(PDF) A CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE SYSTEM FOR ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND EDUCATION LIBRARY

A Current Awareness Service system is considered as communication tool, which help to create and publish the information regarding its activities, reflects its virtual public face, acting as a front door to the collections, services, and, to an extent, its staff. The aim of the Current Awareness Service system is to serve as a guide to the library resources and services. Current Awareness Service systems provide information about libraries and library services as well as access to online catalogues, electronic databases, digital collections and different library tutorials. The aim of this project was to design a Current Awareness Service System, test it and recommend for implementation. The objectives that guided the study were to: A case study research design was used while adopting both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The data collection methods included: interviews, questionnaires and document review. Sample size was forty-four (44) and this included: nine (9) library staff and thirty-five (35) library users (students) from which data was collected. Major findings were: RIBE library mostly uses the traditional means of communication to disseminate library services to its users which seem difficult to reach to a wide variety of users as it serves students from universities offering law and the legal fraternity including advocates, judges, magistrates, scholars/researchers, government officials and also attracts a lot of foreign visitors. The findings further revealed that the current means of communication are limited hoping that the proposed Current Awareness Service system would provide room for social media communication channels like face book, twitter, YouTube, Google plus among others to supplement on the current communication channels. The study therefore recommends the library management to adopt and implement the designed Current Awareness Service System so that it can be hosted by Web hosting Company that has 24-hour server running and obtaining domain name, this will enable full time accessibility of the website. Further, the study recommends that, for the proposed system to effectively serve the RIBE community, the library staff should be trained and acquire newer skills that can enable them to work with new technologies and that will enable them to ensure up to datedness of the website and interaction with the library social media sites like Facebook, twitter, YouTube, Google+ among others. The library staffs need to train library users on how to utilize the system.

A CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE SYSTEM FOR ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND EDUCATION LIBRARY Atwesigye Damson MSC. IS (Mak) BA. LIS (Mak) JULY 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special appreciations go to my University Supervisor Dr. Jane Kawalya for the good spirit, guidance, time and motivation she put in to see that this project is completed and to all my lecturers that have helped me throughout the course of study. I acknowledge the contributions of Royal Institute of Business & Education library staff headed by Mr. Joseph Semugabi for their general guidance, love, cooperation, un-wearing patience in dealing with numerous consultations and their tireless effort in assisting and guiding me during the study by providing relevant information that was required for the RIBE CAS system. My gratitude further goes to my dear course mates, with whom I weathered through the storms, giving each other encouragement and for their positive criticism. May the Almighty God reward you all for your contributions towards my success! ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION..............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. APPROVAL .....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. DEDICATION..................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY .......................................................... 1 1.0. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background to the study....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Background to the RIBTE library. ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Aim of the Study .................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Specific objectives................................................................................................................. 4 1.6 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 4 1.7. Significance of the study ...................................................................................................... 5 1.8. Scope of the study. ............................................................................................................... 5 1.8.1 Subject scope. ................................................................................................................. 5 1.8.2 Time scope. ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.8.3 Geographical scope......................................................................................................... 5 1.9 Definitions. ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.9.1 Current Awareness service ............................................................................................. 5 1.9.2 Library ............................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 7 2.0. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Concept of Current Awareness Services. ............................................................................. 7 2.2 Types of Current Awareness services ................................................................................... 8 2.2.3. Readers advisory............................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Virtual Current Awareness services overview. ................................................................... 10 2.4 Forms of Current Awareness services Systems. ................................................................. 11 iii 2.5 Challenges affecting the provision of Traditional Current Awareness Services in libraries. ................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.6 Requirements a for Current Awareness services System. ................................................... 13 2.7. Design of a Current Awareness Services System .............................................................. 13 2.8. Research gap ...................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 17 3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Area of the study ................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 17 3.3 population of the study ........................................................................................................ 17 3.4 Sampling.............................................................................................................................. 17 3.5 Sampling Methods............................................................................................................... 18 3.6 Sample Size ......................................................................................................................... 18 3.7 Data collection methods. ..................................................................................................... 18 3.7.1 Interviews. .................................................................................................................... 18 3.7.2 Questionnaires. ............................................................................................................. 19 3.8 Data collection instruments. ................................................................................................ 19 3.8.1 Interview guide. ............................................................................................................ 19 3.8.2 Questionnaire guide. ..................................................................................................... 19 3.9 Data analysis and presentation ............................................................................................ 20 3.10 Data Quality Control ......................................................................................................... 20 3.10.1 Validity ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.10.2 Reliability ....................................................................................................................... 20 3.10 Research procedure ........................................................................................................... 21 3.11 Ethical issues. .................................................................................................................... 21 3.12 Limitations of the study..................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................... 22 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22 4.2. Findings .............................................................................................................................. 22 4.2.1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents ......................................................... 22 4.2.2. Gender of the respondents ........................................................................................... 23 iv 4.3. Borrowing frequency of library materials by the students ................................................. 24 4.4. Information materials normally borrowed out. .................................................................. 25 4.5. Experience of library staff at the Information desk............................................................ 26 4.6. Current CAS system used by RIBE Library. ..................................................................... 26 4.7. Loan period of information materials by the students........................................................ 27 4.8. Challenges of the existing CAS system in Royal Institute of Business and Education Library. ...................................................................................................................................... 29 4.9. New library CAS system .................................................................................................... 31 4.9.1. Expectations from the library CAS system ................................................................. 32 CHAPTER FIVE: THE PROPOSED LIBRARY CAS SYSTEM ......................................... 34 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 34 5.2. Mission of the RIBE library ............................................................................................... 34 5.2.1. Objectives of RIBE library .......................................................................................... 34 5.3. Components of the proposed Library CAS System ........................................................... 34 5.4. Requirement analysis ......................................................................................................... 35 5.4.1. Functional Requirements ............................................................................................. 36 5.4.2. Non-Functional Requirements ..................................................................................... 36 5.5. Existing vs proposed system .............................................................................................. 36 5.6. Proposed system design for RIBE Library ......................................................................... 37 5.6.1. Context Diagram.......................................................................................................... 37 5.7. Data Dictionaries for the Data Flow Diagram. .................................................................. 38 5.7.1 Data dictionary for entities ........................................................................................... 38 5.7.2. Data dictionary for processes ...................................................................................... 38 5.7.3. Data dictionary for data stores ..................................................................................... 39 5.8. Logical Design ................................................................................................................... 39 5.9. Multiplicities (EER Diagram) ............................................................................................ 40 5.10. Physical Design ................................................................................................................ 40 5.10.1. Database Design ........................................................................................................ 40 5.11. Screen Shots for the proposed Library CAS System. ...................................................... 43 5.11.1. Log In page.................................................................................................................... 43 5.11.2. Users’ Database ......................................................................................................... 44 5.11.3. CAS Database ............................................................................................................ 44 v 5.11.4. Add New Title ........................................................................................................... 