www.als-journal.com/ ISSN 2310-5380/ February 2021 Full Length Research Article Advancements in Life Sciences – International Quarterly Journal of Biological Sciences ARTICLE INFO Date Received: 14/10/2019; Date Revised: 15/10/2020; Date Published: 25/02/2021; Authors’ Affiliation: Poultry Research Institute Jaba, Mansehra - Pakistan *Corresponding Author: Naqash Khalid Email: dr.naqash092@gmail.com How to Cite: Khalid N, Ali MM, Ali Z, Amin Y, Ayaz M. Comparative Productive Performance of two Broiler Strains in Open Housing System. Adv. Life Sci. 8(1): 124-127. Keywords: Broiler; Cobb-500; Ross-308; Conventional broiler houses; Mortality Open Access Comparative Productive Performance of two Broiler Strains in Open Housing System Naqash Khalid*, Malik Mohsin Ali, Zubair Ali, Yasir Amin, Muhammad Ayaz Abstract B ackground: The present study was conducted to compare the growth performance and ultimately to calculate the profitability of the two locally available commercial strains of broiler (Ross 308 and Cobb 500). Methods: For the purpose of study, 900 number of day-old chicks (DOC) of each strain were purchased from the local market. The birds were reared in conventional broiler house with the provision of standard managemental conditions throughout the experimental period. The parameters recorded on weekly basis were feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality. Results: Result shown that the total body weight of Cobb-500 and Ross-308 on 1st week was 207.40±14 gram and 196.00±16 gram respectively and these result represented significant difference of weight gain (P<0.05) on 1st week of experiment among both the strains. From 2nd week of experiment till the last week (5th week) the results shown the total body weight of Cob-500 and Ross-308 as 2180.4±38 gram and 2103.7±36 gram respectively which was non-significantly different (P>0.05) among the strains. Furthermore, significant difference of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed (P<0.05) among both the strains but from day 7 th till the market age weekly FCR of Cob-500 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than Ross-308. Comparatively high mortality (4.8±0.4%) was noticed in Ross broiler strain than Cobb broiler strain (3.7±0.4%). Conclusion: It was concluded from the current study that the Cobb-500 is performing better in conventional open housing system at high altitude than Ros-308. als Advancements in Life Sciences | www.als-journal.com | February 2021 | Volume 8 | Issue 2 124 You’re reading Comparative Productive Performance of two Broiler Strains in Open Housing System Introduction For decades, those involved in the production chain of broiler chickens have been concerned with the potential for growth and body conformation of poultry, since these characteristics are related to the efficiency and profitability of the poultry sector. Genetic enhancements have resulted in the current broiler chicken strains, which are characterized by faster weight gain and better feed conversion [1]. Consumers demand of poultry products is on a constant increase, hence, influencing the commercial poultry husbandry to make significant changes [2] ultimately resulting in overall progress of the industry [3]. The broiler industry can be applied under an extensive variety of ecological conditions and can often be combined with other farm initiatives [4]. Poultry industry is continuously advancing by improvement of genetic potential of new broiler strains to provide the high-quality with low-cost protein requirements of the human population worldwide [5]. Intensive selection in broilers has focused during the previous 5 decades, on post hatch growth rate and feed conversion to achieve increased meat yield. Hence, all the broiler strains do not have similar physiology or development curves, or both. Embryonic developmental parameters are known to be related to the post hatch performance of broilers. Though, genetic line differences or strain with regard to embryo physiological parameters and juvenile growth have received little attention [6]. Amongst the meat producing broiler strains, Ross and Cobb are the most extensively produced worldwide. Sterling et al., [7] demonstrated that Cobb broilers have better growth rate with a better feed conversion ratio than the Ross strain. It is not clear if the different post hatch performances amongst the strains are also a reflection of their embryo physiological and hatching parameters [6]. The focus of breeding companies, in the last decade has been to select for higher meat production and improved FCR. Different profit-maximizing feeding programs and determining nutrient requirements for each genotype seems impossible and may result in redundancy. A simpler approach would be to first determine if differences in response exist among genotypes without determining a requirement [7]. Over the past three decades, improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR- feed consumed per unit body weight) of broiler chickens has been quite surprising. There is still significant within- and between-strain variation in traits such as growth and feed conversion, despite the major improvements and years of intense selection. Broiler performance objectives, a male broiler of 2 kg weight should achieve an FCR of approximately 1.54. This objective is based on the performance of top quartile clients around the world. It is surely achievable with the good health, nutritional and management related contributions. There is a remarkable amount of variation in measured FCRs in the field. Within Aviagen’s database of field performance, adjusted FCRs can vary by up to 50 points from one operation to another. This variation proves that in