Conference Proceedings (ed.)
To facilitate the process of consecutive interpreting, professional interpreters typically use a ... more To facilitate the process of consecutive interpreting, professional interpreters typically use a special system of note-taking. This paper deals with the teaching of note-taking for the purposes of consecutive interpreting. It describes basic characteristics of consecutive interpreting and interpreting notes focused on cultural references
pertaining to ancient civilization and culture. The most widely used note taking structure is based on the work of Jean-François Rozan. The author underlines the importance of note-taking rules by Rozan and the efficient individual note-taking system of cultural references pertaining to ancient civilization and culture.
Príprava dnešných študentov prekladateľstva a tlmočníctva sa zameriava predovšetkým na jazyky, ktoré študujú a na materinský jazyk. Antická civilizácia a kultúra ako pilier európskej kultúry zanechala vo všetkých jazykoch dedičstvo v podobe živých latinských sentencií, fráz, ale aj aj terminológie, ktorú si najčastejšie spájame s prírodnými vedami a s právom. Oproti prekladu je transfer kultúrnych referencií z antiky náročnejší. Cieľom príspevku je analyzovať a zhodnotiť aplikovateľnosť Rozanových princípov tlmočníckej notácie pri zápise reálií z antiky.
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Angličtina sa v slovenskom edukačnom prostredí ako dominantný cudzí jazyk neobjavuje len prvoplán... more Angličtina sa v slovenskom edukačnom prostredí ako dominantný cudzí jazyk neobjavuje len prvoplánovo, t. j. ako preferenčný výučbový jazyk na všetkých typoch škôl. Jej prítomnosť sa prejavuje aj v samotnom jazyku, ktorý absorbuje anglicizmy a tie následne v slovenčine, ale aj v iných jazykoch prechádzajú vlastnými adaptačnými procesmi. Častým javom je zastúpenie anglicizmov v terminológii rozličných domén. V našej štúdii zisťujeme, do akej miery je angličtina zastúpená v translatologickej terminológii francúzštiny a španielčiny, a teda do akej miery je študent konfrontovaný s potrebou jej znalosti aj pri štúdiu iných jazykov. Výskum realizujeme na základe publikácie Translatologický slovník: slovensko-anglicko-rusko-ukrajinsko-bielorusko-nemecko-španielsko-francúzsky. Excerpt anglicizmov vo francúzštine a v španielčine následne porovnáme s ich výskytom v slovenských štúdiách zameraných na kritiku prekladu, v ktorom predpokladáme výskyt odbornej terminológie z oblasti translatológie. Konfrontáciou týchto terminologických jednotiek v rámci rozdielnych jazykových skupín poukážeme na to, do akej miery je študent translatologických odborov v programe francúzsky jazyk a kultúra a/alebo španielsky jazyk a kultúra nútený vysporiadať sa s prítomnosťou angličtiny a venovať jej pozornosť aj za predpokladu, že nie je študentom tohto jazyka.
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Ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus , 2019
The paper focuses on the ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of S... more The paper focuses on the ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, especially on the parallels between the author's work and the Cynics and the Stoics. The syncretic nature of Gregory's work, reflected in the assimilation of the teachings of ancient philosophical schools and the then expanding Christianity creates conditions for the explanation and highlighting of basic human virtues. Gregory of Nazianzus' legacy also draws on the teachings of such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle, but he always approaches them from the perspective of a strictly Christian worldview. He understands philosophy as a moral underlying basis from which one can draw inspiration for a virtuous and happy life. Gregory thinks that philosophy cannot harm Christians in the pursuit of a virtuous life. Nevertheless, Christian teachings and God are the highest authority. They stand above all philosophical schools or ideas advanced by specific philosophers. Gregory's moral poetry thus directs his readers, if they are to deserve eternal life, to follow the commandments, which is possible only if one lives a practical and virtuous life.