45 5.11.5. Book Database ........................................................................................................... 45 5.11.6. Add New Book .......................................................................................................... 46 5.11.7. Ask the Librarian ....................................................................................................... 46 5.12. Results from design: ......................................................................................................... 47 5.13. System Test and Validation.............................................................................................. 47 5.13.1. System Testing Results .............................................................................................. 47 5.13.2. Validation Results...................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 50 6.0. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 50 6.2 Summary of findings ........................................................................................................... 50 6.2.1. Information needs of the library users. ........................................................................ 50 6.2.3. Existing Current Awareness Service system. .............................................................. 50 6.2.4. Challenges facing the Current Awareness Service system .......................................... 50 6.3. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 51 6.4. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 51 6.5. Areas of further research .................................................................................................... 52 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 53 APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 56 APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................. 58 APPENDIX C .............................................................................................................................. 60 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Composition of respondents ........................................................................................... 23 Table 2: Information materials normally borrowed out ................................................................ 25 Table 3: Loan period of information materials by the students .................................................... 27 Table 4: Hardware Requirements ................................................................................................. 35 Table 5: Software Requirements ................................................................................................... 35 Table 6: Data dictionary for entities ............................................................................................. 38 Table 7: Data dictionary for processes.......................................................................................... 38 Table 8: Data dictionary for data stores ........................................................................................ 39 Table 9: Showing entities and their associated attributes Modeling Relationships between Entities. ......................................................................................................................................... 41 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Gender distribution of the respondents ......................................................................... 23 Figure 2: Borrowing frequency of library materials by students .................................................. 24 Figure 3: Need for a library CAS system...................................................................................... 31 Figure 4: Entity Relationship diagrams (child entity diagrams) showing Multiplicities ............. 40 viii ABSTRACT A Current Awareness Service system is considered as communication tool, which help to create and publish the information regarding its activities, reflects its virtual public face, acting as a front door to the collections, services, and, to an extent, its staff. The aim of the Current Awareness Service system is to serve as a guide to the library resources and services. Current Awareness Service systems provide information about libraries and library services as well as access to online catalogues, electronic databases, digital collections and different library tutorials. The aim of this project was to design a Current Awareness Service System, test it and recommend for implementation. The objectives that guided the study were to: A case study research design was used while adopting both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The data collection methods included: interviews, questionnaires and document review. Sample size was forty-four (44) and this included: nine (9) library staff and thirty-five (35) library users (students) from which data was collected. Major findings were: RIBE library mostly uses the traditional means of communication to disseminate library services to its users which seem difficult to reach to a wide variety of users as it serves students from universities offering law and the legal fraternity including advocates, judges, magistrates, scholars/researchers, government officials and also attracts a lot of foreign visitors. The findings further revealed that the current means of communication are limited hoping that the proposed Current Awareness Service system would provide room for social media communication channels like face book, twitter, YouTube, Google plus among others to supplement on the current communication channels. The study therefore recommends the library management to adopt and implement the designed Current Awareness Service System so that it can be hosted by Web hosting Company that has 24-hour server running and obtaining domain name, this will enable full time accessibility of the website. Further, the study recommends that, for the proposed system to effectively serve the RIBE community, the library staff should be trained and acquire newer skills that can enable them to work with new technologies and that will enable them to ensure up to datedness of the website and interaction with the library social media sites like Facebook, twitter, YouTube, Google+ among others. The library staffs need to train library users on how to utilize the system. ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1.0.Introduction This chapter presents the background to the study, the statement of the problem, the objectives, the scope and significance of the study. 1.1. Background to the study According to Bopp (2001), the beginning of Current Awareness service is generally attributed to Samuel Swett Green, who in 1876 published the first article on helping patrons use the library. In the literature it is not clear that Samuel invented the idea of Current Awareness service for library users or he elaborated the concept in writing. But today he is better known as the father of Current Awareness Services. He was the first to the stress on the need for librarians actively to assist members of their communities in using library resources. Samuel Swett laid down four functions for Current Awareness Librarian as instructing the patrons how to use the library; answers patron queries; aiding the patron in selecting resources, and promoting the library within the community. These functions were relevant in the era of 1870s and are even relevant today and will remain relevant in near centuries to come. The chronological view of Current Awareness Service can be traced from 1876. The first definition which is available is from the definition given by S. S Green. Green identifies four component of Current Awareness Services. The first component is to instruct the reader in the ways of the library; second is assisting the readers/users in solving their inquiries. The third component is to aid the reader in solving their inquiries and the fourth is to promote the library within the community. (Green, 1876) American Library Association, Committee of Library Terminology in 1943 gave the definition of Current Awareness Work as that phase of library work which is directly concerned with assistance to readers in securing information and in using the resources of the library in study and research (ALA, 1943). Traditionally an individual institution provides Current Awareness service in a physical location, that is, in a library. With the development of technology, especially Internet technology, libraries have developed , e or digital Current Awareness services (VCAS) in order to provide efficient 1 and effective Current Awareness services to patrons in and out of the library and even to users not in the library’s usual service community(Cheng,2008). The earliest Current Awareness services were launched in the mid-1980s primarily by academic and medical libraries and were provided by email. These early adopter libraries launched digital Current Awareness services for two main reasons: to extend the hours that questions could be submitted to the Current Awareness desk and to explore the potential of campus-wide networks which at that time was a new technology. According to ALA (2004), Current Awareness Services (VCAS) are Current Awareness services initiated electronically often in real time where patrons employ computers or other internet technology to communicate with Current Awareness staff without being physically present in the library. According to the guidelines provided by the Current Awareness and Users Services Association (RUSA) (2004), Current Awareness is a Current Awareness service, such as chat, videoconferencing, co-browsing, instant messaging (IM), voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) or email, conducted electronically through computers or the Internet. Most VCAS are in real time and use synchronous communication. Although Current Awareness services can be conducted using telephone, fax or mail, those are not Current Awareness. Current Awareness services are said to be easier but the user may not be conversant with these electronic resources and the organization of the Current Awareness collection in the library. Thus the Current Awareness librarian needs to be friendly and cautious to the user. The information desk includes assistance to users by teaching them on a one-on-one basis, providing an environment of encouragement which allows users to apply their own interests, thereby becoming independent learners (Halverson & Volker, 2000). Current Awareness services provide full text resources, records, manuscripts, research papers, and articles relating to the various academic disciplines (ODLIS, 2012). Current Awareness and information services also provide access to background information on a topic and ideas. As a result, they provide significant information regarding the definition of a topic and its background. Therefore, frequent access to Current Awareness and information 2 services leads to independent or discovery learning which can further improve the reading culture of students (Iroaganachi & Ilogho, 2012) 1.2. Background to the RIBTE library. Royal Institute of Business and Education (RIBTE), is a tertiary training institute which is licensed and recognized by the National Council for Higher Education (NCHE). Royal Institute of Business and Education (RIBTE) formerly Buganda Royal Institute of Business and Technical Training Centre was established in 1999 by the Buganda Kingdom and the Kabaka of Buganda Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II blessed the Institute with the joyful unveiling of its plaque. The Institution was founded by the Grail Community, an international movement of lay women committed to offering services through various professions in the spirit of the Gospel. The Institution was then put under the ownership of the Uganda Episcopal Conference. The institute is located in Bwaise Kampala suburbs (RIBTE, 2016) The library is located at the center of the institute on the administration block. The library is open from Monday to Friday at 8:00am-9:00pm and Saturday from 9:00am-12:30pm. The library remains closed on Sundays and public holidays. RIBTE library serves as an information resource center for the students, teaching and nonteaching staff, authorized external users and researchers who are interested in enriching their social, professional and intellectual base. It has got a sitting capacity of seventy users at a go. The services offered at RIBTE library include: i. Reading room service; because of the quiet and favorable environment. ii. Circulation Service; this is done through charging and discharging of books and other information materials. iii. User education and orientation; users are educated about the various library activities and how to access information, especially to new library users like (new students). iv. Current Awareness services; this is achieved through answering user’s inquiries, finding out what information users need and help users to make full use of the resources available in the library. 