E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org . Research Article © 2022 Sabrina O. Sihombing and Hendra Achmadi. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Received: 14 October 2021 / Accepted: 20 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022 Assessing Indonesian Youth Acceptance of Corruption: Applying the Stimulus-Organism-Response Framework Sabrina O. Sihombing Hendra Achmadi Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Pelita Harapan, MH Thamrin Boulevard 1100, Klp. Dua, Kec. Klp. Dua, Kota Tangerang, Banten 15811, Indonesia DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0047 Abstract Corruption is one of the old problems facing the Indonesian government to date. The Covid-19 pandemic has not reduced corrupt behaviour in Indonesia. In fact, state officials in Indonesia were arrested for corruption in providing government social assistance to communities affected by this pandemic. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to predict corruption acceptance behaviour using a stimulus-organismresponse framework. The research focuses on youth because youth are future adults who will be active in business, politics, community activities, and others. A total of 246 youth was respondents in this study. Judgmental sampling was applied in this study and questionnaires were distributed online. The data was then analysed using structural equation modelling. The results of the analysis show that 4 of the 8 research hypotheses are supported. The four hypotheses supported are that anti-social media exposure has a negative relationship with personal values of materialism and materialism has a positive relationship with acceptance of corruption. The results of the analysis also show that pro social media exposure has a positive relationship with religious involvement. Furthermore, religious involvement has a negative relationship with acceptance of corruption. Limitations and suggestions for further research are also presented in this paper. Keywords: stimulus-organism-response, corruption, youth, Indonesia 1. Introduction Entering the end of 2020, to be precise 6 December 2020, the Indonesian people were shocked by the arrest of Social Minister Juliari Batubara by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Juliari Batubara was arrested in connection with the Covid-19 social assistance corruption case. Juliari Batubara was arrested for a bribery case worth Rp. 17 billion from the appointment of a groceries procurement partner for residents affected by Covid-19. The allegation of corruption in social assistance then became the public spotlight because it was considered ironic during a difficult situation in society facing the Covid-19 pandemic (CNN Indonesia, 2020). Another bribery case related to emergency response goods for the Covid-19 pandemic made the Regent of Bandung Barat (Aa Umbara) has arrested on 1 April 2021 (Kamil, 2021). 214 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 In November 2020, the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Edhy Prabowo was arrested for accepting bribes for permits for ponds, businesses and / or management of fisheries or other similar marine commodities. The Indonesian people were also shocked again when the Governor of South Sulawesi Nurdin Abdullah, on February 26, 2021, was arrested and named a suspect in the alleged bribery case for infrastructure projects in the South Sulawesi Provincial Government. In fact, Nurdin Abdullah has won the Bung Hatta Anti-Corruption Award in 2017 because he is listed as a government official who is free from corruption practices (Tempo.co, 2021). The Covid-19 pandemic has apparently not reduced government officials' desire for corruption, as stated by Delia Ferreira Rubio, chairman of the board of directors of Transparency International in the launch of the Corruption Perception Index 2020 on Thursday, January 28 that "Covid-19 is not only a health crisis and economy. But also, the crisis of corruption and democracy.” Indicators of corruption in Indonesia are getting worse. This can be seen from the decline in Indonesia's corruption perception index (CPI) in 2020 issued by Transparency International (TI). Indonesia's CPI in 2020 is at a score of 37/100 and is ranked 102 out of 180 countries surveyed. This score is down 3 points from last year's 2019 which was at a score of 40/100 (Transparency International Indonesia, 2021). TI uses a scale of 0-100 to measure GPA. A score of zero indicates a country is highly corrupt. On the other hand, a score of 100 indicates the country is very clean from corruption. With the current score, it means that the problem of corruption in Indonesia is still worrying. Corruption is one of the old problems facing the Indonesian government to date. Government efforts to reduce corruption, for example by increasing employee salaries, procedures for purchasing and procuring goods through electronic procurement, and various other means have not yielded significant results in reducing corruption. Appendix 1 shows a list of the names of the government officials and their positions and the corruption cases that they are being charged. The problem of corruption is not only a problem in practice but also a problem in theory. Often agency theory (i.e., principal-agent problems) provides a theoretical basis for corruption research (e.g., Zimelis, 2020; Simmonds et al., 2016; Jansics, 2014). However, this theory would then limit the scope of research to the analysis of individuals in organization / management. To fulfil the research gap, this study uses a stimulus-organism-response theory framework to predict youth corruption acceptability. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there is no research applying the SOR theory as the foundation to analyse the relationship between the stimulus factors, organism factors and the response factor. Specifically, media exposure is a stimulus that then affects the organism which is specifically represented by personal values (materialism), perceptions of corruption, integrity, and involvement in religion. Then the response from the individual is represented by acceptance of corruption. This study used a youth sample. Youth will become actors in business, politics, and many other fields. Not only that, the first President of the Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno, once stated, "Give me 1000 parents, I will definitely erase Semeru from its roots. Give me 10 youths, I will shake the world" (emphasis added). This quote shows the important role of youth for the nation, especially the Indonesian nation. An understanding of the perspective of young people about corruption will be able to predict corrupt behaviour in the future when they have become business and political actors in society. Therefore, this study aims to fill existing research gaps and aims to predict youth corruption acceptance through a stimulus-organism-response framework. 2. 2.1 Literature Review Corruption: the dark side of management One definition of corruption that is often used is the abused of entrusted power for private gain (e.g., Abashidze & Gvalia, 2020; Zimelis, 2020). The dark side is not something that is studied frequently in many fields, including management. The positives of many fields are widely discussed and researched. However, the dark side also needs to be considered to increase knowledge. Fortunately, the dark side is not a 'taboo' topic, but it can sometimes be considered "the elephant in the room". 215 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 The dark side has been discussed and integrated in many topics such as consumer behaviour (e.g., Ebrahimi et al., 2020; Tuhin, 2019), organizational behaviour (e.g., Zhang et al., 2020; Linstead et al., 2014), leadership (e.g., Zhang et al., 2020), and others. Corruption is the "elephant in the room" in the context of management and organization (Locatelli et al., 2017). People in the organization know something is wrong (that is, corruption) but are mostly silent until top management finds out themselves or the organization's authorities find out. This could also be because corruption is considered endemic (Locatelli et al., 2017). As stated by Napoleon Bonaparte that “The world suffers a lot. Not because of the violence of bad people but because the silence of good people”. As the elephant in the room, if corruption is ignored, it will damage people, management, and the organization. Neglect can be caused because corruption does not have an immediate effect on everyone in the company. Thus, it is possible that some think it (corruption) is not my business. Or there are those who think that corrupt practices are commonplace (if they are not caught). In the Indonesian context, there is a view that if someone caught in the act of corruption is often considered "unlucky" and not because they must be arrested (Fadhil, 2018). 2.2 Stimulus-Organism-Response framework Individual behaviour can be understood by using a stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework. This framework is the extension of the simple form of understanding people behaviour through Input-Output (I-O) process (Jacoby, 2002). Through the S-O-R framework, it shows that individuals receive stimuli which are then processed internally before the individual acts. A stimulus is anything that can be accepted by the five senses of man. The stimulus can be in the form of what the individual can see, hear, feel, hold, and so on. Then, the organism is the individual who receives the stimulus. Based on Jacoby (2020), stimulus factors can be categorized as things that include all external stimuli such as products, brands, logos, ads, packages, prices, stores and store environments, word-of-mouth communications, newspapers, television, and other external factors. This research applied media exposure as a stimulus factor in the research model. As the extended version of I-O process, the S-O-R framework shows that individuals are not black boxes whose internal processes are not understood. There are many factors in the individual as a factor which then processes the stimulus through cognitively, affective, and conative. The organisms can be categorized as knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, predispositions, intentions, values, personality, feelings, images, expectations, and so forth (Jacoby, 2002). This research applied personal value of materialism, perceived corruption, integrity, and religious involvement as organism variables in the research model. The process in the individual's internal then drives an action (response). This research applied corruption acceptability as a representation of individual response. All research variables are explained as follows. 