharge. Also, the maximal increase in the battery temperature over the cell surface is found on the battery cell surface. The heat flow calibration and experimentation for calorimetric measurement are deliberated. The experimental procedure is a very precise determination of the heat generation and the efficiency of the battery cell.
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The paper investigates the feasibility of employing a battery thermal management system (BTMS) in... more The paper investigates the feasibility of employing a battery thermal management system (BTMS) in different applications based on a techno economic analysis considering the battery lifetime and application profile, i.e. current requirement. The preliminary objective is to set the decision criteria of employing a BTMS and if the outcome of the decision is positive, to determine the type of the employed BTMS. However, employing a BTMS needs to meet a number of application requirements and different BTMS associates a different amount of capital cost to ensure the battery performance over its lifetime. Hence, the objective of this paper is to develop and detail the method of the feasibility for commissioning BTMS called “The decision tool frame-work” (DTF) and to investigate its sensitivity to major factors (e.g. lifetime and application requirement) which are well-known to influence the battery pack thermal performance, battery pack performance and ultimately the performance as well as utility of the desired application. This DTF is designed to provide a common frame-work of a BTMS manufacturer and designer to evaluate the options of different BTMS applicable for different applications and operating conditions. The results provide insight into the feasibility and the required specifi-cation and configuration of a BTMS.
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In this article, an online state of charge (SoC) estimation framework is proposed, designed and i... more In this article, an online state of charge (SoC) estimation framework is proposed, designed and implemented using the system identification approaches. The techniques are composed of cross combination between two modified nonlinear optimisation algorithms (modified Genetic Algorithm and modified Levenberg Marquardt) adapted for battery cell parameter estimation. Subsequently a linear recursive Kalman filter is employed to estimate the state parameters of the battery cell. Moreover, a newly statistical approach is developed to encounter hysteresis phenomena within the cell. The prerequisite for the SoC determination in the electrical vehicle (EV) is challenging as the battery can be composed of hundreds of cells while the load current changes dramatically inside the cells and the required elapsed time for SoC determination should be as short as possible to extend the expected lifetime of the battery pack. Thus, the accurate estimation of the SoC of the cells in a battery pack is one of the key factors for using them effectively. The framework is found to be robust, optimal and implementable in time constrained environment with acceptable accuracy.
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The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is attractive for medium- or high-power applications becau... more The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is attractive for medium- or high-power applications because of the advantages of its high modularity, availability, and high power quality. However, reliability is one of the most important issues for MMCs those are made of large number of power electronic submodules (SMs). This paper proposed an effective fault detection and localization method for MMCs. An MMC fault can be detected by comparing the measured state variables and the estimated state variables with a Kalman Filter. The fault localization is based on the failure characteristics of the SM in the MMC. The proposed method can be implemented with less computational intensity and complexity, even in case that multiple SMs faults occur in a short time interval. The proposed method is not only implemented in simulations with professional tool PSCAD/EMTDC, but also verified with a down-scale MMC prototype controlled by a real-time digital signal controller in the laboratory. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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PV System and Grid Integration Aspects, Oct 4, 2013
"""The paper investigates the potential of using lumped stationary battery energy storage systems... more """The paper investigates the potential of using lumped stationary battery energy storage systems (BESS) in the public low-voltage distribution grid in order to defer upgrades needed in case of large penetration of electric vehicle (EV), electrified heat pump (HP) in presence of photovoltaic (PV) panel on the view of techno economic optimal sizing taking the consideration of season-based diurnal dynamics. The BESS is primarily dimensioned for the peak shaving operation targeted for the counterbalance of overloading of transformer; BESS also participates in arbitrage (buy low, sell high) application. The paper assesses the effects of a PV-BESS combination and the control of such a system with the help of a newly devised season specific BESS control protocol that ensures the availability of energy for peak-shaving purpose (namely peak period in winter) and it participates in arbitrage. The objective of this paper is to develop and detail the method of optimum sizing energy storage for grid connected distribution systems using newly devised BESS control protocol and investigate its sensitivity to factors which are known to influence energy system performance and hence storage requirements. The results provide insight into the dimensioning and the required specification and configuration of BESS.