3 1.3 Statement of the Problem At RIBTE library, Current Awareness service provision to users is largely provided manually. This pauses a challenge to users since they cannot get instant access to information. On the other hand, manual Current Awareness service warrants that users physically come to the library which is not only costly but also time consuming and not convenient, especially for long distance users. Considering that the library serves a big population, there is great need to devise means of saving users’ time which calls for a Current Awareness information service system. The main goal for Current Awareness service is to meet user’s information needs. The main reason why libraries and Current Awareness librarians offer Current Awareness services to users is to provide timely, current, alternative and complete information. This is done with a hope that user’s needs are attended to instantly anytime, anywhere. But many libraries are still lacking in the use of modern Current Awareness information services (Bopp, 2011). According to Tyckson (2001) administrators and librarians’ alike struggle to develop the most efficient and effective mean of providing Current Awareness services to their users. 1.4. Aim of the Study To design Current Awareness information service system for Royal Institute of Business and Education Library in order to improve Current Awareness services to the library users. 1.5 Specific objectives 1. To investigate the different types of Current Awareness services currently offered at RIBTE library. 2. To identify challenges faced in the provision of Current Awareness services for RIBTE library. 3. To identify the requirements for a Current Awareness service system for RIBTE. 4. To design a Current Awareness information service system for RIBTE library users. 1.6 Research Questions 1. Which existing types of Current Awareness services that are used to provide information service at RIBTE? 4 2. What are the challenges of Current Awareness information service at RIBTE library? 3. What are the requirements for a Current Awareness service system at RIBTE library? 4. What Current Awareness information service system is suitable for RIBTE library? 1.7. Significance of the study The study will particularly be significant in guiding RIBTE to avail knowledge and prepare the clientele especially administrators, lecturers, librarians, students and researchers with vast guidelines for implementation and use of Current Awareness information service system. Training Institutions such as Universities, colleges and other tertiary institutions will find the study useful as a Current Awareness source. The study will enable the researcher to acquire skills and knowledge in order to gain a better understanding of research techniques and methods applied during the research process. 1.8. Scope of the study. The scope of the study was aimed at designing a Current Awareness service system at RIBTE library. 1.8.1 Subject scope. The scope of the subject was based on improving Current Awareness services by designing a Current Awareness system in RIBTE library. 1.8.2 Time scope. The study was conducted for a period of two months. 1.8.3 Geographical scope. The area of study was conducted at RIBTE library which is in Rubaga Division, Kampala District. 1.9 Definitions. 1.9.1 Current Awareness service 5 American Library Association’s (ALA) 2004 defined digital or live or e- Current Awareness refers to Current Awareness service initiated electronically, often in real time, where patrons employ computers or other internet technology to communicate with Current Awareness staff without being physically present. Communication channels used frequently in Current Awareness include chat, videoconferencing, voiceover ip co browsing, email and instant messaging. 1.9.2 Library Ogbebor (2011) defined library as an organized collection of published and unpublished books and audiovisual materials with the aid of services of staff who are able to provide and interpret such materials as required, to meet the informative research, educational and recreational needs of its users. 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0. Introduction This chapter presents a review of related literature on Current Awareness information services. It is the intention of the study to find out what other scholars have written about guideline of effective utilization of library Current Awareness information services. 2.1. Concept of Current Awareness Services. RUSA (2000) indicates that libraries have an inherent obligation to provide information service to support the education, recreational, personal and economic endeavors of the members of their respective communities. As appropriate to the libraries, individual mission information services in libraries take a variety of forms including direct personal assistance, directions, signs, exchange of information from a Current Awareness source, reader advisory service, and dissemination of information anticipation of user needs or interests and access to electronic information. Provision of information in the manner most useful to its users is the ultimate test of all what a library does. In an effort to achieve effective Current Awareness library services there is need to apply appropriate guidelines. Bopp (2011) further assets that much has changed since 1876, the Current Awareness librarian today is more likely to consult a computer than a book in response to a question. Various types of machines are found throughout the library. Technology has transformed the way libraries operated. Over the decades, the library has gone from one place that relied on paper and pencil, to one that use silicon chips and electronics. Technological developments have affected not only the format and sources of the information libraries use to provide Current Awareness service, but also where we provide Current Awareness. Libraries and their resources have partially moved to world of the internet, as a result, library patrons can access resources from outside the physical library. In an effort to reach patrons accessing the library consortia with implementing and maintaining Current Awareness services. Technology now allows users to submit their queries to the library at any time from any place in the world. Current Awareness is responsible to patrons’ need for convenient access to Current Awareness services. Current Awareness is Current Awareness service initiated electronically often in real time, where patrons employ computers or other internet technology to 7 communicate with Current Awareness staff without being physically present. Communication channels used frequently in Current Awareness include chat, video conferencing, voice over, Ip, co-browsing, e-mail and instant messaging (Mars,2004). 2.2 Types of Current Awareness services S. R. Ranganathan (1961), identified two aspects of Current Awareness work - Ready Current Awareness service and Long range Current Awareness service. 2.2.1. Ready Current Awareness Service: Ready Current Awareness service is Current Awareness service finished in a very short time- in a moment if possible. The concepts of ready Current Awareness service is based on duration of time. Most ready Current Awareness questions are solved in a few minutes, while some take a longer time but seldom more than halfan hour. In case of ready Current Awareness service, the Current Awareness staff is able to answer the inquiry in a very short duration of time, may be at immediately. Different Current Awareness books are used in ready Current Awareness service, such as Encyclopedia, Dictionaries, Yearbooks, Directories, Biographical dictionaries, Geographical dictionaries, etc. 2.2.2 Long Range Current Awareness Service: Long-range Current Awareness Service: Longrange Current Awareness service in not capable to be rendered immediately. Few long range Current Awareness questions take less than half an hour, while some take a whole day and even weeks. In long range Current Awareness service, the search of information starts with ready Current Awareness services of information and is continued into ordinary books, reports, periodicals, etc. In case, information is not located in the library, then search may be continued into resources of other libraries even carried out to libraries in other parts of the world. According to Bopp (2011). University/Tertiary institution libraries offer several types of Current Awareness services. Some common forms of Current Awareness services include reader advisory, ready Current Awareness, research consulting, subject specialist, bibliographic verification and citation, interlibrary loan, literacy programmes. 2.2.3. Readers advisory The process of Readers' advisory is defined as “Services provided by an experienced public services librarian specializing in the reading needs of public library patrons” (Reitz 2006). The 8 librarian recommends specific titles and/or authors based on knowledge of the patron’s past reading Current Awareness and may also compile a list of recommended titles. Readers’ advisers should endeavor to be “knowledgeable about both fiction and nonfiction particularly what is popular in their libraries” (Dilevko and Magowan 2007:23). 2.2.4. Instructional: Instructing users about the library may be direct or indirect. Instruction in using the library and library resources (bibliography, encyclopedia, OPAC), assisting the end user to locate the appropriate material within and outside the library, etc. are an important function associated with the Current Awareness and Information Service of a library. Questions that range from as simple as "Where are the bound volume?" or "Where is the catalog?" to research questions that may take hours or even days to properly answer are to be dealt with in this section. 2.2.5. Referral Service: It directs enquirers to a source of information which may be an organization or an individual expert. Generally, when a library or information Centre does not have the material and cannot obtain it from the sources but it knows the exact location of the document information, then it can refer the user to the sources of information. 2.2.6. Bibliographic Verification and Citation Service: Citation Verification Service is intended to verify the citations/Current Awareness and authentication of bibliographical details of books, articles, reports, theses and other published materials obtained from sources other than the authoritative indexing and abstracting services offered by reputed publishers and licensed database producers. The library patrons need this type of service for the preparation of assignments, dissertations, theses, and project proposals. 2.2.7. Interlibrary loan: This is a service whereby a user can borrow materials or receive photocopies of documents which are owned by another library. The user makes a request and the staff, acting as an intermediary, identifies owners of the desired item, places the request, receives the item and arranges for its return. 2.2.8. Research consulting: This involves assisting users with research questions. Here, the librarian may suggest sources, search terms and pathways that will lead to material relevant to 9 the research project. The librarian finds out what aspects of the problem the user is interested in and suggests possible search strategies that will lead the user toward the best solution. 2.2.9. Translation Service: Translation is a process of transforming precisely the information contents of the text in one language into another language. The former is called the Source language and the latter is called as the Text language. Translation service helps overcome the language barrier. Current awareness services According to S.R. Ranganathan defines CAS as documentation periodical listing the documents appearing during the period covered, and without being selected to suit the requirements of a particular reader or of a specific topic under investigation.it endeavors to keep the clientele informed promptly of all the developments thought created in their fields of work and related fields. 2.3 Virtual Current Awareness services overview. According to ALA (2004), Current Awareness services are Current Awareness services initiated electronically often in real time where patrons employ computers or other internet technologies to communicate with Current Awareness staff without being physically present. Lankes (1998) defines VCAS as internet based questions and answer services that connect users with individuals who process specialized subject or skill expertise. Bertot (2001) says that electronic Current Awareness services are Current Awareness services that occur when a question is received electronically and responded to electronically. Janes (1999), defines VCAS as a mechanism by which people can submit their questions and have them answered by a library staff member through some electronic means (email, chat, web forms) and not in person or over the phone. A Current Awareness service generally comprises of the following elements:  The user  The interface (e-mail, web forms, Chat, video conference and many others)  The information professional. 10  Electronic resources (electronic or CD- based resources, web resources, local digitized material) as well as print resources (Berube, 2003). 