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The paper presents a case study of the judicial process in 1401 due to the vendetta between the serfs in the Friulian village on the border between the Romance and Slavic population in order to display the ritual of the customary system of conflicts resolution in the medieval community. To illustrate the changes in the customary system, which arose first with the introduction of written law, then even more radically with the introduction of state law, another case studies are introduced, namely the feud between the Patriarchs of Aquileia and Counts of Gorizia in the years 1267-1277, Marseille in the middle of the 14th Century and the vendetta in Koper in 1686. The comparative study takes into consideration the findings of research on customary system of conflicts resolution in Montenegro and Albania on the basis of two sources: a survey from the second half of the 19th century, conducted among Montenegrins, Albanians and Hercegovians by Valtazar Bogišić, and the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini.
DAROVEC, Darko: Vendetta in Koper 1686
DAROVEC, Darko: Vendetta in Koper 1686. Annales Press, Koper, 2018, pp. 207.2018 •
This book includes presentation of some case studies of blood feud in the Upper Adriatic area in medieval and modern age. Their fundamental purpose is to present the changes in the social system of conflict resolution that have occurred with establishing of modern state authority in the early modern period. The case studies are based on the interdisciplinary comparative approach of historical, legal and anthropological scientific disciplines. Studies published in this book, were conducted within a research project “FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. The case of Upper-Adriatic area«. This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme, Grant Agreement Number 627936 (More information and other material also available at: http://www.unive.it/faida_msca).
The documents concerning the feud between the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Counts of Gorizia (1267–1277) are evidence of how written laws show that the ritual forms and gestures of the customary system of confl ict resolution were not only maintained but were regularly inserted into the ritual formulas of written law. Above all they document how the customary system of confl ict resolution, in its ideal image and through rituals, refl ected social values based on the mediation of the community, reciprocity and the propensity to achieve a lasting peace. This is a general structural aspect of confl ict, while the local or articular aspect is shown concretely through the struggle for resources, in the interweaving of single circumstances, where those who succeed in forming the greatest number of loyalties, differing and often contrasting alliances, are the ones who prevail. In our case this was clearly better accomplished by the Counts of Gorizia than by the Patriarchs of Aquileia. Key words: feud, vendetta, homage, truce, peace, Patriarchs of Aquileia, Counts of Gorizia, Momiano, Pietrapelosa, Istria
program and abstracts
Angel Casals Martinez, Azeta Kola, Darko Darovec, Emrah Safa Gürkan (ESG), Samuele Rampanelli, Angelika Ergaver
Darko Darovec, Marco Bellabarba, Azeta Kola, Christophe Regina, Robert Kurelic, Antoine Graziani, Andrew Vidali, Riccardo DRUSI, Samuele Rampanelli, Žiga Oman, Luca Rossetto
The documents concerning the feud between the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Counts of Gorizia (1267–1277) are evidence of how written laws show that the ritual forms and gestures of the customary system of confl ict resolution were not only maintained but were regularly inserted into the ritual formulas of written law. Above all they document how the customary system of confl ict resolution, in its ideal image and through rituals, refl ected social values based on the mediation of the community, reciprocity and the propensity to achieve a lasting peace. This is a general structural aspect of confl ict, while the local or particular aspect is shown concretely through the struggle for resources, in the interweaving of single circumstances, where those who succeed in forming the greatest number of loyalties, diff er-ing and often contrasting alliances, are the ones who prevail. In our case this was clearly better accomplished by the Counts of Gorizia than by the Patriarchs of Aquileia. SINTESI I documenti relativi alla faida tra il patriarca di Aquileia e il conte di Gorizia (1267– 1277), testimoniano che concetti espressi dalle leggi scritte mostrano come le forme e i gesti rituali del sistema consuetudinario di risoluzione dei confl itti non si fossero soltanto mantenuti ma fossero stati prontamente inseriti nelle formule rituali del diritto scritto. E non solo, ma soprattutto il sistema consuetudinario di risoluzione dei confl itti che, nella
The article, based on interdisciplinary historiographical and anthropological studies and archival documents, collected folk literature and other documents, will reconstruct the ritual of blood feud with emphasis on the act of humiliation and penance as reflected in documents from Southeast Europe, comparing them with many fragments of medieval European cases, reflecting general ritual structure in the field of public affairs: Homage (gift, first approach), Fides (fidelity, oath, truce) and Investiture (appointment), and, in case of dispute settlement, Pace Perpetua – lasting peace (love, marriage), with particular focus on principles of the so called gift-exchange societies. The hypothesis of this article, based on collected material and on outlined cases, is arguing in favour of the principle of the general ritual structure for all public aff airs, in which precisely the gesture of penance and humiliation plays an important symbolic role, especially in the ritual of vindicta, that is in the customary system of conflict resolution.
Already three famous Istrian historians from the 19th and first half of the 20th Century, Carlo De Franceschi, Bernardo Benussi and Giovanni De Vergottini, devoted relatively much attention to the issue of the so-called »oaths of fealty« (fidelitas), dedicated in the 12th Century to the Venetian Republic by the most important Istrian cities: Capodistria and Isola (1145), Pola (1145, 1149, 1153), Rovigno, Parenzo, Cittanova, Umago, Pirano (1150), Muggia and Trieste (1202). Still today, historiography questions whether the purpose of those oaths of fealty (fidelitas) was to conclude friendships between the equal communities or was just a form of alliances against common enemies, or were even the subordination of Istrian towns? Or only an act, as said by Kandler, that “nè importava maggior debito che di non osteggiare e tradire”. At a different constellation of historical events, these oaths of fealty could probably remain only witnesses of the diversified maritime economic activities between the upper Mediterranean and Central Europe, but subsequent events clearly testify in support of the fact that those oaths of fealty, dedicated to the Venetian Republic by Istrian towns, were the first step towards the later direct subordination of Istrian towns, the basis of the process which ended only in 1420 with the collapse of the secular power of the patriarchs of Aquileia, while at the same time the basis of the process which led towards the Venetian Stato da Mar. In regards to this phenomenon is surprising the fact that at that time the Istrian towns were part of Empire while the Republic of Venice was marked as his enemy. This paper argues that the above events should be understood and interpreted in accordance with then prevailing system of conflict resolution and within the framework of the ritual: homage, fealty, peace (homagium, fidelitas, pax).
2017 •
Based on a conceptual historiographic and semantic analysis of the fundamental terminology of the ritual of vengeance, this paper presents an attempt to provide researchers with a linguistic, conceptual, and methodological framework for the study of vengeance as the customary system of conflict resolution in premodern Europe. For this purpose the key terminology, which also has abundant synonyms, has been collected in the accompanying septalingual glossary. While predicated on, foremost, European Medieval sources and studies thereof, the dissemination and interrelation of the universal human custom make the paper applicable for other areas and periods.
The articles published in this issue of Acta Histriae were arised from the project: FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. The case of Upper-Adriatic area. This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme, Grant Agreement Number 627936.
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