CHRIS ONODUGO

Nigeria’s nascent democracy will be undermined if its fundamental principles, including judicial objectivity, rule of law are not
adhered to, if you have one set of laws for the elite and another set for the poor, you ultimately undermine the basics of democracy.
One of the major principles which Nigeria must also abhor and tackle from the roots and not the surface, if democracy is to survive,
is corruption. Corruption makes democracy dysfunctional, especially when it is institutionalized. Democracy is supposed to be a
leveller when it concerns dividends of democracy. A situation where only the elites and a favoured few are seen to be enjoying its
dividends and the large majority who actually did the voting to elect the leaders continue to wallow in poverty; with lack of
infrastructure is an invitation to chaos. The spate of corruption in Nigeria has found expression not only in public offices and
institutions but other critical social milieu namely, the family, schools, places of worship, electioneering activities, had had a fair
share of corrupt practices bedeviling them. This study is a theoretical analysis of the concept and context of corruption and the
survival of democracy in Nigeria.

Revenue generation is the nucleus and the path to modern development. Thus, this study assessed the various ways of enhancing internal revenue generation in Abia state. The research methodology entailed the use of survey research design and purposive sampling method to select respondents from Abia State Inland Revenue Office..
Questionnaires and statistical data were instruments used for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were the statistical tool used for the analysis. The descriptive statistics involves the use of simple percentages. The result showed that there are several factors hindering IGR and the system of generation which need to be reformed. The study also revealed the various methods of generating internal revenue, which are the enforcement of tax personnel, contribution, and creating awareness to the public. The findings of the study however show that revenue administration agencies need to be reviewed to generate more revenue in the country.

This paper examined the Role and Challenges of Local Government in Community Development in Nigeria. Local government since its creation in Nigeria has been and is still involved in the process of community development which ultimately translates increased standard of living among rural dwellers. Though there is glaring evidence of serious inadequacies in basic social services and amenities to the rural community, emphasis in this regard has been placed on mobilization for sustainable community development. Research and studies have shown that local government plays a variety of roles to meet-up with the challenges of community development. The paper is made up of Introduction; Conceptual Clarification; local government and Community Development; Approaches to Community Development, challenges to community development, Conclusion and Recommendations. It concluded that local governments have not been able to play their constitutional roles, let alone making attempts at rural development due in the main to the fact that they have been emasculated by other tiers of government. It suggested the Integrated Rural Development approach in view of its comprehensiveness for sustainable rural development. The paper strongly recommended autonomy for local governments. It further canvassed fiscal and political reforms as avenues for strengthening governance in the Nigerian local government system.

The paper examined the effect of CBN’S cashless policy on Nigeria economy. Given the policy’s
objectives, the paper x-rayed the associated benefits of
the policy; discussed the various aspects
of  cashless  banking  channels;  and  dissected  the  attendant  challenges  that  may  encumber  its
successful  implementation.    We  adopted  a  descriptive  research  design;  and  the  collected  data
were  analyzed  using  content  analysis.  Four  hypotheses  were  formulated  to  guide  the  study
whereas our theoretical framework of analysis is Weingather’s capital rationing theory. The study  discovered  that  when  fully  implemented;  the  policy  will  help  in  reduction  of  money laundering; act as a check on terrorist financing; ensure effectiveness of monetary policy; create more  employment  opportunities  in  the  financial  sector;  provide  evidence  against  bribe  givers and takers especially among the civil servants and politicians; lead to growth in the real sector of  the  economy  and  impact  positively  on  Nigeria  economy.  The  paper  made  some  suggestions that  will  make  the  policy  to  succeed.  They  include  periodic  review  of  the  policy  by  the  CBN  to iron  out  grey  areas;  embarking  on  intensive  awareness campaign  and  sensitization  of  the
citizenry  by  the  CBN;  putting  adequate  security  mechanisms  in  place  to  forestall  Fraudulent practices;  making  power  supply  work  efficiently  and  exempting  cash  lodgements  on  public holidays from cash management charges.

The adoption of Information and Communication Technology in banking sector is generally referred to
as electronic banking (E-banking) and application of its concepts, techniques, policies, and
implementation strategies to banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and
concerns to all banks and indeed a pre-requisite for local and global competitiveness because, it directly
affects the management decisions, plan and products and services to be offered by banks. Due to
emergence of global economy; electronic banking has increasingly become an inevitable tool of banking
business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development.
This study is an overview of e-Banking in the Nigerian banking industry. Electronic banking offers ease
of operation for both customers and the financial institution within the banking industry. Electronic
banking has become popular because of its convenience and flexibility, and transaction related benefits
like speed, efficiency and accessibility. Although there are still challenges facing e-banking operation in
Nigeria such as insecurity and most importantly power challenges. The paper suggests that critical
infrastructure like power; security and telecommunication should be strengthened to ensure the efficient
application of electronic banking in Nigeria.