2.4 Forms of Current Awareness services Systems. According to McClennen (2002), Current Awareness services are practiced in two forms synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous Current Awareness service refers to any real time computer – mediated communication between patron and information professional (chat, Instant messaging, VoIP, Audio/video conferencing, website co browsing/pushing) with synchronous real time technologies typically using text, patrons click a button on a web page to exchange messages with a librarian in realtime (Francoeur, 2002). According to kasowitz, (2011), chat Current Awareness is the use of simple technologies where the Current Awareness librarian and the user can communicate with each other using short text messages in real time using normal chat software. This service may be using free instant messaging software (for example ICQ or AOL instant messenger). This form of Current Awareness is easy to use and allows basic communication, the user begins typing in an opening query or question. Wasik (2009) noted that audio/Video conferencing or web camera services where librarians and users are able to see each other in one window of the camera, websites or other electronic resources can be displayed in another window on the monitor. Video conferencing can use software like skype and windows live messenger. Asynchronous Current Awareness is all computer mediated communication that is sent and received at different times typically by E-mail, web-based forms). According to Pormerantzet. al. (2004) since the invention of the World Wide Web, there has been a great increase in the number of Current Awareness services utilizing asynchronous electronic communication media to conduct the Current Awareness transaction. Web forms help the patron is more productive in asking their question. This document helps to locate exactly what the patron is looking for, it may include information such as a return email 11 address to send to send the answer to the question, the question being asked etc. web forms provide structural format and facilitate the framing of the question(Cunningham,2003). Email is a simple, cheap and cost effective service in which the transaction involves back and forth exchange of information. User sends a query in the form of a message and receives an answer later. For librarian perspective, email based Current Awareness is easy to implement and no extra training is required (Berube, 2003). 2.5 Challenges affecting the provision of Traditional Current Awareness Services in libraries. According to Hanson (2003), found out that the reasons for not using enquiry services were various and complex and these included the following factors. 2.5.1. Lack awareness. This makes the users of the library not aware of the information materials that are prevalent in the library and therefore end up using them. In addition, if the user does not get any awareness services in their fields of study, then it means that the user will not be sure of whether to go and obtain help from the library or not. 2.5.2. Embarrassment and shyness. Some users are too shy to interact with the Current Awareness librarian face to face so as their queries to be answered. Others have low esteem thinking that when they get help from the Current Awareness librarians they was thought of as being foolish. 2.5.3. Affective barriers This comes as the results of the too much use of internet that influences many of the researchers and student to use internet whenever they have any research instead of coming to the library. This makes it hard for the Current Awareness librarians to offer Current Awareness services to their user they do not even come to the library since they seek assistance on the internet. Behler (2008) claims that many students who use college library are in experienced in using libraries and are comfortable with seeking assistance; Reasons for users not asking for help 12 include feeling their questions are too simple, previous unsatisfactory encounters with staff or shyness. Anderson (2005) in their research on student perception of academic librarians found that only 16% of students frequently or always sought help immediately when searching. This is because students are unwilling to disturb or bother busy librarians and because they did not want to appear stupid or dumb. According to Gardner (2006), people these days ask fewer Current Awareness questions at the Current Awareness desk, and Current Awareness activities at the Current Awareness desks have steadily declined. This is the result of ubiquity of the internet and search engines like Google. Many librarians do not need to answer many traditional ready Current Awareness or factual, questions since patrons find the answers online. The internet is the new ready Current Awareness authority figure, and now most of the questions beyond the purview of Google arise. 2.6 Requirements a for Current Awareness services System. Below are some of the software and hardware that facilitate the provision of the Current Awareness services: The concepts of Web 2.0 scores of free, easy to use tools have emerged to facilitate the rapid exchange of information. A number of tools such as Blogger, Youtube, Flickr and Deli.icio.us where users can post content as well as real time communication tools such as AIM, Trillian, Meebo and Plugoo have changed the ways the communication is made. It is not just the teenagers who use them real time communication via the internet is increasingly becoming a preferred communication method for many business professionals. Librarians can take advantage of these real time communications tools also. (Journal of Library and Information Techno,2011). 2.7. Design of a Current Awareness Services System Libraries of the current digital era have undergone massive facelift. To achieve the goal of providing excellent services and assist users with their educational and research needs, the Current Awareness librarian answer Current Awareness questions, both to users in the library and remotely through telephone, e-mail and online services. Hence the Current Awareness service has basic objectives which include, provision of individual assistance and instruction to online users, assisting users with locating the best sources of information in online searching, 13 help in referring process of forwarding the enquiries or provide the user with live links to authoritative websites and also educating users research techniques in order to help them to become information literate (Maharana & Panda, 2011). We would like to provide our patrons with Current Awareness services over the web just as we have done from behind our Current Awareness desk. Current Awareness technology, designing and implementing such a service is no easy task, and doing it right can require a fairly significant commitment of staff and resources. Current Awareness software allows library staff and patrons to communicate and interact with one another in real time over the web the library needs software that makes it as easy to communicate and share information with patrons on the web as it is when they are standing in front of the desk. (Coffman 2003). 2.7.1. Software selection It is important to focus on the price of the software and the whole cost of operating the Current Awareness service. Software that allows librarians to handle multiple patrons at the same time 2.7.2. How much staff was required? One of the primary things to consider when starting a Current Awareness is staffing. How many hours can you afford to offer on the new service? It is best to create an entirely separate schedule for your Current Awareness service. The number of staff required to run a Current Awareness service depend on the number of hours needed to cover, calls coming in, and number of calls a Current Awareness staff can handle simultaneously all day. 2.7.3. Policies and procedures: The policies and procedures are developed address the major issues identified; the issues include defining the nature of service, quality of service and privacy. 2.7.4. Hours of operations: The initial goal is to offer Current Awareness service at all hours that the library is open, hours of commitment by library for example 9:am-5:pm Mon-Friday and few hours each Saturday, certain nights and the service does not operate on public holidays( Katz 2013) 14 Johnson, Reid & Newton (2011) indicate that the use of new communication and information technologies provide the library with another means of reinforcing the image of its contemporary relevance while using e-mail or web page to support its Current Awareness service offers several practical advantages. A central part of the provision of e-Current Awareness service has to be making transparent statements about the type of questions to be answered, the user to be served and the service indicators that they can expect in terms of the sort of questions to be answered, who will respond to the enquiry, what sort of question will not be answered depending on the length and complexity of the research and what referral mechanism was in place for those enquires to be passed on to other capable organization to provide response (Berube, 2003). According to Parsons, (2011) Marketing and building customer relations, this lets user know where you are, whether any specially targeted services have been developed and how to use the services. It is equally important to keep regular and potential clients informed of all subsequent changes that may impact on their use of the service. Giving the service a special name can help to create a brand identity for marketing purposes. For example Ask Librarian is one that has been used by a number of existing e- Current Awareness services. User orientation is central to effective promotion of the new service, developing user’s ability to make effective use of it. Assessment of the needs of the primary group of users for whom the service is provided users are likely to be unfamiliar with the new methodology and will require a through introduction to it as much as any specific subject needs. Staff issues are also key in establishing and maintaining positive attitude among the staff regarding e-Current Awareness. Introducing an e-Current Awareness service represents a major initiative for any library; policy statements should emphasis the confidence of the library’s executive management in the professional expertise and commitment of their staff. There is need to know what type of Current Awareness service was available at each service point, how questions was dealt with, who will answer them and whether the remote electronic Current Awareness service was provided online direct to the end user or must be mediated through staff at other service points (Coffman, 2001). 15 The researcher asserts that many scholars have written about the advantages of Current Awareness services to library users and how it addresses the current developments in the academia for instance saving time for the ever increasing number of students in universities/institutions, attending to the emergency new training programs such as distance learning, e- learning and provision of timely and convenient dissemination of information to library users. 2.8. Research gap The research gap is that there is need to critically research on the practicability and affordability of using the internet services by all library users especially in the context of a developing country like Uganda. There is need to research on among others the perception of users who are used to face to face contact with the librarian. Also many users do not have access to computer services, internet connectivity where ever they may be 16 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter presents the area of the study, study design, population, sampling, data collection methods, data instrument and data analysis and presentation, limitation of the study and ethical issues. 3.1 Area of the study The study was carried out at Royal Institute of Business and Education library, located in Bwaise, Kampala. 3.2 Research Design A research design can be described as a plan that specifies how data relating to a given problem should be collected and analyzed. (Kerlinger, 2004). The study adopted a qualitative research approach, this is formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world. (Burns and Grove, 2005) Quantitative data is a numerical measurement expressed not by means of a natural language description, but rather in terms of numbers whereas qualitative data means exploratory data primarily focused on understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. However both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed to gain an in-depth understanding about Current Awareness Services. 3.3 population of the study A population is a group of individuals or objects that share one or more characteristics from which data can be gathered or analyzed. (Tripathi, 2005) The population of the study comprised of RIBTE 88 library users and 2 librarians. 3.4 Sampling Sampling is the procedure a researcher uses to gather people, places or things to study. It is a process of selecting a number of individuals or objects from a population such that the selected group contains elements representative of the characteristics found in the entire group (Orodho & Kombo, 2002). 17 3.5 Sampling Methods William, (2006) defined Sampling as methods a processes used in statistical analysis in which a procedure is used for selecting sample members from a population. According to William, (2006) Purposive sampling involves selecting individuals known to meet a certain criteria whereas in simple random sampling a random sample of the general population was obtained to be a representative of the larger population and each element in the target population had an equal chance or probability of inclusion in the study. For this study, purposive sampling was used in selecting respondents especially the library staff who are in involved in the provision of Current Awareness services to collect data that relates directly to the aims of the study. Simple Random sampling is a sampling technique in which the researcher randomly chooses the respondents and every respondent has equal chances of being selected (William, 2006). The researcher used random sampling methods to distribute questionnaires to the respondents who will provide information relevant to the study. 