any one flock, the influence of management, nutrition and disease can far exceed the influence of genetics alone. Havenstein et al., [8] assessed that genetic selection was responsible for 85– 90% of the enhancement in broiler growth and feed efficiency. According to his judgment, the other 10– 15% was due to nutrition. If we assume that in the best-case circumstances, the genetics companies give us a total of 30 points enhancement over the next 10 years, we could hope for an additional improvement of 4.5 points due to advances in nutrition [9]. Methods The current study was carried out from the month of July to August 2019 at Poultry Research Institute Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mansehra. A total of 900-day old chicks of each breed (Cobb and Ross) were purchased from the local market. Upon arrival at the Poultry Research Institute, the chicks were divided into 02 groups, A and B, Cobb-500 breed in group A and Ross-308 breed in group B. The group A and B were further divided into three replicas A-1, A-2, A3and B1, B2, B3 A-3 having 300 chicks in each replica. Stocking density of 17 birds/m2 was given to both groups, standard management conditions (temperature, humidity, and light intensity) as mentioned in Table No.1 were provided to both the groups throughout the experimental period. The composition of the ration is mentioned in Table No. 2, adlibitum feeding, and watering was ensured throughout the experimental period to both of the groups. At day first of the experiment, body weight of all chicks was recorded in each group and the chicks were reared in replicates of the groups. Feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded at weekly intervals. The recoded data was statistically analyzed through student t-test to evaluate the significance difference between studied groups at p<0.05). Indication Temperature (°F) Humidity (%) Light intensity (lux) 1 95 5565 30 4 90 5565 30 7 85 5565 10 Age (days) 14 21 80 75 606070 70 10 10 28 70 6070 10 36 70 70 10 Table 1: Environmental Condition For lighting, incandescent light bulbs were used in the house similar for all the groups. Duration of light or photoperiod was age dependent, during first two days a continuous lightening of 24 hours was provided with light intensity of 30 lux. Further until the 4 day of the chicks, the lightening schedule was of 23 hours per day with the light intensity of 30 lux. From day 5th to 28th day, the lightening schedule was of 18 hours per day with the light intensity of 10 lux. From day 29th to the day of slaughtering day, the lightening schedule was of 23 hours per day with the light intensity of 10 lux. The time period when the lightening period was of 18 hours per day, the 6 hours darkness period was divided into two rounds of 3 hours, after every 9 hours lightening period. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Live performance parameters like Feed intake, Weight gain and FCR were recoded separately for each group on weekly basis. Feed intake was measured by weighed the given ad-libitum feeding in morning, and weight the als Advancements in Life Sciences | www.als-journal.com | February 2021 | Volume 8 | Issue 2 125 You’re reading Comparative Productive Performance of two Broiler Strains in Open Housing System refused feed in evening. Feed intake was calculated by subtracting refused feed from the total feed offered. There was used a three-phase nutrition program with starter feed (mash) from day 1 to day 10th, grower feed used from day 11th to day 24th (crumbs) and finisher feed (crumbs) from day 25th to the day of market the broiler. The specification of the feed offered is given in the table 2. Flock was vaccinated similar for both groups as the schedule given in the table 3. Specification Metabolized Energy (kcal/kg) Crude Protein (%) Crude Fat (%) Crude Fiber (%) Lysine (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Sodium (%) Chloride (%) Vitamin A (µL/kg) Vitamin D3 (µL//kg) Vitamin E (mg/kg) Starter 3026 Grower 3160 Finisher 3250 21 6.30 03 1.42 1.12 0.51 0.18 0.24 15000 5000 80 20 6.60 03 1.24 0.93 0.45 0.17 0.21 12500 5000 60 19 7 03 1.02 0.86 0.43 0.17 0.21 11250 5000 55 Table 2: Characteristics of administered feed Age (Days) 1 7 12 21 Vaccine Vaccine Type Application Route Newcastle Disease + Infectious Bronchitis ND + H9 IBD ND Lasota Live Eye Drop Killed Live Live Subcutaneous Drinking Water Drinking Water Table 3: Vaccination schedule Results Body weight (g/bird): Statistical analysis of obtained data regarding body weight of Cobb and Ross broiler strains indicated that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in body weight between both strains on 1st day up to the 4th week, while non-significant difference (P>0.05) was recorded on 5th week of experiment. The body weight of Cobb broiler was recorded between 47.00±4g (arrival weight) to 2180.4±38g from 1st day to 5th week and the body weight of Ross broiler was recorded between 44.00±3g (arrival weight) to 2103.7±36g from 1st day to 5th week. Slightly high body weight was observed for Cobb broiler than the Ross broiler (Table 4). Week Cobb Ross P-value Birth Weight 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 47.00±4 207.40±14 540.50±18 1051.3±21 1621.8±32 2180.4±38 44.00±3 196.00±16 521.80±19 1019.2±22 1569.4±35 2103.7±36 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 Table 4: Comparative weekly accumulative body weight (g/bird) of Cobb and Ross broiler strains Feed intake (g/bird): Statistical analysis of obtained data regarding feed intake of Cobb and Ross broiler strains indicated that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake between both strains throughout the experimental period (1st to 5th week). The