2.3 Media exposure Media exposure is the exposure of media content from traditional media and its affiliates on the Internet which can be accessed through the Web, mobile applications, and others (Wu & Li, 2017). Exposure is an activity to hear, see and read mass media messages or experience and attention to these messages that can occur in individuals or groups. Specifically, when someone listens to radio broadcasts, watches television, or reads newspapers, he is dealing with or exposed to the mass media, where the media messages are directly or indirectly influencing him. Exposure is an activity to hear, see and read mass media messages or experience and attention to these messages that can occur in individuals or groups. When people have listened to radio broadcasts, watched television, or read newspapers, or browsing the Internet, whether on purpose or just coincidence, they have exposure to the content media which may contain positive or negative content. Media is a social force that affect people behaviour and movement (Tugtekin & Koc, 2020; Kepplinger, 2017; Skoric et al., 2016). Media exposure may lead to psychological stress (Stainback et al., 2020). Specifically, research shows that negative or 216 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 antisocial media exposure leads to people negative behaviour. These negative media exposures such as porn and drinking alcohol exposures lead to free sexual dan drinking alcohol intention respectively (e.g., Geusens et al., 2020; Abdullahi & Abdulquadri, 2018; Angwarmase et al., 2016). 2.4 Materialism Many studies have shown that personal values lead to people behaviour. On of core values of many people especially in develop countries is materialism. Materialism refers to the importance of having many possessions for having a well-being (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002). The expression of "He who dies with the most toys win" is easily find especially in a society where materialism is promoted constantly. For people who value materialism believe that acquiring possessions is important (Sousa et al., 2019). Materialism values are often accused of being a factor in causing corruption. This is because materialism emphasizes the importance of life if it has matter. Ownership of large houses, luxury cars, brand name goods, etc. often leads people to look for quick ways to earn money and leads them to corrupt. Still related to materialism, often individuals who want service, luxury and respect must pay for what they want with money. This is what often encourages someone to commit acts of corruption. Several studies show the positive significant relationship between materialism and intention corruption acceptability (Liang et al., 2016; Makhlouf, 2016). 2.5 Corruption perception Perception is a cognitive concept (Leister & MacLachlan, 1975) which explains how individuals in the process of selecting, arranging, and interpreting sensations into a meaningful whole (Hanna & Wozniak, 2001). Perception is one of the main factors in human internal that affects human behaviour (Mothersbaugh. & Hawkins, 2016; Schiffman & Wisenblit, 2015). This is because perception is our lens in seeing reality. Our perceptions process and interpret the stimuli we receive every day subjectively. Thus, what we see and interpret on an object can then be different from what others see and interpret (Schiffman & Wisenblit, 2015; Hanna & Wozniak, 2001). It can be said, everyone has their own unique version of seeing reality. Corruption is also often associated with people's perceptions of what corruption is. Tverdova (2011) shows heterogeneity in public perceptions of corruption. One measure of corruption is the use of perception. For example, the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) is an index that explains how corrupt a country is. CPI is also the most widely used indicator of corruption worldwide. Corruption research in the management sector also uses corruption as a perception (e.g., Merhi & Ahluwalia, 2018; Makhlouf, 2016; Tverdova, 2011). The literature also shows that there are 2 conflicting perspectives regarding corruption in management (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2016). The two views are (1) a negative view that views corruption as a "sand in the wheels of commerce" (e.g., Hoinaru et al., 2020; Nur-tegin & Jakee, 2020; Hanoteau & Vial, 2014) and (2) a positive view that views corruption as a "grease in the wheels of commerce" (e.g., Heo et al., 2020). Specifically, corruption as "sand" indicates that corruption affects the ability of companies to operate efficiently, and a positive view of corruption as "fat" indicates that corruption allows companies to operate better. However, the literature shows that the view of corruption as "fat" does not have as much empirical support as the view of corruption as "sand" (Dimant & Tosato, 2017). This research applied perceived corruption refers to an individual perception toward their environment which might be infected by any corrupt behaviours or involved in any corruption activities including bribery, embezzlement, extortion, and other corruption activities (Bai et al., 2014). 