3.6 Sample Size According to (Nelson & Owens, 2014), A sample size is a part of the population which is deliberately selected for the purpose of investigating the properties of the parent population. The researcher used a sample size of 30 respondents comprising of 2 librarians, 28library users. 3.7 Data collection methods. Data collection methods are methods a researcher uses to collect the evidence necessary for building and testing theories (Frey, 1991). In gathering data relevant to the study, the researcher used some methods of data collection and these include interview method, questionnaire method in order to get information from the reliable sources. 3.7.1 Interviews. Interview is the face to face interaction between the researcher and the respondent. (Bonnie, Shucha, 2010). The researcher conducted semi structured interviews which had semi structured 18 interviews based on the objectives of the study to serve as pertinent guide during data collection. The librarian and assistant librarian was involved in the interviews. 3.7.2 Questionnaires. A questionnaire refers to a set of related questions intended to collect data from respondents, (Sincero, 2012) Questionnaires was used to collect data from library users of RIBTE library. This was done so as to increase the response rate, minimize costs and enable the researcher to collect a lot of information over a short period of time. 3.8 Data collection instruments. These are tools used for collecting important data, as well as the methodology of using these tools. The implication of these tools is to allow the researcher to gain direct experience and to record information as it occurs and to notice rare aspects (Ahuja 2009). The researcher used the following instruments include interviews, questionnaires; 3.8.1 Interview guide. This involved writing down questions which the researcher asked the respondents in order to gather people the needed information. All the questions and the wording was systematically analyzed and approved. Only open ended questions were used. Interviews were conducted with the library staff. The staff consists of two librarians, that is the head librarian and assistant librarian. (See Appendix A) 3.8.2 Questionnaire guide. This is an instrument which involves writing down questions that respondents answered. A simple designed, self-administered questionnaire of largely and a few open ended questions was distributed to the sampling population. All questions and the wording was systematically analyzed and approved by the academic supervisor. Both closed and open end questions were used in this data collection instrument. (See appendix B) 19 3.9 Data analysis and presentation "Data analysis is a systematic search for meaning. It is a way to process data so that what has been learned can be communicated to others,"(Hatch 2002). Data was presented in tables and in pie chart graph using descriptive statistics. After the data was presented and analyzed, it was interpreted and discussed. Qualitative data collected by the interview guide was analyzed by the use of content analysis. Here findings were compared with responses got by the questionnaire and analysis made thereon. 3.10 Data Quality Control Epsteil (2007), states that the quality of the research report depends on a more extension the accuracy, reliability and validity of the measures it employs. Therefore, a reliability and validity test was done to ensure data quality control and the internal validity of the study 3.10.1 Validity Validity in research is the issue of how valid the research is, in other words, how logical, truthful, robust, sound, reasonable, meaningful and useful the research is (Quinlan, 2011). As set by Quinlan (2011) this research contributes to the knowledge because it involves participants who are directly involved in the study. The validity of this research was evident because the researcher should be strict in the research project. The same questionnaire was used throughout the research to measure what it is supposed to measure. Validity is important in determining whether the statement in the questionnaires and interview guides were relevant to the study. 3.10.2 Reliability Reliability relates to the dependability of the research, to the degree to which the research can be repeated while obtaining consistent results (Quinlan, 2011). Questionnaires was tested to determine whether they produce the same result again and again and proved reliable. Quinlan (2011) indicated that the test and re-test method is also used as a means of estimating reliability. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested using the Cronbach's Alpha correlation coefficient with the aid of SPSS software. According to George and Mallery (2003) Cronbach Alpha value greater than 0.7 is regarded as satisfactory for reliability assessment. The views and responses of 20 respondents about the questionnaire was reviewed and used to improve the study instruments where appropriate 3.10 Research procedure The researcher will get a letter from the head of department to go to the field and do research. This refers to the steps the researcher follows when carrying out research. An introductory letter was given to the researcher at East African School of library and information science from the head of department of library and information science introducing the researcher to RIBTE in order to obtain the required information. A brief explanation was given to respondents to enlighten them about the purpose of the study. The participants responded to questions on individual basis and then the data collected was included in the report. 3.11 Ethical issues. According to the University of the Basic Tenet of ethical research is to preserve and protect human dignity and all rights of subjects involved in research project (Jenkins, Price & Straker, 2003). In this study, respondents were assured of their rights of consent, protection from disclosure of information and respect for their privacy. For example in chapter two the literatures review the authors whose works was used was quoted before stating their opinions about the topic. Students will not be forced into participation in the study and they was assured of their right to withdraw whenever they felt the need to do so. 3.12 Limitations of the study. Some students was reluctant to participate in the study; some students will hesitate to fully participate in the study sighting it as an invasion of privacy, the researcher handled this by informing the respondents that the researcher was obliged to protect their right of privacy this encouraged their participation. 21 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 4.1. Introduction This chapter comprises of presentation, analysis and discussion of findings. The presentation of the findings has been guided by the following objectives; 1. To investigate the different types of Current Awareness services currently offered at RIBTE library. 2. To identify challenges faced in the provision of Current Awareness services for RIBTE library. 3. To identify the requirements for a Current Awareness service system for RIBTE. 4. To design a Current Awareness information service system for RIBTE library users. Data presented was from questionnaires, interviews and researcher’s participant observation. Findings were supported by tables, pie charts and bar graphs. 4.2. Findings 4.2.1. Demographic characteristics of the respondents This was represented by the composition and the gender of the respondents. In the course of carrying out the research, 90 respondents was the sample size. 88 questionnaires were distributed to the students and the researcher managed to acquire 82 successful filled questionnaires from the students. Two scheduled interviews were planned and all were successful. Therefore out of 90 sample size of the respondents, the researcher dealt with 84 respondents in the study. This is because the 84 were willing to cooperate during data collection and made this process a success. The composition of the respondents is presented in a table in table 3. 22 Table 1: Composition of respondents Category No. of Respondents Percentage Students 82 95.2 Library staff 2 4.8 Total 84 100 Source: Field Data (2018) Table 3 above shows that students were the majority of the respondents as represented by 82 (95.2%) and library staff 2 (4.8%) making a total of 84(100%) of valid respondents for the study. This shows that the respondents were enthusiastic and supportive during the research. This further explains that the students are the main users of the library as analyzed from the findings and this is because of their academic information need to be fulfilled. 4.2.2. Gender of the respondents During data collection, the researcher obtained data from both male and female and on analysis, 39(46.4%) males were involved and 45(53.6%) females. This information is represented in a pie chart in figure 1 below. Figure 1: Gender distribution of the respondents Gender Response Male Female 23 From figure 1, it is indicated that from the successful respondents of 84 and basing on the gender, the majority of the respondents were females 45(53.6%) and 39(46.4%) were males. Gender participation was however sounding well. Basing on the results, it is concluded that the library is mostly used by the females as compared to the male. This is because the overall number of females at Royal Institute of Business and Education is more than the number of males. Hence this explains why the library is mostly dominated by the females. 4.3. Borrowing frequency of library materials by the students From the data collected from the students using questionnaires, 88 questionnaires were distributed, analysis took place and it was seen that the students borrowing frequency on a daily basis is 43 (53.75%), 22(27.5%) on a weekly basis, 12(15%) on a monthly basis and 3(3.75%) on a bimonthly basis. This information is presented in a bar graph in figure 2 below. Figure 2: Borrowing frequency of library materials by students Borrowing frequency 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% Borrowing frequency 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Daily Weekkly Monthly Bimonthly Source: Field Data (2018) From the graph above, the researcher found out that the students out of 80(100%), 43(53.75%) borrow library materials on a daily basis and was the highest response followed by 22(27.5%) on 24 a weekly basis. The third was 12(15%) on a monthly basis and the least response was 3(3.75) of the students who borrow library materials on a bimonthly basis. Basing on the results and in comparison with the study, it is seen that the students make use of the library materials on a daily basis hence the CAS desk is an active one due to the charge and discharge of library materials as represented highest on a daily basis. This further implies that more efforts are needed to improve the CAS system to meet the information needs of library users. This will save their time and it seems to be in agreement with one of Ranganathan’s law of library science “Save the time of the reader”. 4.4. Information materials normally borrowed out. The information materials borrowed out at Royal Institute of Business and Education Library are: books, magazines, newspapers and encyclopedias. The degrees to which they are borrowed out are presented in table 4 below. Table 2: Information materials normally borrowed out Information material No. of Respondents Percentage Books 72 85.7 Magazines 9 10.7 Newspapers 3 3.6 Encyclopedias 0 0 Total 84 100 Source: Field Data (2018) Table 4 above highlights the kind of information materials normally borrowed out. As could be seen from data analysis, books 72 (85.7%) were the most borrowed out. This was followed by magazines represented by 9(10.7%), newspapers 3(3.6%) was the third and finally encyclopedias ranked last 0 (0%) of the information materials normally borrowed out. 25 Based on this result, it is concluded that books are the first essentials of information materials borrowed out. Therefore the CAS desk must ensure that a variety of books covering all subject areas are available for charge so that it can meet the academic needs of users. Hence this explains that there is need to design a library CAS system so that the borrowing out and in of books is efficient and effective. 4.5. Experience of library staff at the Information desk. During data collection, the researcher asked the library staff how long they had worked in the library and if they had worked at the information desk for the time they had been there. The researcher further asked for their responsibilities at the information desk. One librarian said; “I have spent four years at the information desk and I charge and discharge, I inform users of the new collections in the library materials as well as inspection of damaged books returned by the users. I also charge overdue users.” The other one librarian mentioned to have spent more than five years at the information desk where two mentioned to have spent seven years and the other eight years. The responsibilities that they held were similar to ones of the other librarian; Current Awareness Service of library materials, inspection of damaged library materials and charging overdue users. From the analysis, it is concluded that the library staff have experience on CAS concept in the library basing on the period they have worked at the information desk hence therefore they will assist in yielding data to enable the researcher design a Library CAS System for effectiveness in the library.. 