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The present conference proceedings contains papers on non-literary texts translation, translation... more The present conference proceedings contains papers on non-literary texts translation, translation and interpreting methodology and interpreting.
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The conference proceedings contains papers on literary translation in English, German, Russian an... more The conference proceedings contains papers on literary translation in English, German, Russian and Slovak.
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Papers
CASALC Review
Cieľom štúdie je poukázať na význam kultúrnej kompetencie v študijných programoch zameraných na p... more Cieľom štúdie je poukázať na význam kultúrnej kompetencie v študijných programoch zameraných na prípravu budúcich prekladateľov a tlmočníkov. Súčasťou štúdia týchto odborov je aj tzv. spoločný základ, ktorý poskytuje vzdelanie v oblastiach, ktoré sú spoločné pre všetky jazykové kombinácie. V prvom rade sú to všeobecné teoretické translatologické disciplíny, ale aj také, ktoré sú špecifické. K takýmto predmetom patrí aj disciplína Klasické jazyky a tradície. Ide o prehľadovú disciplínu, ktorá významným spôsobom prispieva k budovaniu kultúrnej kompetencie prekladateľa. Štúdia poukazuje na vstupné dáta na začiatku semestra a finálne údaje, ktoré mapujú úspešnosť zvládnutia predmetu a význam jeho absolvovanie pre prekladateľa a tlmočníka.
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Studia historica Nitriensia, Jun 30, 2016
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Vox Patrum
The term didaktikos, first used by the ancient Greeks, referred to someone who was able to teach.... more The term didaktikos, first used by the ancient Greeks, referred to someone who was able to teach. However, not only in the sense of providing information and knowledge, but effectively conveying them so that they serve practical purposes. The aim of the contribution is to find out whether the gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus formally meet the basic standards of didactic literature and thus to point out whether it is appropriate to use them as an inspirational source for writing sermons. By means of analytical and comparative method, we assess the presence of the basic features of homilies as well as whether they can be identified in the gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus. The analysis confirms that homiletic texts are compatible with the gnomes by Gregory of Nazianzus and can be thus used as an inspirational source for writing sermons. Nazianzus’ gnomes – the subject of our research – are also interesting for the readers today and have a lot to offer. Even if it is unlikely that the poetr...
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Vox Patrum
The term didaktikos, first used by the ancient Greeks, referred to someone who was able to teach.... more The term didaktikos, first used by the ancient Greeks, referred to someone who was able to teach. However, not only in the sense of providing information and knowledge, but effectively conveying them so that they serve practical purposes. The aim of the contribution is to find out whether the gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus formally meet the basic standards of didactic literature and thus to point out whether it is appropriate to use them as an inspirational source for writing sermons. By means of analytical and comparative method, we assess the presence of the basic features of homilies as well as whether they can be identified in the gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus. The analysis confirms that homiletic texts are compatible with the gnomes by Gregory of Nazianzus and can be thus used as an inspirational source for writing sermons. Nazianzus’ gnomes – the subject of our research – are also interesting for the readers today and have a lot to offer. Even if it is unlikely that the poetr...
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Gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus as Part of Didactic Literature -an Inspirational Source of Homilies?, 2023
The term didaktikos, first used by the ancient Greeks, referred to someone who was able to teach.... more The term didaktikos, first used by the ancient Greeks, referred to someone who was able to teach. However, not only in the sense of providing information and knowledge, but effectively conveying them so that they serve practical purposes. The aim of the contribution is to find out whether the gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus formally meet the basic standards of didactic literature and thus to point out whether it is appropriate to use them as an inspirational source for writing sermons. By means of analytical and comparative method, we assess the presence of the basic features of homilies as well as whether they can be identified in the gnomes of Gregory of Nazianzus. The analysis confirms that homiletic texts are compatible with the gnomes by Gregory of Nazianzus and can be thus used as an inspirational source for writing sermons. Nazianzus' gnomes-the subject of our research-are also interesting for the readers today and have a lot to offer. Even if it is unlikely that the poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus attracts broad readership, the sermon can be the tool that conveys the author's moral legacy.