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Hysteresis: Types, Applications and Behavior Patterns in Complex Systems, Jul 2014
One of the common phenomena for most of the battery cell chemistries is hysteresis. Since an open... more One of the common phenomena for most of the battery cell chemistries is hysteresis. Since an open circuit voltage (OCV) path is not identical for the charge and discharge of the battery cell at different states of charge (SoC) level, the battery cell show the hysteresis effect. Usually, the OCV i.e. voltage with zero current after previous charge is higher than the OCV after discharge at the same SoC level. It embodies the hysteresis of the battery cell. The OCV is principally subjected to previous operating condition and cannot be taken as self-regulating from the operating history. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of the hysteresis of OCV is vital for various applications and battery models. This is because currently Battery Management Systems (BMS) use the well-defined OCV-SoC representative curve for SoC estimation and power prediction. Particularly lithium-ion batteries with iron-phosphate cathode material show a complex OCV behavior including a hysteresis that is dependent on the previous operation i.e. the previous state - charging or discharging. The extent of drawbacks related to hysteresis varies on specific cell chemistry. Those batteries are more prone to catastrophes due to failures to estimate the correct SoC or energy content of the battery consequently limiting operation life of the battery pack. Therefore, novel and more cutting-edge hysteresis management strategies are required to be able to prevent securely the energy storage system from ever facing these critical circumstances. In case of the exchanging between the charging and discharging curves (due to exposure of charge and discharge pulse) makes the SoC estimation problematic since switching from the OCV leads to sudden changes in the output of SoC that physically is not consistent for a battery cell. In this chapter, the characteristics of OCV in function of relaxation times for different Li-ion chemistries are presented. Moreover, a novel hysteresis compensation structure is introduced based on Kalman filter and statistical error function. These combinations are able to meet the high requirements of estimating accurate SoC using open circuit voltage. In addition, the issues of safety and reliability are going to be increased for the integration of the newly established compensation scheme for the hysteresis phenomenon. A hysteresis compensation framework is elaborated in the subsequent sections of this chapter.
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Conference Presentations by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
The poster presents a
methodology to account for thermal effects
on battery cells to improve the ... more The poster presents a
methodology to account for thermal effects
on battery cells to improve the typical thermal
performances in a pack through heating
calculations generally performed under the
operating condition assumption. The aim is to
analyse the issues based on battery thermophysical
characteristics and their impact on
the electrical state of battery cells(Khan,
Mulder et al. 2013, Khan, Andreasen et al.
2014, Khan et al. 2014, Khan, Mulder et al.
2014, Khan, Nielsen et al. 2014). Based on
this analysis, we derive strategies in
achieving the goal, and then propose a
battery thermal management system with
cell-level thermal controls.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Thesis Chapters by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
Last few years’ governments are tightening the carbon emission regulations. Moreover, the availab... more Last few years’ governments are tightening the carbon emission regulations. Moreover, the availability of different financial assistances is available to cut the market share of the fossil fuel vehicles. Conversely, to fill up the gap of the required demand, higher penetration of electrical vehicles is foreseen. The future battery manufacturers strive to meet the ever growing requirement of consumer’s demand using the battery as a primary power source of these cars. So naturally, the growing popularity of battery electric and hybrid vehicles have catapulted the car industry in the recent years. The products include for instance: hybrids, plug-in hybrids, battery and fuel-cell-battery electric vehicles (EV) and so forth. Undeniably, the battery is one of the most significant parts in all of those. Furthermore, stationary storage is another aspect of an emerging field. It represents next generation smart grids, for instance, photovoltaic (PV) with battery users. Additionally, the stakeholders in the energy sector are anticipating higher market share of the battery system as different battery powered system is penetrating into the consumer market. Currently, there is a revolution going on the power-system domain. The dumb grids are turning into a smart grid that contains computer intelligence and networking abilities to accommodate dispersed renewable generations (e.g. solar, wind power, geothermal, wave energy and so forth). The battery takes a primary role both as stationary and transportable source of energy in these cases. The phenomenon demonstrates economic and environmental benefits. It changes the fundamental structure of the paradigm of the status quo of the energy system with battery. So battery driven applications have been taken onto the centre stage in the current world.