2.6 Integrity The literature in management shows corruption and integrity are closely related (Dobel, 2017). Specifically, corruption is caused by a lack of integrity (Dobel, 2017; Pyman, 2008). There are many 217 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 studies on integrity in management (e.g., Thomas, 2019; Prottas & Nummelin, 2018). The results show that integrity is the main aspect of work behaviour (Moorman & Grover, 2009), as a predictor of work performance (Ones et al., 1993), and show the quality of leadership in organizations (Karthikevan, 2017). Not only that, but the literature also shows that individuals with integrity can create organizations, build culture, adhere to standards, and achieve accountability (Dobel, 2017). Integrity is a complex construct (Barnard et al., 2008). Furthermore, it is not easy to reduce this construct to a simple definition (Carbajal & Chavez, 2007). People will show integrity as a good character (Audi & Murphy, 2006) which represents the quality of a person's character (Carbajal & Chavez, 2007). People whose integrity is as synonymous with fairness, fairness, consistency, and fulfilment of promises (Colquitt et al., 2007). Furthermore, Colquitt et al. that integrity can be defined as the extent to which an individual does not comply with moral and ethical principles. Huberts (2018) states that the foundation of integrity is about quality behaviour that refers to moral values and norms. In the context of management, integrity which can reduce negative and external forces, for example human greed, to groups that exploit the organization can damage the organization (Dobel, 2017). 2.7 Religious involvement Religious involvement is the level of participation in religious beliefs and practices and takes part in worship activities, groups, committees, and worship-related organizations (e.g., Abbas et al., 2020; Mueller et al., 2001). Religious involvement is concerned with means and methods (for example, prescribed rituals or behaviours) in the sacred search for they believe in and who receive validation and support from within religion (Hill et al., 2000). Religious involvement is not the same as spirituality (Mueller et al., 2001). Spirituality is a broader concept than religion. Specifically, spirituality is primarily a dynamic, personal, and experiential process. Some people who regard themselves as spiritual do not endorse a formal religion. Religion is one of the factors that influence and give meaning to human values and behaviour in their daily lives, including in their work in organizations or companies. The results of the study have shown a relationship between religious and positive things such as job involvement (Golmohammadian et al., 2014; Knotts, 2000). Furthermore, religious involvement is an important aspect of human life, and it usually has a positive association with good mental health and prosocial behaviour (e.g., Farhanfar et al., 2015; McKenzie et al., 2015; French et al., 2008). 2.8 Corruption acceptability Corruption acceptability refers to individual attitudes towards corruption to achieve goals by bribing public officials in various situations (Tatarko & Mironova, 2016). Corruption acceptability is an individual's response to corrupt behaviour that occurs in his environment. This is caused by many factors, both internal and external factors of the individual. In this study, corruption acceptability is a response from internal individuals which includes personal value (materialism), corruption perception, integrity, and religious involvement. 2.9 Relationship between variables Media exposure is one way of promoting materialism to young people (Behal & Soni, 2018). Exposure to well-known products and various brands means that these products and brands are used by many people then give influence on young people to prioritize themselves to own these well-known products and brands (e.g., Neve & Trivedi, 2020; Pinto et al., 2017; Masood et al., 2016). Media exposure can be in the form of positive (pro-social) and negative (anti-social) content. Anti-social media exposure with content such as aggressive behavior, sex, and other matters related to materialism in a negative way. Specifically, more exposure to crime will affect the individual's concern about owning expensive branded goods. However, the pleasure of owning expensive items 218 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 requires a lot of money. Therefore, the desire to own many expensive items can encourage people to accept corrupt behaviour (e.g., Aliyu et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2016; Makhlouf, 2016). Based on this explanation, the following research hypotheses can be presented as follows: H1: There is a negative relationship between anti-social media exposure and materialism. H2: There is a positive relationship between materialism and corruption acceptability. Media exposure also affects people's perceptions of corruption. Exposure to crime, scandals, corruption, and other things affects a person's perception of corruption that corruption is a real thing and is a phenomenon of everyday life. Studies show that media exposure affects perception (e.g., Huang, 2020; Li, 2018; Jones, 2017; Rizzica & Tonello, 2015). These perceptions then influence the individual's behaviour (e.g., Arshad et al., 2015; Wee et al., 2014; Ferguson & Bargh, 2004). Thus, the following research hypothesis can be conveyed: H3: There is a positive relationship between anti-social