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Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, Filozofická fakulta, 2020
Monografia ponúka komplexný pohľad na morálnu poéziu jedného z východných cirkevných otcov, sv. G... more Monografia ponúka komplexný pohľad na morálnu poéziu jedného z východných cirkevných otcov, sv. Gregora z Nazianzu, ktorý patrí medzi najvýznamnejších predstaviteľov kresťanskej literatúry staroveku. Dielo sa skladá zo štyroch kapitol, ktoré sa členia na podkapitoly. Prvá kapitola je náčrtom zlatého veku patristickej literatúry (4. stor.). Prostredníctvom troch podkapitol predstavuje historický kontext, vzťah medzi kresťanským myslením a antickou filozofiou v tej dobe a v hutnej skratke aj život a dielo sv. Gregora z Nazianzu. Druhá kapitola sumarizuje a hodnotí rukopisnú tradíciu Gregorových básní s morálnou tematikou, venuje sa ich pravosti aj moderným vydaniam. Tretia časť knihy spracúva motívy, ktoré výraznejšie vystupujú do popredia v Gregorových morálnych básňach – medicína či zasvätený život žien a osobitná pozornosť je venovaná profánnym a biblickým príkladom (exempla) ako základnému tematickému prvku výstavby textov. Štvrtá časť knihy obsahuje jednotlivé morálne básne v slovenskom preklade spolu s poznámkami k veršom. Každej z básní predchádza charakteristika s ňou súvisiacich reálií a rozbor jej obsahu.
Moderného kritického vydania sa doposiaľ dočkalo len šesť zo štyridsiatich Gregorových morálnych básní; ide teda o prvú monografiu, ktorá prináša ucelený pohľad na ich problematiku. Okrem toho má slovenský recipient možnosť stretnúť sa (po Listoch vo veršoch a autobiografickej básni De vita sua) s ďalšou časťou poetického diela Gregora z Nazianzu v slovenskom preklade.
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Historica LIII, 2022
In the moral poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus, the reader has the opportunity to encounter allusion... more In the moral poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus, the reader has the opportunity to encounter allusions, but also direct references to events and characters of Homer’s epic poems. The study focuses on the protagonists of The Iliad and The Odyssey, present in Gregory’s moral poems. In total, fourteen characters appear in the text of Gregory’s poetic work either as a hint (Agamemnon, Achilles, Ajax, Glaucus, Nausicaa and Patroclus) or as direct references (Alcinous, Hecuba, Helen, Irus, Odysseus and Penelope). The behavior of Homeric characters serves Gregory either as an example of morality worth following or, conversely, Gregory demonstrates their controversial or outright negative character qualities as incompatible with the principles of the moral life of a Christian.
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The theme of medicine and its reflection in the literary writings of Gregory of Nazianzus has alr... more The theme of medicine and its reflection in the literary writings of Gregory of Nazianzus has already been scrutinized in his speeches and letters by various authors of whom one may mention A. Harnack, nun M. E. Keenan, H. J. Frings, S. R. Holman, and St. D'Irsay. In the present study, the authors seek to analyze the theme in the poetic works of the author. Gregory of Nazianzus did not approach the theme deliberately; on the contrary, his interest was nourished by the frequent encounters he had with his friends, physicians, as well as by his own brother who was a doctor too. Disease is according to Gregory primarily a mental problem; it arises as a consequence of an improper way of life, disrespectful of the God's plans. Many diseases originate in harmful greed, gluttony and lust for property: acts that logically lead to other corrupt behavior, especially the unlawful enrichment at the expense of the poor. Such a sinful way of life entails grave repercussions: being deprived of all hope of salvation. The only solution to avoid this condition consists, according to Gregory of Na-zianzus, in a judicious life lead in moderation, reverence and respect for God. In this regard, the poor offer an example worth following. They do not have to worry about the earthly possessions and therefore they do not suffer from as many diseases as the rich. Even if the theme of medicine itself is present in the poetic works of Gregory mainly as an allusion or a mere reference, its significance in the author's legacy is paramount. Gregory of Nazianzus applies his usual rigor to the treatment of the theme: every aspect of human life is subject to considerations with respect to faith in God, while the Bible serves as the ultimate authority for all acts in one's life and thus for one's very existence. Nevertheless, the author does not only preach such a way of life; he lives up to his own standards.
