Jacques Bergeron
Université de Montréal, Departement de psychologie, Faculty Member
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Research Interests: Philosophy and Humanities
Abstract Concerns about road safety are at the forefront of discussions given the recent legalization of cannabis in many areas. Some studies have demonstrated that the frequency of cannabis use is a significant predictor of risky driving... more
Abstract Concerns about road safety are at the forefront of discussions given the recent legalization of cannabis in many areas. Some studies have demonstrated that the frequency of cannabis use is a significant predictor of risky driving among young drivers. However, it is difficult to isolate the specific contribution of substance use from the influence of certain individual personality traits such impulsivity. Indeed, impulsivity traits (i.e., positive urgency, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking) are also correlated with risky driving. The present study examined the effect of the frequency of cannabis use on risky driving while taking into account the effect of five impulsivity traits. A community sample of 209 young drivers (aged 17–25 years) completed self-report questionnaires about their road behaviors, their cannabis use, and their impulsivity traits. The results showed that the frequency of cannabis use was significantly associated with risky driving beyond the five impulsivity traits measured. Positive urgency was the only impulsivity trait that remained significantly associated with risky driving once all covariates were entered into the model. Moreover, the frequency of cannabis use acted as a mediator in the relationship between sensation seeking and risky driving.
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The purpose of this study is to analyse the driving habits of a group of diabetic individuals, insulin and noninsulin treated, compared with the driving habits of an equivalent group of individuals in good health. Specific attention is... more
The purpose of this study is to analyse the driving habits of a group of diabetic individuals, insulin and noninsulin treated, compared with the driving habits of an equivalent group of individuals in good health. Specific attention is given to the evaluation and management of stress related to driving. The analysis relies mainly upon the answers of 307 persons of both sex on a questionnaire regarding their driving habits and concerning twenty more or less risky behaviors. The diabetic subjects were sampled among the patients of an endocrinology clinic, and the pilot group (in good health) was gathered among the patients from the clinic of a general practitioner. The subjects were aged between 25 and 65. All were in possession of a driving licence and had a driving experience of over two years. The results show, on one hand, that the evaluation of stress related to a risky behavior is associated to the taking of risk at the wheel, and on the other hand, that compared with the other subjects in the study the diabetic subjects had a lesser tendency to taking risks in driving. The subjects avoided the behaviors they judged risky. Beside avoiding dangerous road behaviors, the latter brought special attention to food and relaxation needs and they showed a great alertness towards climatic and road conditions. Finally, they are especially careful in preventing and curing hypoglycaemic states.
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This is a review of the literature dealing with exposure to the risk of traffic accidents. We present the principal definitions of this concept, the different measures of risk exposure, indicators of the risk of traffic accidents, and the... more
This is a review of the literature dealing with exposure to the risk of traffic accidents. We present the principal definitions of this concept, the different measures of risk exposure, indicators of the risk of traffic accidents, and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used for the collection of data. The validity of the measure of exposure to risk is analyzed as well. We conclude that while distance travelled is the principal measure of exposure to risk accepted by the research community, it is necessary to use a composite measure which also takes into account the risk associated with the driver.