media exposure and corruption perception. H4: There is a positive relationship between corruption perception and corruption acceptability. The S-O-R framework shows that a stimulus affects the organism and then gives its reaction in the form of behaviour. Positive (pro-social) media exposure is believed to support the integrity of individuals in their life. The integrity of this individual will then prevent the individual from accepting corruptive behaviour (e.g., Putri & Nihayah, 2017; Heissner, 2015). Thus, the research hypothesis is as follows: H5: There is a positive relationship between pro-social media exposure and integrity. H6: There is a negative relationship between integrity and corruption acceptability. Pro-social media exposure is believed to support one's involvement in one's religion (e.g., Syah, 2020; Hatta, 2018). Furthermore, studies show the influence of religion on individual behaviour (e.g., Salvatore & Rubin, 2018; Ameri et al., 2017). Positive media exposure will then encourage the person's involvement in their religion. The more individuals are involved in their religion, the more they will prevent the individual from accepting corruptive behaviour. Thus, the research hypothesis is as follows: H7: There is a positive relationship between pro-social media exposure and religious involvement. H8: There is a positive relationship between religious involvement and corruption acceptability. 2.10 Research model The research model was developed based on a stimulus-organism-response framework to predict the acceptability of corruption. Media exposure represents stimulus factor and organisms are represented by materialism, corruption perception, integrity, and religious involvement. The response side is the acceptability of corruption. The research hypotheses are as follows. Figure 1: The Proposed Research Model 219 3. Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Research Method The quantitative research paradigm was the basis for this research. Specifically, this study was a descriptive and cross-sectional study where primary research data were collected through a survey. Judgmental sampling was used in this study. Specifically, the respondents used in this study were youth aged between 15 and 24 years based on WHO criteria. All research indicators are based on previous research. Items for anti and pro social media exposure were adopted from den Hamer et al. (2017). The materialism research indicators were adopted from Richins (2004) and the corruption perception indicators based on Saithibvongsa and JinKyo (2019). Furthermore, integrity items were based on Graham and Vicheth (2015) and indicators of religious involvement were adopted from Roth et al. (2012). Finally, the corruption acceptability indicators were based on Tatarko and Mironova (2016). Research indicators are available in Appendix 2. Likert scale 5-points were applied for all research items. The sample size of this study was set to 200 respondents who were collected through an online questionnaire. This sample size was appropriate according to the use of structural equation modelling data analysis (e.g., Civelek, 2018; Bowen & Guo, 2012; Kline, 2005). Furthermore, Hair et al. (2019) provides advice on sample size regarding the use of SEM. The suggestion is that the minimum sample size is at least 150 with a model that has seven constructs or less, with at least modest communality (0.5), and no under identified construct. The goodness of the data was measured by applying reliability and validity tests. Structural equation modelling (i.e., CB-SEM) was applied for data analysis in this research as SEM can estimate models that contain one or more intervening variables in a single analysis procedure. In other words, SEM can assess one or more variables that serve as both independent and dependent variables simultaneously (Bowen & Guo, 2012). This study applied multiple indices suggested by Hair et al. (2019) to assess the fit or not of a model, namely by applying χ2 value and degrees of freedom, the CFI, and the RMSEA, which provide sufficient information to evaluate a model. Specifically, RMSEA represents badness of fit (higher values mean relatively worse fit), whereas the others represent goodness of fit (higher values represent relatively better fit). 4. Results and Discussion A total of 246 questionnaires can be processed and analysed in this study. The respondents of this research were teenagers. More than half (56.5%) are female respondents. Before the data is processed for hypothesis testing, it is first carried out to test the correctness of the data through reliability and validity. Table 1: Reliability and validity tests Construct Item MEAS1 MEAS2 MEAS MEAS3 MEPS1 MEPS2 MEPS MEPS3 MAT1 MAT MAT2 MAT3 CPER1 CPER2 CPER CPER3 CPER4 Corrected item-total correlation 0.555 0.650 0.539 0.549 0.631 0.552 0.752 0.797 0.767 0.774 0.856 0.835 0.805 220 Crombach’s Alpha Contruct Reliability AVE 0.751 0.760 0.517 0.749 0.753 0.506 0.878 0.885 0.719 0.921 0.922 0.746 Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 INTG1 0.659 INTG2 0.657 INTG3 0.575 RINV1 0.667 RINV2 0.729 RINV RINV3 0.712 RINV4 0.567 CACC1 0.716 CACC2 0.737 CACC CACC3 0.693 CACC4 0.637 MEAS: Media Exposure Anti-Social MEPS: Media Exposure Pro Social RINV : Religious Involvement INTG : Integrity CPER : Corruption Perception CACC: Corruption