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Ethics & Bioethics
The paper focuses on the ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of S... more The paper focuses on the ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, especially on the parallels between the author’s work and the Cynics and the Stoics. The syncretic nature of Gregory’s work, reflected in the assimilation of the teachings of ancient philosophical schools and the then expanding Christianity creates conditions for the explanation and highlighting of basic human virtues. Gregory of Nazianzus’ legacy also draws on the teachings of such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle, but he always approaches them from the perspective of a strictly Christian worldview. He understands philosophy as a moral underlying basis from which one can draw inspiration for a virtuous and happy life. Gregory thinks that philosophy cannot harm Christians in the pursuit of a virtuous life. Nevertheless, Christian teachings and God are the highest authority. They stand above all philosophical schools or ideas advanced by specific philosophers...
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Graeco-Latina Brunensia, 2013
The theme of medicine and its reflection in the literary writings of Gregory of Nazianzus has alr... more The theme of medicine and its reflection in the literary writings of Gregory of Nazianzus has already been scrutinized in his speeches and letters by various authors of whom one may mention A. Harnack, nun M. E. Keenan, H. J. Frings, S. R. Holman, and St. D'Irsay. In the present study, the authors seek to analyze the theme in the poetic works of the author. Gregory of Nazianzus did not approach the theme deliberately; on the contrary, his interest was nourished by the frequent encounters he had with his friends, physicians, as well as by his own brother who was a doctor too. Disease is according to Gregory primarily a mental problem; it arises as a consequence of an improper way of life, disrespectful of the God's plans. Many diseases originate in harmful greed, gluttony and lust for property: acts that logically lead to other corrupt behavior, especially the unlawful enrichment at the expense of the poor. Such a sinful way of life entails grave repercussions: being deprived of all hope of salvation. The only solution to avoid this condition consists, according to Gregory of Nazianzus, in a judicious life lead in moderation, reverence and respect for God. In this regard, the poor offer an example worth following. They do not have to worry about the earthly possessions and therefore they do not suffer from as many diseases as the rich. Even if the theme of medicine itself is present in the poetic works of Gregory mainly as an allusion or a mere reference, its significance in the author's legacy is paramount. Gregory of Nazianzus applies his usual rigor to the treatment of the theme: every aspect of human life is subject to considerations with respect to faith in God, while the Bible serves as the ultimate authority for all acts in one's life and thus for one's very existence. Nevertheless, the author does not only preach such a way of life; he lives up to his own standards.
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Ethics and Bioethics (in Central Europe), 2019
The paper focuses on the ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of S... more The paper focuses on the ethical teachings of Classical Antiquity philosophers in the poetry of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, especially on the parallels between the author’s work and the Cynics and the Stoics. The syncretic nature of Gregory’s work, reflected in the assimilation of the teachings of ancient philosophical schools and the then expanding Christianity creates conditions for the explanation and highlighting of basic human virtues. Gregory of Nazianzus’ legacy also draws on the teachings of such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle, but he always approaches them from the perspective of a strictly Christian worldview. He understands philosophy as a moral underlying basis from which one can draw inspiration for a virtuous and happy life. Gregory thinks that philosophy cannot harm Christians in the pursuit of a virtuous life. Nevertheless, Christian teachings and God are the highest authority. They stand above all philosophical schools or ideas advanced by specific philosophers...