4.6. Current CAS system used by RIBE Library. From the research carried out, the researcher found out that the current CAS system used by the RIBE library is a manual system. One librarian said; “We are currently using traditional methods like notice boards which are also aided by lists of subject headers which we refer to as a record book. He added on that; 26 “The library user accesses the information material he/she is interested in from the shelves and proceeds to the CAS desk where an identity card is presented to the librarian. He/she is entitled to only one book. The following information is recorded in the record book before the user takes the book. The date of issue, book number, name of the borrower, title of the book, author, signature of the borrower and lastly the date of return. The borrowers’ identity card is retained and on return of the book the borrower fills in the date of return and the identity card is returned to him/her”. Another librarian said that; “We update our system every year by acquiring a new record book and every term by skipping a page on the currently used book and two parallel lines are made on the last used page”. Basing on the researcher’s participant observation, the library uses a manual system as explained by the library staff above. 4.7. Loan period of information materials by the students The researcher was able to attain the following findings regarding the loan period the users are given for information materials at the CAS desk. From the research analysis basing on the students’ response 80 (100%), 7 (8.25%) admitted that they spend one day with the information materials, 17 (21.25%) responded a two day loan period while 42(52.5%) students responded a three days and finally 14 (17.5%) responded a one week loan period. This information is represented in a bar graph in figure 5 below. Table 3: Loan period of information materials by the students 27 60 50 40 Loan period of information material 30 20 10 0 1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 1 Week Source: Field Data (2018) From the figure 5 above, it is indicated that the longest period students spend with an information material is 3 days represented by 42(52.5%) response from the students, followed by 2 days represented by 17(21.25%) response. The third was 1 week represented by 14(17.5%) students’ response and lastly 1 day by 7(8.25%) response. One librarian revealed that; “The students are allowed to spend strictly 3 days with an information material and beyond this they are charged for overdue information materials with exception of cases where some information materials are in excess hence the students are given more time and in cases where the materials are limited the days are limited that is to 1 or 2 days. Meanwhile the teachers are not limited to a period in which the books should be returned because of their schedules”. Basing on the results, it is understood that the students are not given enough time to spend with information materials because of the difficulties in maintaining statistics of charged and discharged information materials with the manual CAS system as the library staff mentioned as one of the challenges. This implies that more efforts need to be made on design of a library CAS system so that the students are given more time to spend with the information material because of the automatic performances made on the statistics which is easy to manage and update, online registration among others leading to efficiency. 28 4.8. Challenges of the existing CAS system in Royal Institute of Business and Education Library. During research, the researcher posed a question to the respondents if they face challenges using the current existing CAS system. In analysis of the findings, some respondents agreed that they face challenges with the current CAS system but however some responded negatively. On analysis of the results, 58 (69.05%) admitted that they face challenges with the existing CAS system while 26 (30.95%) of respondents had contrary view. Based on this result it is concluded that the respondents face challenges with the existing CAS system and according to the study, there is need for a library CAS system to overcome the challenges. From the interview and questionnaire questions used, the following findings were found on the challenges of the current library CAS system. 4.8.1. Time consuming One librarian said; “The manual system that we use is time consuming because the students make lines to record their details and also of the book they are taking”. Basing on the researchers’ observation, indeed time consumption is a challenge as the researcher noticed that the users took a lot of time recording the information in the record book/ledger book. 4.8.2. Difficulty in keeping statistical records Another librarian said; “Keeping statistical records is difficult because of the increased number of students. The record books/ledger books always accumulate every term and this is a challenge when checking for someone’s records especially the teachers who borrow many books”. The challenge mentioned by the librarian is also evident by responses of those who borrow information materials on a daily frequency 43 (53.75%). The researcher also observed the accumulated record book/ledger book on the CAS desk. Hence it brings a conclusion of difficulty in keeping statistics and records with the current system. 29 4.8. 3. Congestion in the library Another librarian said; “The library sometimes gets crowded with students searching for the books that they want to borrow. This leads to congestion a challenge we are facing with the current CAS system”. On the researchers visit to the library, the researcher observed that indeed the students overcrowd the library looking for the desired materials hence this result into noise making caused by students. 4.8.4. Less loan period According to the students, they face a challenge of less loan period with the information materials. This is supported by a bar graph in figure 5 whereby a 3 day loan period had the highest respondents 42 (52.5%) admitting that they spend 3 days with an information material. In the researcher’s analysis, the students do not get enough time to utilize the information material hence an information gap. 4.8.5. Long lines leading to delay According to the students, they face a challenge of long lines with the existing CAS system. These long lines are created in the process of the users jotting down their information in the ledger book and this further leads to delay. One librarian said; “Long lines are created as we issue library materials to the students”. Basing on the observation made by the researcher, the long lines indeed are a challenge. 4.8.6 Solution to the challenges faced It was realized that the current CAS system in the RIBE library pose challenges to both the users and the library staff. But however the library staffs have taken some measures to overcome those 30 challenges and basing on an interview that was conducted between the library staff and the researcher, the following findings was found; One librarian that; “We have tried to overcome the challenges of the existing system by putting up new notice boards for each category of students” In view, that could help to solve the problems of congestion and long lines normally created by the students. Use of the RIBE website It was realized that the current CAS needs to be upgraded to a website so as to avail more information to users than using notice boards. A student said: “The library needs to use the Institute Library website to market its services” Use of Social media Platforms The researcher found out that most students own smart phones, therefore it meant that they had access to social media sites. This also triggered the answers towards the use of social media platforms to inform students about the new developments in the library. Library Televised CAS The researcher also realized there was nothing digital about the library therefore one of the students suggested that the library could install a television to cast out all the new collections the library has. 4.9. New library CAS system The researcher in the process of research asked the respondents if they think there is need for new library CAS system. According to their response, 76 (90.48%) respondents agreed to this whereas 8 (9.52%) responded negatively. This information is presented in a pie chart in figure 6. Figure 3: Need for a library CAS system 31 90.48, YES 9.52, NO Source: Field Data, (2018) Figure 6 above indicates that majority of the respondents are in agreement with the new library CAS system as represented by 76 (90.48%). Based on this result it is concluded that the respondents are in need of a new library CAS system and therefore more efforts should be put to ensure that a library CAS system is designed for the library. 4.9.1. Expectations from the library CAS system Basing on the findings by the researcher from the respondents, the researcher found out that the respondents expected the following from the new library CAS system. One librarian said; “My expectations from the new system are automatic performance of the CAS activities because this will save the time of our users”. 32 The library CAS system is expected to maintain records and statistics as according to the library staff. This seems to be in agreement with (IFLA, 2010) whereby; “A library CAS system maintains records and statistics”. Another librarian said; “My expectation from the new library CAS system is managing the library and library materials. It should manage patron database, online catalogue and transactions like computation and payment of overdue fines and lost books”. This seems to be agreement with Chauhan (2000) on one of the functions a library CAS system which is “Manages library materials - CAS type, location and status; patron database - patron type, profiles, privileges; and other transactions such as computation and payment of overdue fines, lost books, among others”. From the above response, there is need for the establishment of a library CAS system the fact that the library staff has so many expectations regarding the proposed system. 33 CHAPTER FIVE: THE PROPOSED LIBRARY CAS SYSTEM 5.1. Introduction This chapter presents the proposed new system for CAS of information materials at RIBE Library which aims to improve on the CAS services of the library. 5.2. Mission of the RIBE library The mission of RIBE library is to provide quality materials and services which fulfil educational, informational, cultural, spiritual, recreational needs of the school community in the atmosphere that is welcoming, respectful and professional. Source: Library guide (2018) 5.2.1. Objectives of RIBE library 1. To provide resources to support and develop the recreation interests of the students. 2. To provide awareness in students of the importance of books and other resources as a means of recording and sharing human achievements, failure and aspirations. 3. To provide supportive and stimulating environment for students and staff. 4. To encourage all students to reach their full potential as independent learners and develop a positive attitude to life-long learning. 5. To provide opportunities for the students to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to access library resources. Source: Library guide (2018) 5.3. Components of the proposed Library CAS System These are categorized in form of hardware and software requirements. Hardware Requirements These were the minimum hardware requirements that were used to develop the Library CAS system. 34 Table 4: Hardware Requirements Hardware Description Processor 1.68 GHZ processor speed Memory 2GB RAM Disk space 150 GB Display (860 * 500) Pixels Software Requirements These were the minimum software requirements that were used to develop the Library CAS system. Table 5: Software Requirements Software Requirements Description Windows xp, Windows (7, 8, 8.1 Windows xp must have service pack 3 and Above Microsoft office (Microsoft vision) Microsoft visio 2003 Wamp server Wamp5 with all services running My SQL database My SQL database software PHP 5 Support PHP 5 JQuery Support JQuery version 1.11.0 and above. 5.4. Requirement analysis Requirement analysis was done in order to categorize the user requirements into functional and non-functional requirements. In this stage the researcher used ‘Measurable goals’ as a tool for analysis. With Measurable goals, best practices take the composed list of requirements merely as clues and repeatedly ask "why?" until the actual system purposes are discovered. Stakeholders and developers can then devise tests to measure what level of each goal has been achieved thus far and from this the functional and non-functional requirements were derived as below. 35 5.4.1. Functional Requirements These are services the system should provide, how it should react to particular inputs, or how it should behave in particular situations. They include the following:  System should store information about the library correctly.  System should authenticate and allow only authorized users.  