However, while the expanding battery market is alluring, the performance, safety, and security of the EV more specifically battery related thermal management – particularly is a barrier to mass deployment. This represents a non-trivial challenge for the battery suppliers, EV manufacturers, and smart grid developers. The industry is under intense pressure to enhance the performance of the battery. The industry is seeking for a suitable indicator to select the optimum battery showing the accurate efficiency level. It helps to bring products with an optimum efficiency. Furthermore, it assists them to produce tailored product with appropriate efficiency to meet the consumer demand. Moreover, the battery system users can benefit from the better pricing of the system that can provide the desired amount of efficiency. So there may be successful battery product with a higher level of adoption.Ultimately, it helps industrial battery users for example automakers to achieve a higher level of profitability.
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Books by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
The principal outcome of the research is to deliver experimental and modelling framework targeted... more The principal outcome of the research is to deliver experimental and modelling framework targeted for both EV and next-generation smart grid application developer. The results of the research assist in providing a correct datasheet for a battery cell. It is a result of an experimental framework that is comprised of systematic performance assessment methodology. The method is generic, so it applies to all Li-ion battery cell with necessary adaptation. The research aspires to answer whether the ultimate optimal battery selection from different options is achievable or not. To accomplish the goal, both experimentation and modelling approach are employed—each one represents distinct benefits with relative advantages. This is largely possible as an advanced multiphysics modelling method is used. It is complemented by meticulous measurements using the unique isothermal calorimetric technique. Using the developed methodology, it enables to determine how the current input affects the heat flux generation inside a battery cell and how it is possible to find the key performance indicator (KPI) efficiency.
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Uploads
Papers by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
"""
Conference Presentations by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
methodology to account for thermal effects
on battery cells to improve the typical thermal
performances in a pack through heating
calculations generally performed under the
operating condition assumption. The aim is to
analyse the issues based on battery thermophysical
characteristics and their impact on
the electrical state of battery cells(Khan,
Mulder et al. 2013, Khan, Andreasen et al.
2014, Khan et al. 2014, Khan, Mulder et al.
2014, Khan, Nielsen et al. 2014). Based on
this analysis, we derive strategies in
achieving the goal, and then propose a
battery thermal management system with
cell-level thermal controls.
Thesis Chapters by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
However, while the expanding battery market is alluring, the performance, safety, and security of the EV more specifically battery related thermal management – particularly is a barrier to mass deployment. This represents a non-trivial challenge for the battery suppliers, EV manufacturers, and smart grid developers. The industry is under intense pressure to enhance the performance of the battery. The industry is seeking for a suitable indicator to select the optimum battery showing the accurate efficiency level. It helps to bring products with an optimum efficiency. Furthermore, it assists them to produce tailored product with appropriate efficiency to meet the consumer demand. Moreover, the battery system users can benefit from the better pricing of the system that can provide the desired amount of efficiency. So there may be successful battery product with a higher level of adoption.Ultimately, it helps industrial battery users for example automakers to achieve a higher level of profitability.
Books by Mohammad Rezwan Khan
"""
methodology to account for thermal effects
on battery cells to improve the typical thermal
performances in a pack through heating
calculations generally performed under the
operating condition assumption. The aim is to
analyse the issues based on battery thermophysical
characteristics and their impact on
the electrical state of battery cells(Khan,
Mulder et al. 2013, Khan, Andreasen et al.
2014, Khan et al. 2014, Khan, Mulder et al.
2014, Khan, Nielsen et al. 2014). Based on
this analysis, we derive strategies in
achieving the goal, and then propose a
battery thermal management system with
cell-level thermal controls.
However, while the expanding battery market is alluring, the performance, safety, and security of the EV more specifically battery related thermal management – particularly is a barrier to mass deployment. This represents a non-trivial challenge for the battery suppliers, EV manufacturers, and smart grid developers. The industry is under intense pressure to enhance the performance of the battery. The industry is seeking for a suitable indicator to select the optimum battery showing the accurate efficiency level. It helps to bring products with an optimum efficiency. Furthermore, it assists them to produce tailored product with appropriate efficiency to meet the consumer demand. Moreover, the battery system users can benefit from the better pricing of the system that can provide the desired amount of efficiency. So there may be successful battery product with a higher level of adoption.Ultimately, it helps industrial battery users for example automakers to achieve a higher level of profitability.