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Acta historica Universitatis Silesianae Opaviensis , 2021
The oath, its origins, as well as the act itself, have occupied the minds of humans since the daw... more The oath, its origins, as well as the act itself, have occupied the minds of humans since the dawn of civilization. The seriousness of the oath inspired already the oldest Greek authors, Homer or Hesiod. The oath was also a significant topic during the life of Gregory of Nazianzus in the 4th
century. It had the validity of a contract and obliged its author to keeping promises. Gregory deals with the oath in the poem Πρός πολυόρκους διάλογος (Dialogus adversus eos, qui frequenter iurant), in which he analyzes it from the vantage point of Christianity. Gregory refers to works by the authors who were his role models, e.g., Homer and Euripides. The form Gregory uses is that of a direct dialogue, where questions are followed by answers, forcing the reader to take a part in the action and think. The poem begins by invoking God and only then it turns to the oath. Gregory presents his explanations and arguments pertaining to the oath, but above all he warns the reader against perjury in order to save his soul. He ponders the question on whom one might take an oath: should it be one’s wife, children, or life? In the Ancient world, Homer or Euripides emphasize the power of gods and their ability to impose punishment. It is not surprising that it was especially Zeus, the Sun and the Earth that were
called upon. Zeus, as the supreme god, had the highest power and authority. He was the protector of the order and the laws, while Helios, the all-seeing eye of Zeus, and Gaia, the mother of everything that lived and grew on earth, both oversaw everything. In Christianity, the understanding of the oath does not differ much from the pagan world. To swear is to take God as a witness to what we are saying. It means invoking God’s truthfulness as a guarantee of one’s own truthfulness. Thus, to be faithful
to one’s oath is to relate human words to God’s words, while perjury calls upon God to testify to a lie. In antiquity, Zeus and other deities with great power were taken as witnesses during the oath but for Christians the greatest authority is God. Not only in Gregory’s work, but also in general, the oath has a symbolic value. It is a sacred and ritual act that should emphasize the solemn and serious character of the moment of the oath taking.
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Kultúrne dejiny, 2017
The Lectio principum treatise – one of the sources of the formation of ethical thinking in the 17... more The Lectio principum treatise – one of the sources of the formation of ethical thinking in the 17th-century Slovakia Abstract: Ján Weber, a pharmacist and reeve of Prešov (town), reveals in the prologue of his treatise Lectio principum (1665), belonging to the genre of “mirror for princes”, the causes and circumstances of the origin of the treatise, and emphasizes the importance of educating youth for the good of the city and the country. In order to achieve this aim, he uses the techniques typical for the genre of exemplum. Through storytelling and setting examples to follow, he encourages rulers to cultivate Christian virtues, morality, and respect for the laws and the superiors. The prologue of the treatise is a demonstration of values that the author attempts to bequeath to future generations active in the field of politics and state ruling at various levels.
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Conference Proceedings (ed.)
pertaining to ancient civilization and culture. The most widely used note taking structure is based on the work of Jean-François Rozan. The author underlines the importance of note-taking rules by Rozan and the efficient individual note-taking system of cultural references pertaining to ancient civilization and culture.
Príprava dnešných študentov prekladateľstva a tlmočníctva sa zameriava predovšetkým na jazyky, ktoré študujú a na materinský jazyk. Antická civilizácia a kultúra ako pilier európskej kultúry zanechala vo všetkých jazykoch dedičstvo v podobe živých latinských sentencií, fráz, ale aj aj terminológie, ktorú si najčastejšie spájame s prírodnými vedami a s právom. Oproti prekladu je transfer kultúrnych referencií z antiky náročnejší. Cieľom príspevku je analyzovať a zhodnotiť aplikovateľnosť Rozanových princípov tlmočníckej notácie pri zápise reálií z antiky.
