2011

Islam telah melahirkan banyak ilmuwan. Islam berkontribusi besar dalam kemajuan zaman khususnya dalam ilmu pengetahuan farmasi/kedokteran. Lahirnya ilmuwan kedokteran islam membawa perubahan dunia dan mengubah pandangan dunia bahwa islam adalah benar-benar agama yang membawa kebenaran dan kemajuan. Dalam hal ini islam sangat dipandang khususnya dalam kajian ilmu medis/kedokteran. Dalam islam membahas bahwa penyakit ada yang kasat mata dan yang tidak terlihat oleh mata, yang terlihat oleh mata biasanya bisa disembuhkan oleh dokter atau tenaga medis, tetapi ada penyakit hati yang tak kasat mata yaitu seperti iri, dengki, hasud, dan sebagainya yang bisa mengahalangi seseorang dalam meraih kemuliaan diriya. Islam sudah lebih dulu membahas kajian ilmu medis/kedokteran dan memberikan solusi untuk proses penyembuhan penyakit baik yang kasat mata maupun yang tidak. Para ilmuwan seperti Ibnu Sina (Avicenna), Al-Razi, Al-Biruni, Al-Kindi, adalah tokoh yang ada dalam sejarah peradaban  dunia muslim ikut berkontribusi dan mempengaruhi perkembangan ilmu farmasi.

This essay relates to the issues of sociological and cultural diversity in India vis-à-vis the global emerging issues of sociological and cultural diversity conservation. The Caste system upon which India’s tradition of diversity or unity in diversity is essentially rooted requires a fresh attention in the emerging perspective of sociological and cultural diversity conservation. The argument here, however, is not a Caste favoritism or revivalism, but that there is still need for further understanding of the system. Although the caste system in India is a unique one, in essence the traditional multiplicity of India’s social and cultural contents pivoted around Caste system is essentially comparable to the now emerging multiculturalism around the world. Both, the Indian traditional situation of sociological and cultural diversity and the now emerging situation of multiculturalism elsewhere in the world face a common problem in negotiating modern liberal democratic values and universal individual freedom. For last 50 years, the independent India is trying to overcome the problem, and therefore, the Indian successful account could be an instant model for rest of the world.

This article gives an overview of different theories of moral development, while drawing conclusions for models of religious and political tolerance. After giving a short outline of Kohlberg's stages of morality, as well as Gilligan's alternative conception, the author claims that in the domain of moral development it would be possible to have a strictly formal approach that would not start with moral content (rights or care), and that development could be traced along the preconventional-egoistic, conventional-particularistic, and autonomous-universal stages of moral development.  Such formal stages are then applied to the development of religion on the levels of individual and community, as well as on the development political culture of tolerance.
After a detailed analysis, the author concludes that further empirical corroboration is needed for the hypothesis. Arguments for the validity of the hypothesis can be found in both socialist and liberal political traditions. Namely, Habermas' model of the development of society is founded on the development of morality according to the logic contained in language (from I to They), while Rawls' differentiation between types of societies and conception of international justice rest of three stages of moral development. The article concludes that such theoretical considerations provide sufficient reasons for empirical research in the domain of moral development, religion and political culture.

Key words: Moral development, Political culture, Religion, Autonomy, Tolerance

F*ck May 68, Fight Now: Exploring the Uses of the Radical Past from 1968 to Today

Session 1: History is a Weapon

June 8, 2018

Department of History, University of Liverpool

https://archive.discoversociety.org/2018/09/04/circumnavigating-the-past-foreclosing-the-future-commemoration-of-the-radical-past-in-the-amnesiac-present/

Ten years ago, a seemingly titanic wave of contention swept the globe. This article reflects on how the impact of a wave of contentious political action that is now a full decade old manifests today. These "legacies of contention"-the historically contingent impact of contentious episodes-can variably re-enforce, undermine, or depart substantially from the original focus of a given contentious episode, a sign of how difficult it can be to extrapolate from the causal impact of contentious politics in the near-run. Herein we discuss the fates of some of the 2011 contentious episodes, including Syria, Greece, Israel, England, and the United States.

Article based on paper presented as part of Panel 24: ‘Looting, Refusing, Negating, Embodying’ ‘Critical Refusals’ Fourth Biennal Conference of the International Herbert Marcuse Society, University of Pennsylvania, 27-29th October 2011

http://www.pdcnet.org/radphilrev/content/radphilrev_2013_0016_0001_0375_0385

http://web.asc.upenn.edu/news/Critical_Refusals_Conference.pdf

This paper analyses the way that figures were used to support two kinds of accounts of the riots of August 2011 prevalent in media coverage and in pronouncements by government ministers. The first of these accounts suggested that the rioters were typically characterised by uncivilized predispositions. The second kind of account suggested that damage to property was typically irrational or indiscriminate. These accounts echo discredited ‘convergence’ and ‘submergence’ explanations in early crowd psychology. We show that the ‘convergence’ explanation – that the rioters were typically ‘career criminals’ or gang-members – was based on arrest figures, treating as unproblematic the circular way that such data was produced (with those already known to the police most likely to be identified and arrested). The ‘submergence account – the suggestion that violence was typically indiscriminate or irrational – was based in part on grouping together attacks on properties in different districts; those areas where 'anyone and anything' was attacked were affluent districts where the target was the rich district itself. Like their academic counterparts, the two types of accounts of the riots of August 2011 are profoundly ideological, for they serve to render the riots marginal and meaningless rather than indicative of wider problems in society.