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Various techniques have been developed over the past several years to study the effects of the stress of immobilization on the rat. The technique proposed in this paper provides effective restraint. It has the added advantage that... more
Various techniques have been developed over the past several years to study the effects of the stress of immobilization on the rat. The technique proposed in this paper provides effective restraint. It has the added advantage that potentially contaminating effects of uncontrolled secondary stressors are limited. The technique was tested in five groups of rats which were subjected to 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 periods of immobilization, respectively, each lasting 12 hr. with 12-hr. intermittent rest periods. Results attested to the effectiveness of the technique in that, when compared to appropriate controls, an hypertrophy of the adrenals and the testicles was observed, accompanied by concomitant losses of whole body weight, in the experimental animals. The treatment had no effect on the thymus, and no gastric ulcers were produced. The relative mildness of the effects is interpreted less as a sign of the inadequacy of the technique than as an indication that not all parameters were examined during the periods of immobilization.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Psychology, Risk Taking, Adolescent, Medicine, and 15 moreSafety, Humans, Crime, Computer Simulation, Female, Male, Cannabis, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Adult, Public health systems and services research, Poison Control, Licensure, Aggressive Driving, Automobile driving, and Accidents Traffic
Research Interests: Personality, Adolescent, Medicine, France, Emotions, and 15 moreHumans, Computer Simulation, Aggression, Female, Confirmatory factor analysis, Male, Awareness, Internal Consistency, Arousal, Convergent Validity, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Adult, Indexation, Automobile driving, and Accidents Traffic
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A 1998 Canada Safety Council report (funded by Transport Canada's Transportation Development Centre) identified a need for information to help fleets ensure the success of their incentive programs. This manual was developed as a... more
A 1998 Canada Safety Council report (funded by Transport Canada's Transportation Development Centre) identified a need for information to help fleets ensure the success of their incentive programs. This manual was developed as a practical guide to help trucking companies develop, administer, and evaluate incentive programs. Pilot incentive programs were tested with three commercial fleets to confirm the procedures contained in the manual and to provide information on the benefits of such programs compared to their costs. This manual outlines the elements necessary for effective incentive programs, the most common types of incentives, and factors to consider when deciding on which incentives to offer. Emphasis is placed on developing an action plan with clear objectives to help ensure a good return on the efforts and money invested. Incentive programs that emphasize a team approach typically achieve far better results than autocratic ones. This manual describes how to organize a team to direct the program. Guidance is also given regarding internal and external communication - key components of successful incentive programs. A "before and after" comparison of costs and benefits is recommended as a valuable way to evaluate an incentive program, emphasizing that it takes time for a program to become effective. Evaluations completed for the pilot incentive programs indicate benefits far exceeding the costs for all three programs. This manual supersedes the report entitled How to Implement Incentive Programs for Safety and Productivity - Guidelines for Transport Fleets: Pilot Testing Version (TP 13413E).
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Research Interests: Philosophy and Humanities
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Research Interests: Engineering, Injury Prevention, Adolescent, Medicine, Impulsivity, and 15 moreHumans, Computer Simulation, Male, Cannabis, Middle Aged, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Adult, Accident analysis and prevention, Driving Under the Influence, Age Factors, Cohort Studies, Marijuana abuse, Impulsive behavior, Automobile driving, and Accidents Traffic
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L’électrodermographie s’intéresse à la mesure et à l’étude des phénomènes électriques cutanés. Afin d’uniformiser la terminologie française utilisée dans ce domaine, nous proposons une nomenclature et un système de notation abrégée. Cette... more
L’électrodermographie s’intéresse à la mesure et à l’étude des phénomènes électriques cutanés. Afin d’uniformiser la terminologie française utilisée dans ce domaine, nous proposons une nomenclature et un système de notation abrégée. Cette nomenclature s’appuie sur une classification des phénomènes et des techniques électrodermographiques.
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Research Interests: Sociology, Humanities, Test, Publics, Alcool, and 4 moreDelinquance, Traitement, Psychotropes, and abus
On a procede a une observation directe des comportements des pietons en traversee d'intersections urbaines en vue d'obtenir des informations sur leur respect des regles de securite. Cette etude a ete menee conjointement a Montreal... more
On a procede a une observation directe des comportements des pietons en traversee d'intersections urbaines en vue d'obtenir des informations sur leur respect des regles de securite. Cette etude a ete menee conjointement a Montreal (Quebec) et Toronto (Ontario) a fins de comparaison. Elle a concerne au total 3977 hommes et 3810 femmes. On se proposait d'analyser le role du sexe dans le comportement des pietons, en etudiant un certain nombre de variables de comportement (traversee a partir du trottoir, passage pieton, respect des feux...) et de variables caracterisant l'environnement de l'intersection (quelle ville, centre-ville ou peripherie, type de feux, trafics pietons et routiers rencontres). Les analyses statistiques effectuees (tests bivaries, regression logistique) menent a la conclusion que les taux de respect aux intersections etudiees sont globalement plus eleves pour les femmes que pour les hommes. Des analyses plus fines montrent que certaines des variables comportementales et environnementales sont liees de facon significative aux differences de comportement des pietons selon le sexe. C'est ainsi que, pour les pietons femmes, les plus forts pourcentages de comportement respectueux sont observes au centre-ville de Toronto pour des debits routiers eleves ou moyens.