Papers
Moderného kritického vydania sa doposiaľ dočkalo len šesť zo štyridsiatich Gregorových morálnych básní; ide teda o prvú monografiu, ktorá prináša ucelený pohľad na ich problematiku. Okrem toho má slovenský recipient možnosť stretnúť sa (po Listoch vo veršoch a autobiografickej básni De vita sua) s ďalšou časťou poetického diela Gregora z Nazianzu v slovenskom preklade.
century. It had the validity of a contract and obliged its author to keeping promises. Gregory deals with the oath in the poem Πρός πολυόρκους διάλογος (Dialogus adversus eos, qui frequenter iurant), in which he analyzes it from the vantage point of Christianity. Gregory refers to works by the authors who were his role models, e.g., Homer and Euripides. The form Gregory uses is that of a direct dialogue, where questions are followed by answers, forcing the reader to take a part in the action and think. The poem begins by invoking God and only then it turns to the oath. Gregory presents his explanations and arguments pertaining to the oath, but above all he warns the reader against perjury in order to save his soul. He ponders the question on whom one might take an oath: should it be one’s wife, children, or life? In the Ancient world, Homer or Euripides emphasize the power of gods and their ability to impose punishment. It is not surprising that it was especially Zeus, the Sun and the Earth that were
called upon. Zeus, as the supreme god, had the highest power and authority. He was the protector of the order and the laws, while Helios, the all-seeing eye of Zeus, and Gaia, the mother of everything that lived and grew on earth, both oversaw everything. In Christianity, the understanding of the oath does not differ much from the pagan world. To swear is to take God as a witness to what we are saying. It means invoking God’s truthfulness as a guarantee of one’s own truthfulness. Thus, to be faithful
to one’s oath is to relate human words to God’s words, while perjury calls upon God to testify to a lie. In antiquity, Zeus and other deities with great power were taken as witnesses during the oath but for Christians the greatest authority is God. Not only in Gregory’s work, but also in general, the oath has a symbolic value. It is a sacred and ritual act that should emphasize the solemn and serious character of the moment of the oath taking.
pertaining to ancient civilization and culture. The most widely used note taking structure is based on the work of Jean-François Rozan. The author underlines the importance of note-taking rules by Rozan and the efficient individual note-taking system of cultural references pertaining to ancient civilization and culture.
Príprava dnešných študentov prekladateľstva a tlmočníctva sa zameriava predovšetkým na jazyky, ktoré študujú a na materinský jazyk. Antická civilizácia a kultúra ako pilier európskej kultúry zanechala vo všetkých jazykoch dedičstvo v podobe živých latinských sentencií, fráz, ale aj aj terminológie, ktorú si najčastejšie spájame s prírodnými vedami a s právom. Oproti prekladu je transfer kultúrnych referencií z antiky náročnejší. Cieľom príspevku je analyzovať a zhodnotiť aplikovateľnosť Rozanových princípov tlmočníckej notácie pri zápise reálií z antiky.
Moderného kritického vydania sa doposiaľ dočkalo len šesť zo štyridsiatich Gregorových morálnych básní; ide teda o prvú monografiu, ktorá prináša ucelený pohľad na ich problematiku. Okrem toho má slovenský recipient možnosť stretnúť sa (po Listoch vo veršoch a autobiografickej básni De vita sua) s ďalšou časťou poetického diela Gregora z Nazianzu v slovenskom preklade.