Acceptability MAT : Materialism INTG 0.788 0.795 0.566 0.834 0.842 0.575 0.852 0.855 0.597 Construct validity is carried out by ensuring that the research indicators used reach convergent and discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess convergent validity (Hill & Hughes, 2007). Table 2 shows the EFA result, and the sufficiency and fitness of the sample were identified by KMO measure (KMO= .794) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2 (296) = 2912,375, p = 0.000). Table 2. Exploratory Factor Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEAS1 MEAS2 MEAS3 MEPS1 MEPS2 MEPS3 RINV1 RINV2 0.830 0.773 0.663 0.784 0.775 0.765 0.825 RINV3 RINV4 INTG1 INTG2 0.853 0.728 0.876 0.854 INTG3 0.749 MAT1 MAT2 MAT3 0.829 0.885 0.868 CPER1 0.861 CPER2 CPER3 CPER4 0.913 0.891 0.891 CACC1 CACC2 CACC3 CACC4 7 0.797 0.839 0.818 0.819 0.748 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis; Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization; a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations. 221 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org To confirm the EFA results, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the overall goodness-of-fit of all the constructs to determine the validity of the. Table 4 shows the model statistics for the measurement model (CFA). The results showed that the convergent validity of the research items was supported (χ2 = 365,251; df = 231; χ2/df = 1,581; TLI = 0.942; CFI = 0.952; RMSEA = 0.049). Table 4: Model fit statistics for measurement model Item MEAS1 MEAS2 MEAS3 MEPS1 MEPS2 MEPS3 RINV1 RINV2 RINV3 RINV4 INTG1 INTG2 INTG3 MAT1 MAT2 MAT3 CPER1 CPER2 CPER3 CPER4 CACC1 CACC2 CACC3 CACC4 Standardized Regression Weight 0,671 0,837 0,633 0,679 0,783 0,666 0,773 0,843 0,780 0,619 0,776 0,803 0,671 0,827 0,871 0,845 0,814 0,903 0,888 0,848 0,799 0,827 0,762 0,697 Critical Ratio 0,827 8,033 8,105 8,343 12,761 11,988 9,377 9,896 9,271 15,226 14,839 17,052 16,657 15,588 13,158 12,143 10,987 Discriminant validity was determined by assessing the square root of the AVE value of each construct greater than the correlation value between dimensions (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Tables 5 show the assessment of discriminant validity was achieved. Table 5: Discriminant Validity MEAS MEAS 0.719 MEPS 0.348** RINV 0.321** INTG -0.065 CPER -0.115 CACC -0.200* MAT -0.132* **Correlation is significant square roots of AVE. MEPS RINV INTG CPER CACC MAT 0.711 -0.321** 0.758 -0.015 0.022 0.752 -0.077 -0.138 0.022 0.863 -0.200** -0.385** 0.197 0.197** 0.772 -0.229** -0.214** 0.288** 0.277** 0.368** 0.847 at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); Values in the diagonal (bolded and italics) are the Table 6 shows the results of hypothesis testing. The results show that 4 of the 8 hypotheses are supported. The goodness-of-fit results are as follows: χ2 = 333,405; df = 237; χ2/df = 1.407; TLI = 0.960; 222 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 CFI = 0.965; RMSEA = 0.041. Table 6: Hypotheses Testing (Structural Model) Hypothesis H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 5. Path MEAS  MAT MAT  CACC MEAS CPER CPER  CACC MEPS  INTG INTG  CACC MEPS  RINV RINV  CACC Standardized Regression Weight Standard Error Critical Ratio -0,153 0,096 -2,081 0,282 0,054 3,755 -0,105 0,097 -1,441 0,089 0,048 1,322 0,040 0,088 0,503 0,046 0,064 0,628 0,405 0,071 4,793 -0,344 0,083 -4,787 Result Supported Supported Not supported Not supported Not supported Not supported Supported Supported Discussion No country is completely free from corruption. Corruption does not only occur in middle- and lowincome countries. In a high-income country like America, corruption is also serious problem. Many research models have been developed and theories are used to understand corruption. As corruption is something complex, a multi-disciplinary approach and multiple perspectives can be used to understand corruption later. This study uses a stimulus-organism-response framework. The results showed that anti-social media exposure had a relationship with materialism. Furthermore, materialism has a positive relationship with acceptance of corruption. The results of this study indicate that anti-social media exposure has a negative relationship with materialism (H1). This means that the higher the exposure to anti-social media (such as news about theft, fights, and other negative things), the lower the value of individual materialism. It can be understood that the media's exposure to these negative things can give a sense of worry that these negative things could happen to him (experiencing theft, destruction) of the material/property he owns). However, his enjoyment of materiality influences the individual in his acceptance of corruption (H2). Thus, from the results of this study, it can be said that individuals who like to buy and own a lot of goods and like luxury tend to accept corruption because corruption is one of the ways to obtain these goods and luxuries. The results also show that exposure to anti-social media does not have a significant relationship with perceptions of corruption. Likewise, perceptions of corruption do not have a significant relationship with acceptance of corruption. This can be understood as follows. The indicator used to measure anti-social media exposure in this study relates