feed intake of Cobb broiler was recorded between 182±7g (in 1st week) to 1158±29g (in 5th week) from 1st to 5th week and the feed intake of Ross als broiler was recorded between 181±6g (in 1st week) to 1156±28g (in 5th week) from 1st to 5th week (Table 5). Week 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Cobb 182±7 378±12 574±16 784±21 1158±29 Ross 181±6 379±11 572±15 782±22 1156±28 P-value <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Table 5: Comparative weekly feed intake (g/bird) of Cobb and Ross broiler strains Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR): Statistical analysis of obtained data regarding FCR of Cobb and Ross broiler strains indicated that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in FCR between both the strains throughout the experimental period (7th to 36th day). The FCR of Cobb broiler was calculated between 1.13 (1st week) to 2.07 (5th week) and the FCR of Ross broiler was calculated between 1.19 (1st week) to 2.16 (5thweek). The cumulative FCR of Cobb-500 was 1.41 and Ross-308 was 1.46. Slightly better FCR was recorded for Cobb broiler than the Ross broiler (Table 6). Week 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Cumulative FCR Cobb 1.13±0.03 1.13±0.02 1.12±0.02 1.37±0.03 2.07±0.04 1.41±0.03 Ross 1.19±0.03 1.16±0.02 1.15±0.02 1.42±0.03 2.16±0.04 1.46±0.03 P-value <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Table 6: Comparative weekly FCR of Cobb and Ross broiler strains Body weight gain (g/bird): Statistical analysis of obtained data regarding weight gain of Cobb and Ross broiler strains indicated that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in weight gain between both strains on throughout entire experimental period (1st week to 5th day). The weight gain of Cobb broiler was ranges between 160.4g (in 1st week) to 558.6g (in 5th week) and the weight gain of Ross broiler was ranges between 152g (in 1st week) to 534.3g (in 5th week). Slightly more weight gain was recorded for Cobb broiler than the Ross broiler (Table 7). Day 7 14 21 28 36 Cobb 160.4±7 333.1±12 510.5±14 570.8±17 558.6±21 Ross 152±6 325.8±11 497.4±13 550.2±18 534.3±22 P-value <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Table 7: Comparative weekly weight gain (g/bird) of Cobb and Ross broiler strains Mortality (%): Statistical analysis of obtained data regarding mortality percentage of Cobb and Ross broiler strains indicated that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in mortality percentage between both strains. Comparatively high mortality (4.8±0.4%) was noticed in Ross broiler strain than Cobb broiler strain (3.7±0.4%). Discussion In our study high body weight, more feed intake, better FCR, more weight gain and lowest mortality were observed for Cobb broiler than the Ross broiler. These results are closely related with the findings of Pascalau et al., [10], who reported that the productive parameters Advancements in Life Sciences | www.als-journal.com | February 2021 | Volume 8 | Issue 2 126 You’re reading Comparative Productive Performance of two Broiler Strains in Open Housing System followed in the study indicated a superiority of Cobb 500 hybrid, which had greater body weight, higher weight gain with better feed conversion index. Marcu et al., [11] obtained 409.00g body weight in Ross 308 hybrid at 14 days and 411.00 g in Cobb 500 hybrid (411.00 g), at 35 days. Marcu et al., [11] obtained a final body weight of 2,598 g and 2,648 g in Ross 308 hybrid and Cobb 500 hybrid respectively. These data may be different because of variation in starter and grower feed. When the chickens were reared in cages as described by Hascik et al., [12], the average body weight was significantly reduced such as: in Ross 308 hybrid at 7 days (106.25 g), at 14 days (296.45 g) and at 35 days (1,644.70 g); in Cobb 500 hybrid at 7 days with (110.45 g), at 14 days with (301.00 g) and at 35 days with (1,629.15 g). Ciurescu and Grosu, [13], during 1-42 days, obtained better results for average daily gain in Ross 308 hybrid (58.05 g/day) and in Cobb 500 hybrid (56.55 g/day), while Marcu et al., [11], for the same time-period, obtained the best results in Ross 308 hybrid with 60.85 g/day and in Cobb 500 hybrid with 62.05 g/day. While Marcu et al., [11] obtained significant differences in Cobb 500 hybrid (1.676 kg feed/kg gain) and in Ross 308 hybrid (1.770 kg feed/kg gain). There found a significance difference (p<0.05) in FCR between both the strains of the broilers in the current experiment. These findings had an agreement with the results of Cheema et al., [14] in which they suggest that there is an agedependent difference in growth performance between the lines used in this study. Different results were found in a study conducted by Strakova et al., [15] in which at the end of the fattening period (day 40) the average weight of the Ross hybrid broiler chickens was statistically significantly (P≤0.05) higher than of the Cobb hybrid (2.40±0.029 kg compared to 2.31± 0.028 kg). It was concluded from the current study that the Cobb-500 is performing better in conventional open housing system than Ros-308 in productive and mortality percentage at high altitude. In local condition, disease protection [16], FCR and housing are the top contributing factors when if comes to poultry production. Authors' Contributions Naqash Khalid conducted the experiment, data collection, data analysis and write-up of the research article. 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Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Poultry Research Institute Jaba, Mansehra to conduct this research study. als Advancements in Life Sciences | www.als-journal.com | February 2021 | Volume 8 | Issue 2 127