Research Interests: Sociology and Humanities
Research Interests: Psychology, Human Geography, Perception, Risk, Schools, and 4 moreTravel, Urban Design, Traffic calming, and Perceptions
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Even in its prime, psychology showed an interest in early arithmetic, witness E. L. Thorndike's book The Psychology of Arithmetic published in 1922. Conversely, the teaching of arithmetic has always reflected the psychological... more
Even in its prime, psychology showed an interest in early arithmetic, witness E. L. Thorndike's book The Psychology of Arithmetic published in 1922. Conversely, the teaching of arithmetic has always reflected the psychological theories in vogue at the time. Anyone over 50 remembers the endless hours spent in school reciting sums in unison to memorize them. We were then applying one of the principles of Thorndike's theory of associationism, the “law of exercise,” thereby increasing the specific stimulus-response link (Mayer, 1977). Cognitive psychology today recognizes that higher mental processes are involved in the learning of early arithmetic, that is, the acquisition of the fundamental conceptual schemes of number and additive structures. This contemporary view is expressed in the work of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME). The need for more sophisticated theories can be illustrated by the notion of number, which fails to be described in terms of classical concept formation theory since it cannot be defined in terms of attributes or in terms of examples and nonexamples. Instead, number is now viewed as a conceptual scheme, that is, a network of related knowledge together with all the problem situations in which it can be used. Much of our research is also embedded in an epistemological framework, both in the general sense of the growth of knowledge and in the more restricted sense of genetic epistemology, which takes into account the development and maturation of the child.
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Among road users, pedestrians are those whose continued trajectory is the less constrained by the environment and by the regulation rules. Consequently, the choice of where, when and how to cross roads are more or less conforming with the... more
Among road users, pedestrians are those whose continued trajectory is the less constrained by the environment and by the regulation rules. Consequently, the choice of where, when and how to cross roads are more or less conforming with the awaited behavior. Proceeding with an experimental approach, from observations of pedestrian crossings to the modeling of the decision-making process, a categorization
Research Interests: Engineering, Decision Making, Transport Engineering, Situational Ethics, Behavioral Approach, and 9 moreComportement, Decision making process, Human Factors and Ergonomics, Pedestrian, Safety Science, Poison Control, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, prise de risque, and Medical and Health Sciences
This paper is based on a survey of 20 collective bargaining cases following a two-day joint training of management and union negotiators on interest-based bargaining (IBB). In each case, the union and management chief negotiators were... more
This paper is based on a survey of 20 collective bargaining cases following a two-day joint training of management and union negotiators on interest-based bargaining (IBB). In each case, the union and management chief negotiators were interviewed. Most of the negotiators trained had no previous experience with IBB. The interviews revealed that IBB was part of the bargaining process in 16 of the 20 cases. In most of these cases, several IBB techniques (brainstorming, more information sharing, and searching for mutual benefits) were experienced by the parties. In 25% of the cases in which IBB techniques were utilized, the parties appointed a facilitator to assist them in implementing IBB in their negotiations. The majority of respondents reported that they were satisfied with IBB. Their overall assessment of the impact of IBB is that it increases trust between management and union negotiators. Finally, 80% of respondents indicated their intent to use IBB approaches in future negotiations.
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Research Interests: Psychology and Aggression
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Two categories of dangerous behaviours are often confounded: aggressive driving and risky driving. The study's aim is to differentiate on-road aggressiveness from deliberate risky behaviours by identifying specific psychological... more
Two categories of dangerous behaviours are often confounded: aggressive driving and risky driving. The study's aim is to differentiate on-road aggressiveness from deliberate risky behaviours by identifying specific psychological traits, self-report driving habits and manoeuvres on a driving simulator. Participants were men aged 17 to 50 years old. They completed self-report questionnaires and tasks on a dynamic driving simulator. Aggressive driving is correlated with disposition for hostility and driving exposure. Risky driving is correlated with impulsivity, sensation seeking, positive attitudes towards infractions and driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis. Maximum speed on the driving simulator is predicted by the risky driving construct. Reactivity (tailgating, overtaking attempts and running stop signs) in response to a time pressure (experimental condition) and speed change, in comparison with a control condition, are predicted by the aggressive driving construct. Results support a distinction between aggressive and risky drivers. Both constructs predict different onroad dangerous behaviours and are associated with distinct psychological profiles. Aggressive driving seems to underlie a tendency for hostility and on-road reactivity to interactions with other drivers. Risky driving seems to be associated with a general reckless lifestyle. Implications for intervention are discussed.