to media exposure that broadcast anti-social issues such as shootings, fights, theft, and so on. The anti-social exposures mentioned do not have a direct connection with perceptions of corruption. On the other hand, corruption is related to money. In this research, anti-social media exposure does not emphasize money as anti-social. Thus, this study then shows an insignificant relationship between exposure to anti-social media and perceptions of corruption (H3). The results of this study also show that perceptions of corruption do not have a significant relationship with acceptance of corruption (H4). That in the perception of individuals there are people associated with the public who often commit corruption, it will not then be related that these individuals will also be able to accept corruption. Even though H3 and H4 are not supported in this study, they provide a positive insight that even if individuals have the perception that public employees often commit corruption, it will not lead the individual to accept corruption as acceptable behaviour. The results showed that pro social media exposure did not have a significant relationship with individual integrity (H5). This can be explained as follows. Integrity is the conformity between what is said and what is done. A person with integrity will be consistent with his values. Integrity is associated with positive things such as trust, fairness, and honesty. Integrity is influenced by many factors, including environmental and internal factors of the individual. The insignificance of the 223 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 results of this study could be because the research respondents were young people. Research conducted by Sihombing (2018) shows that Indonesian youths do not understand what integrity means. They can show the characteristics of integrity, but it is not easy for them to explain what integrity is. The inability to explain but recognize integrity behaviour has also been demonstrated through the Youth Integrity Survey in Indonesia (Transparency International, 2013). The lack of understanding of integrity among young people can be caused by a lack of media exposure to integrity itself. Many and almost every day the Indonesian media provide news about corruption, where many of the perpetrators are government officials. The lack of role models from Indonesian leaders regarding integrity can make it difficult for young Indonesians to understand integrity. Individual integrity does not have a significant relationship with acceptance of corruption (H6). The results of this study provide provocative finding where individual integrity does not have a significant relationship with corruption acceptability. Further research needs to be done in this regard considering that integrity and corruption are often linked to the understanding that individuals with integrity are guaranteed not to commit corruption. It can be stated that corrupt behaviour is often associated with the person's low integrity. However, the results of this study do not show a significant relationship between integrity and acceptance of corruption. The results of this study contradict the theory because the samples used in this study were youth. Young people are characterized as individuals who want to be instantaneous, not often exposed to matters related to integrity. Research conducted by Purnomo (2020) on the corruption and integrity of youth in Indonesia shows that young people tend to be more permissive to actions that are not have integrity. In the study, young people were asked how much far they can accept a certain violation of ethical values, for example: giving additional money to officers so they can good health service. The results of these studies indicate that when the integrity value is in a grey area, then there is the tendency of individuals to be permissive in responding to a circumstance. Even in that study, young people supported integrity, but in practice often these values clash with interests or needs others, causing people to be permissive to the rules. Specifically, that permissiveness arises when it comes to breaking the law for the sake of help his family. The results of the analysis show that pro social media exposure has a significant relationship with religious involvement (H7). Young people in Indonesia have experienced an increasing trend in their understanding of religion. This increase can be seen for example the high interest in understanding religion through the internet and social media (PPIM, 2021; Hatta, 2018). Specifically, the internet and social media have encouraged and created new public spaces on religion that can be accessed by anyone, including young people. It can be stated that social media and the internet have become sources of religious information and have either intentionally or unintentionally exposed this information to young people. Furthermore, a study in 2020 showed that 58 percent of young people in Indonesia prefer to study religion through social media such as YouTube or Instagram (Soraya, 2020). Furthermore, the results of the study also show that religious involvement has a negative relationship with acceptance of corruption (H8). In other words, the higher the involvement of religion, the lower the acceptance of corruption. As stated earlier that Indonesian youth are more involved in religious activities, their interest in religion makes them understand negative things such as corruption which should be avoided by young people. 