The system should allow querying of data in the database.  The system should have interfaces for entering and viewing data.  The system should give feedback to all users.  The system shall be able to generate reports when needed.  The system shall be able to accept data input from the users through forms. 5.4.2. Non-Functional Requirements These are constraints that must be adhered to during the system development for example operational costs, performance, reliability and others. They include;  The system should be faster in information processing  The system should be reliable and accurate that is to say it should be able to provide data whenever it is needed  The system should convey results in a consistent manner. This means that whether a lot of information has to be processed the results produced will have the same feel and thus easy to understand.  The system should promote data integrity, which means that unauthorized users should not alter data input. 5.5. Existing vs proposed system i. Existing system does not have any facility of login whereas proposed system will have a facility of login. 36 ii. Existing system does not have a facility of online reservation of books whereas proposed system has a facility of online reservation of books. iii. Existing system does not have any facility to generate student reports as well book issue reports whereas proposed system provides librarian with a tool to generate reports i. Existing system does not have any facility for book request and suggestions where as in proposed system after logging in to their accounts student can request books as well as provide suggestions to improve library 5.6. Proposed system design for RIBE Library In the system design three phases were followed which included the conceptual, logical and the Physical design. 5.6.1. Context Diagram It contains a set of processes that represents the system model, in this case the ‘Library CAS System’. It also shows the participants who interact with the system, called the external entities. In the Library CAS system, Management (staff, librarian) and students are the entities who interact with the system. In between the processes and the external entities, there are data flow (connectors) that indicate the existence of information exchange between entities and the system. The way how the different users are interacting with the system is shown in figure 7. The diagram shows how the library staff and students interact with the system during charge and discharge of information materials. The library DB contains the entire book, student information from which the system is derived. The management is responsible for editing, adding, and deleting user and book information in to the system. The library charge/discharge system is the center of operation of the library charge and discharge activities. The DFD is the decomposition of the Library CAS System process shown in the context DFD. The library CAS system contains four processes, two external entities and three data-stores. Based on the diagram, the Ledger process receives student information which is stored to the student data-store and also feeds the Book request process. The Book process receives 37 information from the student process and queries the catalogue data-store for book availability, which results is returned to the student. The Process Defaulters process is fed information processed by the Book request and Ledger in order to produce a report on library defaulters which is availed to the librarian or management. The defaulters list stored is used to feed the Fine defaulter process which in turn generates fine slips for defaulting students. 5.7. Data Dictionaries for the Data Flow Diagram. 5.7.1 Data dictionary for entities Table 6: Data dictionary for entities Entity Description Management The Librarian who works as the system administrator and manages the system Student A student is one who is registered as a member of the school whom the school management considers a legitimate user of the system Staff Any member of the staff registered in the system to use the library 5.7.2. Data dictionary for processes Table 7: Data dictionary for processes Process Description Authentication of Process where all system users like administrators, students and system users staff log in to the Library system with their user names and passwords which must correspond with the stored usernames and passwords in the database Registration This is the process where the administrator registers all students system and staff eligible to use system Ledger Process that enables the capturing of student and staff identity details as they make requests 38 Book Request This process enables the students, administrator to query the system catalogue for available books 5.7.3. Data dictionary for data stores Table 8: Data dictionary for data stores Data store Description Process Defaulters This processes all defaulters in the system and generate reports on the defaulters Fine Defaulters This tracks defaulters and generate fine slips which are issued to each defaulter Reports Processes all reports 5.8. Logical Design The logical design was used to derive the data requirements for the system. In logical design we represent all the data entities plus their attributes, how the child entities directly interact and interface with each other in the system while demonstrating integrity constraints as well as data types for the identified entities. This is represented in the Entity relationship diagram (ERD) in figure 10 39 Figure 4: Entity Relationship diagrams (child entity diagrams) showing Multiplicities Source: Researcher (2018) The above diagram shows the entity relationship diagrams (child entity diagrams) showing Multiplicities. Multiplicities represent the number of occurrences of one entity that may relate to a single occurrence of an associated entity. This means that an entity can belong to one or more entities. For example s student can only belong to one class though a class can have at least one or more students. 5.9. Multiplicities (EER Diagram) Figure 11(on the next page) describes the relationships among different entities and how the interact with each other. It illustrates how multiplicities show the dependencies of each entity on another. 5.10. Physical Design The physical design is divided into the database design and interface design, we describe the database design as well as the interface design as used in the Library CAS system. 5.10.1. Database Design 40 In the physical design we decompose the ERD (entity relation diagram) into relation tables as show below. Table 9: Showing entities and their associated attributes Modeling Relationships between Entities. Class Column Type Null Default Id int(15) No name varchar(15) No Created Datetime Class name to which a student belongs Modified Datetime Student Column Type Null Default Comments Id Int(11) No Auto incrementing primary key Fname varchar(55) No Lname varchar(75) No NULL studIdnum Int(11) No NULL classId Int(11) No NULL userId Int(11) No NULL Role varchar(255) No NULL status Int (1) NULL Created Datetime Modified Datetime No Books Column Type Null Default Id int(15) No Title int(15) No AuthorId int(15) No Comments 41 Isbn Date No publisherId int(10) No yearPublication date No categoryId Int(11) No Created Datetime No Modified Datetime NULL Category Column Type Null Default Id int(10) No Name varchar(255) No authorId In(11) No Created datetime No Modified Dattime No Comments Author Column Type Null Default Id int(10) No Fname varchar(255) No Lname Varchar(255) No Created datetime No Modified Dattime No Comments Cost Column Type Null Default Id int(10) No bookId int(11) No Amount Decimal No Created datetime No Comments 42 modified Datetime No Borrowed Column Type Null Default bookId int(11) No StudentId int(11) No Created Datetime No modified Datetime No Comments 5.11. Screen Shots for the proposed Library CAS System. 5.11.1. Log In page The page that the Librarian and System users use to log into the system This feature used by the user to login into system. They are required to enter user id and password before they are allowed to enter the system .The user id and password will be verified and if invalid id is there user is allowed to not enter the system. Figure 5: Log In Page 43 The log in page provides the following functional requirements; user id is provided when they register, the system must only allow user with valid id and password to enter the system, the system performs authorization process and user must be able to logout when done. 5.11.2. Users’ Database This contains the list of registered library users. This page enables the library staff to enter all the details of the students in the system. The student’s name, ID Number and class of the students are entered into the system. The library staff can modify the information using the different actions such as view, edit and delete. Figure 6: Users’ Database 5.11.3. CAS Database This contains information of students according to each class/stream. This page categorizes student’s information into streams. Records concerning different streams are entered into this page and the library staff is able to modify the information using the different actions like the view, edit and delete. 44 Figure 7: CAS Database 5.11.4. Add New Title This is where a new student is added into the user database by the administrator. This page enables the library staff to register new students into the system. The student’s names, ID number and stream is included in the system. The add student page must have the following functional requirements; system must be able to verify information and must be able to delete information if information is wrong 5.11.5. Book Database This contains books available in the library. This page is the catalogue where all the available books in the library are contained. The book information that is the book title, ISBN number, 45 year of publication is entered and stored in the system. Another book is added by clicking New book and feeding in the information of the book. 5.11.6. Add New Book This is where the administrator adds new books and authors into the system This feature allows adding new books to the library and the functional requirements of the system are; system must be able to verify information, system must be able to enter number of copies into table and the system must be able to not allow two books having same book id. 5.11.7. Ask the Librarian This is where the system user searchers for a book and track if it is available or not in the library. This feature is found in book maintenance part. We can search book based on book id, book name, and publication or by author name. Figure 8: Ask the Librarian Page 46 The book search contains the following functional requirements: system must be able to search the database based on select search type, system must be able to filter book based on keyword entered and the system must be able to show the filtered book in table view. 5.12. Results from design: Results exhibited how data moves and changes through an information system in a graphical topdown fashion ultimately giving a graphical representation of how the system components process and interfaces between them. Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) was used whose results depicted how well the relationship is between the different entities and their attributes in the backend of the system. It was also found out that coming up with good designs of the system, it is important to be well conversant with case tools for example Microsoft Visio 2007 as they help in the design of the required system, adobe Photoshop which helped us with the graphics. Wamp server and MySQL were used as web server technologies and implementation of the database respectively .This produced an enhanced database with fast and easy insertion maintenance and retrieval of required information. The interface was designed using CakePHP, a PHP based framework, Bootstrap and HTML5 to develop the front end of the system. Wamp server encompasses a MySQL component that enabled the creation of the system database and tables that provided the platform from which the system information is stored. 5.13. System Test and Validation 5.13.1. System Testing Results System testing was performed on the entire system in context of the functional requirements and system requirements and the following tests were carried out: 5.13.1.1. Unit testing: Functional components of the system where identified during development process. Based on the functional requirements of the system, test cases were designed that were used with 47 predetermined fixtures used as a dummy database against which tests of the functional units were carried. The tests help identify parts of the system that were not functioning as intended. 5.13.1.2. Integration testing: In this kind of testing two or more components were coherently for example, we ensured that the database captures the specified fields according to their respective attributes. This also ensured that the storage and retrieval functions of the database connection with the interface worked perfectly. The tables with information concerning the various aspects of the software were rightly placed and are easily accessible by the system staff. 5.13.1.3. Compatibility testing: The system was tried out on windows operating system to test the compatibility of the system and the problems encountered while installing it. We found out that the system worked properly on the windows, mobile and tablet platforms. System users i.e. the students and staff also acknowledged that the system runs well on windows platform. 