Abstract
This study examined Nigeria’s claim of leadership in Africa in order to find out if it is a myth or reality.
Our design is an ex post factor descriptive and historical research. In order to analyze the data collected,
we used content analysis approach. We adopted realism as our theoretical framework for the study. Our
choice is based on the fact that realism remains one of the most important theories of international
relations. Realism explains the vital need for power in international relations and sees power as the most
needed “commodity” in the international arena. The study discovered among other things that Nigeria
has yet to establish a sound economic, military, technological base for playing any effective leadership
role in Africa. Based on the findings, the study made a lot of recommendations which include the need
for the charity of Nigeria leaders to begin at home; minimization of corrupt practices by the leaders and
curbing of religious violence.

Abstract
This study examined Nigeria’s claim of leadership in Africa in order to find out if it is a myth or reality.
Our design is an ex post factor descriptive and historical research. In order to analyze the data collected,
we used content analysis approach. We adopted realism as our theoretical framework for the study. Our
choice is based on the fact that realism remains one of the most important theories of international
relations. Realism explains the vital need for power in international relations and sees power as the most
needed “commodity” in the international arena. The study discovered among other things that Nigeria
has yet to establish a sound economic, military, technological base for playing any effective leadership
role in Africa. Based on the findings, the study made a lot of recommendations which include the need
for the charity of Nigeria leaders to begin at home; minimization of corrupt practices by the leaders and
curbing of religious violence.

The impact of external debt on economic development is a debatable issue between scholars since the onset of the debt crisis in 1980’s. This paper examines whether external debt affects the infrastructural development in Nigeria between 1999 and 2012.
This is carried out by using data for 12 years of civilian administration between 1999 to 2012.The result from estimation shows that external debt affects economic growth by the debt crowding out effect rather than debt overhang. In all the results shows that external debt has significant impact (relationship) on the economic development rate of the nation (Nigeria) in the period under review, this shown on the general model with the R value of 0.951 and adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.791, implying that the economic level of Nigeria between 1999 and 2012 is explained by the eternal debt at a rate of 79%. The relationship is a direct relationship.

Lack of time is a common complaint in all society. Time management is usually a necessity in any project
development as it determines the project completion time and scope. This paper looked at the meaning of
time management, Factors affecting effective time management in corporate organisations Strategic
focus, the factors necessary in improving time management and identified how time management can be
used as a means to achieve organizational success. In the backdrop of all these developments the present
paper makes an attempt to: to understand the time management skills and to identify the steps to
overcome barriers to effective time management.

This paper is an explorative discourse on the security challenges and the survival of democracy in Nigerian state. Nigeria’s democracy is relatively young having taken off on May 29, 1999. Since then, her democratic experience has been undermined by her failure in national security. The paper basically explores the concepts of security and democracy in the context of Nigeria, with a view to establishing the relationship that exists between national security, and democracy in Nigeria. The paper discusses the curses and effects of national insecurity, links them to the survival of democracy which has the potential to deliver to Nigeria’s strong socio-cultural, political and economic development. The paper ends with conclusion and some sustainable measures that can guarantee the promotion of true democracy and national security in the country, ranging from reforms in electoral system and constitution, improvement in quality of leadership to poverty alleviation and enforcement of anti-corruption measures

This paper examine the far reaching impact graduate unemployment have had on the economic activities in Nigeria since the inception
of this present democratic government that started in 1999. The objective is to find out the relationship that exist between graduate
unemployment and economic growth (Gross Domestic Product) using data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria and National
Bureau of Statistics. A regression model was applied using unemployment as the dependent variable and Gross Domestic Product
(GDP), Real wage, per-capita income Adult literacy rate and population as independent variables.
The result showed that there is a negative relationship between graduate unemployment and GDP and Real wages. It was also found
that corruption, lack of political will to implement economic policies and reforms, over dependence on oil sector and poor educational
planning are the major causes of graduate unemployment in Nigeria and until these factors are addressed the economic activities in
Nigeria will continue to be attacked or plundered.

From the independence Nigeria in 1960 till date, ethno-religious crisis have been a burning issue both in the politics, development and National debates. It has been of grave concern to all governments both the military and democratic governments a. There is a consensus by scholars that Nigeria provides a one of the best case for study on ethno-religious crisis because, first the multi-ethnicity of Nigerian nation divided across two major religious groups (Christianity and Islam). Secondly Nigerian politics and value system of allocation and distribution of resources have always been influenced by these two religious divides. There has been various ethno-religious crisis in Nigeria from independence till date. This a paper is posed to trace the cause, effects/consequences and solutions to theses crisis the paper finds out that class struggle for dominance political interests and the plural nature of Nigeria are the major cause of ethno-religious crisis which leads to mass loss of lives and properties, unrest and
This paper concludes with a recommendation for proactive measure in detecting early, equitable distribution of resources, re-orientation of value system, good governance and to the use of legal instruments in the abolition of this social evil in Nigeria.
KEY WORD: Ethnicity, Religion, Crisis, Conflict, Democracy