6. Conclusion The aim of this study is to predict acceptance of corruption using a stimulus-organism-response framework. The results of the analysis show that there are four supported hypotheses, namely those related to the relationship between exposure to anti-social media and materialism, the connection between materialism and acceptance of corruption, the relationship between pro-social media exposure and religious involvement, and religious involvement with acceptance of corruption. It can be concluded that the variables that are important in understanding the acceptability of corruption among Indonesian youth are materialism and religious involvement. 224 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 This study cannot be separated from the limitations of the study. Specifically, this study used a judgmental sampling design in which the respondents of the study were focused on young people. Although the use of this sampling design is in accordance with the research objectives, the results of the study are not intended to be generalized to other young people in the same or different contexts. Then, this study is a cross-sectional study which only describes a situation or condition at a certain time. Thus, this study does not intend to prove a causal relationship in explaining the phenomenon under study. 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International Area Studies Review, 23(3), 288-306. 228 E-ISSN 2281-4612 ISSN 2281-3993 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies www.richtmann.org Vol 11 No 2 March 2022 Appendix 1: List of Indonesian government officials and their cases Name Ismunandar Encek Unguria (Ismunandar’s wife) Edhy Prabowo Ajay Muhammad Priatna Wenny Bukamo Position East Kutai Regent Chairman of the East Kutai Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Mayor of Cimahi Case Bribery case related to infrastructure work in East Kutai Regency in 2019-2020. Bribery case related to infrastructure work in East Kutai Regency in 2019-2020. Regent of Banggai Laut - Central Sulawesi Bribery cases in the 2020 Regional Head Election. Aa Umbara Regent of Bandung Barat – West Java Juliari Batubara Social Minister Nurdin Abdullah Governor of South Sulawesi Azis Samsudin Deputy chairman of the People's Representative Council Bribery case for permits for ponds, businesses and / or management of fisheries or other similar marine commodities in 2020. Bribery case related to a permit to build a hospital in Cimahi- West Java in 2020. A case of bribery in the procurement of emergency response goods for the Covid-19 pandemic at the Social Service for the Regional Government of West Bandung Regency in 2020. A bribery related to the appointment of a groceries procurement partner for residents affected by Covid-19. A bribery case related to an infrastructure work project in Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi Several cases of bribery related to the handling of corruption cases Source: www.cnnindonesia.com (2021) and Kamil (2021) Appendix 2: Code Item CACC1 I can accept if a parent gives money to the Director of a prestigious school so that his son can be accepted into the school without exams. CACC2 I can accept if a driver who has committed a serious traffic violation offers money to the police to avoid a fine. CACC3 I can accept if a department official accepts someone from family or friends, and not another candidate with higher qualifications. CACC4 It usually takes between 3 and 6 months to issue a building permit. I can accept if an entrepreneur offers money to a public official to get a building permit in less than 2 weeks. INTG1 People with integrity are people who never lie or cheat. INTG2 People with integrity never break the law under any circumstances. INTG3 People with integrity are never involved in corruption (such as accepting or giving bribes) under any circumstances. RINV1 I often realize the presence of God in my life. RINV2 I have a personal relationship with God. RINV3 When I was sick, I often asked God for healing. RINV4 I often pray. CPER1 Some public servants often use state property for personal gain. CPER2 Some public officials still use their positions for personal gain. CPER3 Some public officials often expect to be rewarded for providing public services. CPER4 Some public officials secretly claim ownership of state-owned property. MAT1 Buying things gives me a lot of fun. MAT2 I like a lot of luxury in my life. MAT3 I would be happier if I could afford to buy more stuff. MEAS1 I often watch on the Internet/TV/games/cell phones about people fighting. MEAS2 I often watch on the Internet / TV / games / cell phones about people destroying other people's goods/property. MEAS3 I often watch on the Internet/TV/games/mobile about people who commit corruption. MEPS1 I often watch on the Internet/TV/mobile phones about people doing helping others. MEPS2 I often watch on the Internet/TV/mobile about people standing up for other people. MEPS3 I often watch the latest news on the Internet/TV/mobile phone. 229 Source Tatarko and Mironova (2016) Graham and Vicheth (2015) Roth et al. (2012) Saithibvongsa and JinKyo (2019) Richins (2004) Hamer et al. (2017) Hamer et al. (2017)