5.13.1.4. System testing: System testing was done using real data. Complete components of the system were tested against the requirements specifications. Using raw data, finished components of the intended users to identify weaknesses and strengths of the system and give advice where necessary. Users were allowed to interact with the system and through observation and participation. We took into account the difficulties experienced in the navigation of the system. The researcher noted that users found the interface user friendly. 5.13.2. Validation Results Validation was performed and proved that the authenticity of the system security is guaranteed and this was proved by logging in with a wrong username and password to test the security 48 reliability. It was also possible by using sample information that was entered into the system to test if the system is able to respond according to the users’ requirements and prove if it provided either correct or incorrect information basing on the target of the requested output. 49 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.0. Introduction This chapter is the final chapter of the research. It covered summary of the research and conclusion based on the objectives of the study and recommendations for the system. 6.2 Summary of findings The summary of findings was based on the objectives of the study 6.2.1. Information needs of the library users. According to Wilson (2009), information need is an individual or group desire to locate and obtain information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. It was established that the students of RIBE inquire mainly academic information since their aim is to succeed and fulfill their dreams. More to that, the students admitted that they also require information on health, sanitation and above all the current affairs around the world. 6.2.2. Services provided by the library. It was established that the services offered by the RIBE library are current awareness services through notice board and reference services, internet services and selective dissemination of information 6.2.3. Existing Current Awareness Service system. It was established that RIBE uses a manual Current Awareness Service system. A ledger book/record book system is applied to assist in the charge and discharge of information materials at the school library. The research findings also revealed that the RIBE library was using the manual systems to capture the data of the library users. 6.2.4. Challenges facing the Current Awareness Service system It was established that time consumption, congestion, longlines and less loan were the major challenges facing the current Awareness Service system of the RIBE library. This was established during data collection were the interviews and questionnaire methods were used to 50 collect data and it was based on the respondents’ response. From the analysis, some of the challenges included lack of critical thinking that users apply to web-based information and ignorance of users about the electronic systems. 6.3. Conclusion In conclusion, the study had a number of objectives to investigate and examine the current library Current Awareness Service system and above all to design a Library CAS System for Royal Institute of Business and Education. Based on the findings, the study concludes that RIBE currently uses a manual CAS system to charge and discharge its materials. The study also concludes that books are the most borrowed out information materials but however there are a lot of challenges associated with the charge and discharge of these materials using the current CAS system. Thus, it is expedient to adopt a library CAS system (proposed system) in Royal Institute of Business and Education library for more efficient and reliable operation of the library in its charge and discharge of library materials. 6.4. Recommendations The researcher recommends the management of RIBE Library to adopt to the proposed library CAS system since it is online and will improve the CAS services of the library out weighing the current manual system used. 6.4.2.1. Training of librarians. The library should endeavor to train librarians on management of the library CAS system. The librarians should be trained on how to operate the new library CAS system and they should be impacted with computer skills and web based management tools for effective operation of the library CAS system. 6.4.2.2. Purchase of more equipment for the CAS services The library should purchase equipment that is the software and hardware such as computers, servers, scanners among others. This will enrich the CAS activities hence lead to effective operation. 51 6.4.2.3. Increase of budget The school should increase budget in the library specifically the CAS department where the charge and discharge of information materials take place. This will assist satisfy the needs of library users since they will be in position to access the materials easily saving their time and as stated by Ranganathan’s library law “ Save the time of the reader.” 6.4.2.4. Improving of library’s infrastructure The library’s setting should be improved that is more space should be provided so that search for the information materials is easy and books arranged according to the catalogue. 6.4.2.5. Online cataloging of the entire library collection A few of the library’s collection have been catalogued and therefore, the library should endeavor to catalogue the entire collection so that it is easy to search for when charging library materials to the users and it will also help in maintaining statistics. 6.4.2.6. Sensitization of users The library should sensitize its users on the library CAS system. This should be through orientation of the users and the procedures of the charge and discharge of library materials should be made known to the users so that they are in position to utilize the materials rather than sitting back due to their ignorance on the use of the system. 6.5. Areas of further research This study recommends further research on: I. II. Designing an online reference system Developing a library user manual for utilization of library materials. 52 REFERENCES Berube, Linda. 2003. Digital A Current Awareness Service Overview: An Issue Paper for the Networked Services Berude,I, (2005) “ Digital a Current Awareness Service overview :an issue paper from the Networked Services policy Task Group http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/pulicnsptg/virtual/Accesed on 27th may .Available at 2016 Baradol, A. K. (1997). Current awareness service. In Library Information science: parameters and perspectives. 2. (Pp. 12-20) New Delhi: Concept. Coffman, S. (2001, September). We'll Take It from Here: Further Developments we’dlike see in Virtual A Current Awareness Service Software. Information Technology to and Libraries, 149-50 Foskett, D J (2015). Special libraries: definitions, purposes and the services. In Ingram, K E & Jefferson, Albertina A (Eds). Libraries and the challenges of Change., London: Marsell. Gaines,Ervin.J.,”The a Current Awareness Service librarian in the urban public Library; Library Journal April 15,1966.PP 2003-2007 Goetsch,L,andJanes,(1999).SPECit 251: electronic service : Executive summary Avialable at http://www.arl.org/spec/251sum.html. Accessed on June 05.2016 Granfield,D.and Robertson ,M.(2008). Pa Current Awareness Service of a Current Awareness Service : new options and choices for academic Library users. Librarian and staff Publication. Paer 13 Avialable at http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/Library. Retrived on May 29th 2016 Han, L & Goulding, A. (2003). Information and A Current Awareness Service Services in the Digital Library. Information Services & Use. IOS Press, pp251-262. Harrods J. (2013) Librarian’s Glossary of terms used in librarianship, documentation and the book crafts (1984) 5th ed. Hants: Gower. 53 Iroaganachi, M. A., & Ilogho, J.E. (2012). Utilization of a Current Awareness Service books by students: A Case Study of Covenant University, Nigeria. Chinese Librarianship: an Inter National Electronic Journal, 34: http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl34II.pdf. [12/04/2015] James, Joseph. 2002. What Is A Current Awareness Service For? Available at http://www.ala.org/ala/rusa/rusaprotools/futureofref/whata Current Awareness Service.htm Accessed March 10, 2004. Janes, J. (2002). Digital A Current Awareness Service: A Current Awareness Service Librarians' Experiences and Attitudes. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53 (7), 549-566. Katz,W. A.(2002) Introduction to a Current Awareness Service work volume II: a Current Awareness Service 8thED.New York :McGraw-Hill. Katz, Wasiam.A.,”Introduction to A Current Awareness Service work: a Current Awareness Service service”1996.pp.131-140 Konstantinos, S. (2012), History of the Library in Western Civilization: From Petrarch to Michelangelo, New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press Kumar,K.(20030.A Current Awareness Service Service.5thEd.NewDelhi:Vikas Publishing. Luhn, H P (2011). Selective dissemination of New scientific information with the aid of electronic processing equipment. American Documentation 12(1). 131-138 Policy Task Group. Available at http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/public/nsptg/virtual/ Accessed 11 March 2004. Parsons, Anne Marie. 2001. Digital A Current Awareness Service: How Libraries Can Compete with Ask A Services Digital Library Federation Newsletter January 15, 2001. Accessed March 11, 2004. Ranganathan, S R (Ed) (1963). Documentation and its facets. Bombay: Asia Publishing House. 54 Routledge International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (1997). Feather, John & Sturges, Paul (Eds), 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Strauss, Lucille J. et al (1964). Scientific and Technical Libraries: Their Organization and Management New York: Wiley-Interscience. Tripathi,(2005).Librarians without borders? Virtual a Current Awareness Service service to unaffiliated users.” The Journal of Academic Library “(2005) P74-P78 Radford, MandKern, M. (2011).A multiple case investigation of discontinuation of live a Current Awareness Service. Library and information Science Research 28,2521-547.SL:SN Available at Science Direct Database Wheeles, J.L., “Betting a Current Awareness Service”. RQ, spring, 1967.pp.99-114 Whitehall, Tom (2016). Practical Current Awareness Services from Libraries. Hants: Gower. 55 APPENDIX A QUESTIONAIRE GUIDE FOR THE LIBRARY PATRONS Dear respondent My name is, I am an undergraduate student at East African School of Library and Information Science, Makerere University. I am carrying out research project on designing an a Current Awareness Service system for Royal Institute of Business & Education library the information given is purely for academic purposes and was be kept confidential . Your cooperation for availing me with such information was be highly appreciated. Choose and answer the most appropriate answer to the question 1. Name your profession ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Gender a) Male ……………………….. b) Female ………………….. 3. How often do you visit the Library in a week? a) 1-2 b) 3-4 c) more than 5 times 4. What kind of information do you see frequently? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………….. 5. Is the information in the Current Awareness Service section relevant and good use to you, other users and the staff? YES ……………. NO ……………………. 6. If YES, do you benefit from such information and how? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… If No give reasons why? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… What comments do you give about the information materials say the books in relation to meeting the information requirements? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… What challenges do you face while using CAS? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation 57 APPENDIX B INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE LIBRRARIANS Dear respondent My name is, I am an undergraduate student at East African School of Library and Information Science, Makerere University. I am carrying out research project on A Current Awareness Service System for Royal Institute of Business & Education the information the information given is purely for academic purposes and was be kept confidential. Your cooperation for availing me with such information was be highly appreciated. 1. What are the different types of a Current Awareness Service system offered? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. How are the Current Awareness Services provided? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. What are the tools used while providing a Current Awareness Services? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What are the challenges involved in providing a Current Awareness Services? 58 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. In your own opinion do you think the Library is making a Current Awareness Service services effective to its users? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. What has the Library done to overcome the above challenges? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation 59 APPENDIX C 60

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