century. It had the validity of a contract and obliged its author to keeping promises. Gregory deals with the oath in the poem Πρός πολυόρκους διάλογος (Dialogus adversus eos, qui frequenter iurant), in which he analyzes it from the vantage point of Christianity. Gregory refers to works by the authors who were his role models, e.g., Homer and Euripides. The form Gregory uses is that of a direct dialogue, where questions are followed by answers, forcing the reader to take a part in the action and think. The poem begins by invoking God and only then it turns to the oath. Gregory presents his explanations and arguments pertaining to the oath, but above all he warns the reader against perjury in order to save his soul. He ponders the question on whom one might take an oath: should it be one’s wife, children, or life? In the Ancient world, Homer or Euripides emphasize the power of gods and their ability to impose punishment. It is not surprising that it was especially Zeus, the Sun and the Earth that were
called upon. Zeus, as the supreme god, had the highest power and authority. He was the protector of the order and the laws, while Helios, the all-seeing eye of Zeus, and Gaia, the mother of everything that lived and grew on earth, both oversaw everything. In Christianity, the understanding of the oath does not differ much from the pagan world. To swear is to take God as a witness to what we are saying. It means invoking God’s truthfulness as a guarantee of one’s own truthfulness. Thus, to be faithful
to one’s oath is to relate human words to God’s words, while perjury calls upon God to testify to a lie. In antiquity, Zeus and other deities with great power were taken as witnesses during the oath but for Christians the greatest authority is God. Not only in Gregory’s work, but also in general, the oath has a symbolic value. It is a sacred and ritual act that should emphasize the solemn and serious character of the moment of the oath taking.
Abstract: Ján Weber, a pharmacist and reeve of Prešov (town), reveals in the prologue of his treatise Lectio principum (1665), belonging to the genre of “mirror for princes”, the causes and circumstances of the origin of the treatise, and emphasizes the importance of educating youth for the good of the city and the country. In order to achieve this aim, he uses the techniques typical for the genre of exemplum. Through storytelling and setting examples to follow, he encourages rulers to cultivate Christian virtues, morality, and respect for the laws and the superiors. The prologue of the treatise is a demonstration of values that the author attempts to bequeath to future generations active in the field of politics and state ruling at various levels.
Keywords: Ján Weber/ Johann Weber, mirror for princes, prologue, exemplum, ethics
The first chapter is partly devoted to the issue of translation criticism with focus on the specific problem – finding a suitable evaluation model. The authors pay attention to the relationship between the quality of translation and translation competences. They focus mainly on two translation competencies – professional and technical competence. Based on the opinions and translation experience of predominantly Slovak translatologists (many of them base their theories on PACTE and OPTIMALE models of translation competencies), authors explain the professional competence of a translator. Authors point out the importance of translators' competencies in general but also in relation to the translation of AV texts. Attention is also drawn to the technical competence of translators and to its increasing importance in the profile of translators nowadays. Authors also seek to predict the representation of CAT tools and other digital technologies as part of the translators' toolkit in the future.
The second chapter aims to explain the link between the localization process and audiovisual translation (AVT). The development of the concept of localization also leads to the preparation of translators in the localization process and is also one of the reasons why to
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use CAT tools. At the same time, AVT is a genuine example of the necessity of looking at this type of translation from the position of localization, which takes into account not only translation as a linguistic phenomenon but also its cultural background, which must be considered already when creating an AV work. The aim of AV translators is not only to reduce the shifts, but also to eliminate the nonsense, which is more visible, obvious and easier to detect in the context of the AV work. Appropriate attention must be also given to the preparation of the translators who are creating subtitles for the Deaf and hard of hearing and audio descriptions for the blind people. The examples pointing to the problems of translation used in this monograph are authentic, document the current state of translation and touch contemporary topics.
The aim is to prove that modern technologies can help the translator to improve the quality of translation. Modern technologies are intended to serve translators and to help them apply their theoretical knowledge in practice. M. Pošta also says that use of technology does not automatically mean degradation of the translation: “I do not dispute any of what Levý, Popovič and other personalities in the field (of translatology – authors' note) teach us. Nor do I suggest that translators are supposed to begin to use the dehumanized technical tools uncritically and without thinking. I want to show what technology can offer us. It is up to each translator to decide what suits them, what brings added value to them, what does not compromise the quality of the resulting translation (on the contrary, to be able to decide what increases this quality) and what they are going to use” (2017, p. 7).
The conclusion of the monograph summarizes the findings of the authors revealed during their research and during their work on this monograph.