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2001, Ethnographisch-archaologische Zeitschrift
In Arbeiten zur mittelalterlichen Sklaverei hat das östliche Europa seinen Platz als Region, die die islamische Welt mit Sklavinnen und Sklaven belieferte. Besonders viele Menschen, so wird mit Blick auf die in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa entdeckten Horte von Silbermünzen argumentiert, seien gegen Dirham nach Zentralasien verhandelt worden. Die Kaufleute, die sich im Sklavenhandel zwischen dem östlichen Europa und der islamischen Welt betätigten, seien meist Juden gewesen, und das Geschäft sei im 11. Jahrhundert zum Erliegen gekommen. Der vorliegende Beitrag kommt nach einer Analyse vor allem arabischer Überlieferungen des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts zu ganz anderen Schlüssen und lenkt schließlich den Blick auf Formen der Sklaverei, die im östlichen Europa selbst praktiziert wurden und in der bisherigen Forschung kaum Beachtung fanden. Sklaverei war, so offenbaren die Quellen, weit verbreitet, und daran änderte auch die Christianisierung der politischen Eliten und weiter Teile der Bevölkerung nichts. Das Beispiel des östlichen Europa zeigt sich damit unvereinbar mit dem Narrativ vom sklavenfreien Europa. Europe’s Slaves during the Middle Ages. Tracing Slavery in East Central and Eastern Europe: In studies on medieval slavery, East Central and Eastern Europe figures first and foremost as a territory that supplied the Islamic world with slaves. Most notably – in the light of the numerous hoards of silver coins unearthed in Europe’s eastern part – Central Asia is described as a region where people were taken in exchange for dirham. The merchants who engaged in the slave trade between Europe’s eastern part and the Islamic world are believed to have been mainly Jews, while the trade is thought to have come to an end in the 11th century. The close reading of mainly Arabic sources stemming from the 9th and 10th centuries undertaken for the present study yields very different results, though. The article thereupon focusses on the forms of slavery practised in East Central and Eastern Europa which rarely caught the attention of historians. As the sources reveal, slavery was a wide-spread phenomenon that did not cease when ruling elites and large parts of the populace became Christians. The example of East Central and Eastern Europe thus contradicts the narrative which depicts Europe, following antiquity, as a region free of slaves.
The topic of slavery had not been considered while reconstructing the society in the Iron Age. But especially the oppida procured us with quite a big number of irons slave shackles. Their number is very much rising, if the new interpretation of S-shaped keys with bit pointing to the outside, as keys for the locks on iron handcuffs is accepted. The Late La Tène elite used the trade with prisoners of war and slaves as an important source of income, as for the first time they possessed a real equivalent value for trade goods, such as wine from the Mediterranean. Slave hunting and trade had been some of the starting points for the formation of the Late La Tène society and its elite.
BJb 213 (2013), S. 75–116
Sklaven und Freigelassene im Mainz der römischen KaiserzeitSklaverei und Identitäten. Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, ed. by Andrea Binsfeld and Marcello Ghetta (Sklaverei – Knechtschaft – Zwangsarbeit, vol. 21), Hildesheim, Zürich and New York, pp. 141–171
Verschleppung, Menschenhandel und Unfreiheit im mittelalterlichen Europa2021 •
Der Beitrag beruht auf einem Vortrag im Rahmen einer Ringvorlesung an der Universität Luxemburg. Er gibt zunächst einen Überblick über den Forschungsstand zu abhängiger Arbeit und Zwangsmigration im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Europa und fokussiert hernach auf das Beispiel des östlichen Europa. Inhalt: 1. Europäische Identität und kolonialer Sklavereidiskurs 2. Sklaverei: eine Frage der Definition 3. Verschleppung, Menschenhandel und Unfreiheit im Spiegel der Überlieferung 4. Fallbeispiel östliches Europa 5. Fazit und Ausblick
2007 •
This monograph considers the function, significance and meaning of the Early Medieval centre at Pohansko near Břeclav. The source base and current state of knowledge regarding the site are characterised. Discoveries made at Pohansko are presented in their broader context, and compared to similar sites elsewhere in Early Medieval Europe. The site is interpreted as a munitio, emporium and palatium of the Moravian Early Medieval rulers. It played an important role in the mobilisation of wealth and in the control of territory. Its origin is related to a so-called cyclical chiefdom. GIS, multivariate statistical analysis (PCA) and system theory are used as the main methodological tools.
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