Are rioters different from the rest of the British people when it comes to their relationship with the police? Public debates have answered in the affirmative, and demanded more aggressive policing styles. But trust in the police might be as important in explaining rioting as it is in explaining compliance.

In "2011 is not 1968" Philip Rizk opposes dominating narratives of the January 25th Revolution which emphasize the centrality of the middle class youths in leading the revolution. The radicalizing factor of the uprising he argues is an underclass without leaders or spokespersons. By comparing the dynamics of 2011 with those of 1968 Rizk brings out the significant distinction in this ongoing geography of revolt.

Introduction: In Nepal, early childhood mortality rates are derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys, which are prone to sampling and non-sampling errors being the probabilistic in nature. Thus, it is required to compare these mortality rates with other similar national survey to validate the findings.

Methods: Early childhood mortality rates were calculated using one of survival analysis methods or Kaplan-Meier Life Table technique on birth histories of the 2011 Nepal Demographic Health Survey and 2011 Nepal Living Standard Survey. Life table standard errors were used to calculate confidence interval in order tostatistically compare the early childhood mortality rates within and between these surveys.

Results: Life table estimates of early childhood mortalities on the 2011 Nepal Demographic Health Survey birth histories were similar to the published rates. Both surveys revealed declining trend of these mortality rates. However, estimates from 2011 Nepal Living Standard Survey were found to be significantly lower than the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Further, neonatal mortality was found to be stagnant during 1996-2000 and 2001-2005 periods using Living Standard Survey rather than 2001-2005 and 2006-2010 periods using Demographic and Health Survey.

Conclusion: Two nationally representative surveys of Nepal carried out at same calendar year using similar survey design and identical analysis technique, gave a drastically different early childhood mortality rates.

"There have been many debates and disputes within linguistics, as well as within wider fields, attempting to explain how language is used, stored and accessed. This study examined the various proposed models that attempt to offer an
explanation of the storage and retrieval of lexical items within the brain. The study set out to investigate if through
semantic and phonological cueing, whether a target word is replaced by mistake with an error word. An examination of the errors produced would then provide evidence as to whether these two notions (phonology and semantics)
interrelate, as produced errors may be in some way related either phonologically, semantically or both; to the target lexeme that the brain is attempting to access.
The two models used within this study both have opposing ideas of language storage and retrieval.  These two models are the Serial Model (Levelt, 1983; Garrett, 1975) and the Interactive Model (Dell, 1986). This research has been carried out in order to test how language is stored in the brain, to examine which model is most accurate in its predictions of language storage and lexical retrieval, and to explain how and why errors are produced."

he developers of Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) rely on attractive content such as logical challenges (puzzles) to entertain and generate revenue from millions of concurrent players. While a large part of the content is currently generated by hand, the exponentially increasing number of players and their new demand for player-customized content have made manual content generation undesirable. Thus, in this work we investigate the problem of automated, player-customized game content generation at MMOG scale; to make our investigation tractable, we focus on puzzle game content generation. In this context, we design POGGI, an architecture for generating player-customized game content using on-demand, grid resources. POGGI focuses on the large-scale generation of puzzle instances that match well the solving ability of the players, and that lead to fresh playing experience. Using our reference implementation of POGGI, we show through experiments in a real resource pool of over 1600 nodes that POGGI can generate commercial-quality content at MMOG scale.

How can we conceive of these times, after the Arab Spring and the protests that engulfed the world since 2011? The answer, I propose here, should be sought not in ‘the search for an essence hidden behind human activities’, but rather ‘the surface aspects that give them meaning and significance’ (Tully 1999: 163). In other words, the meaning of the Social Protest – encompassing the events of the ‘Arab Spring’, the encampments of 15M in Spain and the Tents Protest in Israel, and the Occupy Movements in democratic capitalistic regimes – needs to be construed not from explanatory frameworks that left us misinformed on the possibility of a protest of this magnitude until the very moment of its eruption. Instead, it is perhaps timely to focus on the actors themselves, to explore their vocabulary and to listen to the words they weave into their actions (Emmerich 2011).

The article discusses the relation between theory and reality in french semiotics, developped by lithuanian linguist Algirdas J. Greimas. We understand that such semiotics, as a way of thinking about sense in the world, aims to comprehend reality - what we want to discuss here is exactly the way this reality is looked for and studied. That way, we are able to perceive how studies in Communication discuss about reality (or not). In this sense, we expose french semiotics' foundations, altogether to structuralist method, so we can understand reality as it is understood by this theory. Finally, we discuss the concept of "human reading of the world", proposed by Greimas in order to understand the development of knowledge as a result of a method of analysis.