- I am Professor of Industry and Innovation Studies at School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College... moreI am Professor of Industry and Innovation Studies at School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. My research interests are in the area of science, technology, industry, innovation and growth in countries of central and Eastern Europe and I continue to be involved in international projects in this area. I am acting as an expert for the various DGs of the European Commission, as a consultant to UN Economic Commission for Europe, OECD, World Bank, Asian Development Bank and UNESCO and several governments in CEE. I am also a special advisor to the EC Commissioner for Regional and Urban Policy, research director of UCL Centre for Comparative Studies of Emerging Economies and Fellow of the UC European Institute. I am also visiting a professor at Higher School of Economics in St Petersburg.edit
The Western Balkan region has significantly improved in terms of innovation performance in the last ten years. However, in catching up with other European regions, the focus of innovation efforts should be enhanced. Exports are still far... more
The Western Balkan region has significantly improved in terms of innovation performance in the last ten years. However, in catching up with other European regions, the focus of innovation efforts should be enhanced. Exports are still far more focused on medium- and low-technology products. Innovative efforts mostly accommodate traditionally strong sectors, which do not necessarily reflect the ideal competitiveness paths for economies in the region. Although some Western Balkan economies record increases in patent activity, patent intensity in the region is still low, while, on the other hand, scientific publication production displays a stable growth trend. While Western Balkan economies are at different stages in the formation of research and innovation (RI (ii) capacity-building activities for technology transfer, in particular through specialised workshops, tools and instruments specifically designed to assist the academic institutions in the regional economies; (iii) support to ...
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The exact nature of industrial/innovation (I/I) policy challenges and the best way to address them are unknown ex ante. This requires a degree of experimentation, which can be problematic in the context of an accountable public... more
The exact nature of industrial/innovation (I/I) policy challenges and the best way to address them are unknown ex ante. This requires a degree of experimentation, which can be problematic in the context of an accountable public administration and leaves the question of how to reconcile the experimental nature of I/I policy with the need for public accountability, a crucial but unresolved issue. The trade-off between experimentation and accountability requires a governance model that will allow continuous feedback loops among the various stakeholders and ongoing evaluation of and adjustments to activities as programmes are implemented. We propose an ‘action learning’ approach, incorporating the governance mechanism of ‘learning networks’ to handle the problems of implementing experimental governance of new and untried I/I policies. We resolve the issue of accountability by drawing on the literature on network governance in public policy. By integrating control and learning dimensions...
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Research Interests: Business, Development Economics, Dispute Resolution, Air Transport, Economic Growth, and 15 moreEconomic policy, Agriculture, Economic Development, Central Asia, Benchmarking, Commerce, Air, Bureaucracy, Economic Policies, Currency, Bridge, Central Planning, Arbitrage, Adverse effects, and Centrally Planned Economy
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While proximity was an asset in socialism, during the post-socialist period the development of the region as a locus of innovation is essential for restructuring and sustainable growth of economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The... more
While proximity was an asset in socialism, during the post-socialist period the development of the region as a locus of innovation is essential for restructuring and sustainable growth of economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The paper analyzes the factors that determine the emergence of regional innovation systems in CEE. Based on a conceptual model of regional innovation system we explore four determinants: national, sectoral, micro and regional. These determinants operate as conditional advantages or disadvantages that require network organizers and network alignment in order to be turned into real advantages. The paper points to the important role of network organizers for enhancing regional innovation in the post-socialist economies. Policy implications of the model suggest that the emphasis should be on functions and programs rather than on new organizations.
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Abstract This paper analyses the factors behind widespread policy failure to support science-industry linkages in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. We explain this failure as being... more
Abstract This paper analyses the factors behind widespread policy failure to support science-industry linkages in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. We explain this failure as being due largely to uncritical application of conventional policy wisdoms in the context of 'catching up'and 'laggard'economies. Our argument is based on evidence on knowledge-intensive enterprises in CEE and CIS countries and analysis of the innovation policies of these regions. Our conclusion is that ...
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Summary In this paper we explore the potential for technological catching-up by eastern Europe based on foreign US patents data. We analyse patent dynamics, sectoral specialisation and the institutional basis of eastern European US... more
Summary In this paper we explore the potential for technological catching-up by eastern Europe based on foreign US patents data. We analyse patent dynamics, sectoral specialisation and the institutional basis of eastern European US patenting since 1924 and particularly in the period 1969-1996. Our main conclusions are that, i) the levels and dynamics of US patenting of eastern Europe as a region are determined more by their income levels and growth rates than by specific features of the socialist economic system, ...
After 10 years of post-communist transformation, countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) have seen very divergent outcomes to what can be considered as broadly similar transition policies1. While central European economies have... more
After 10 years of post-communist transformation, countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) have seen very divergent outcomes to what can be considered as broadly similar transition policies1. While central European economies have embarked on a path of sustained recovery, others are still struggling with the 'transformational recession'. Economic divergence and increasing disparities in per capita incomes among CEE countries prevails whether measured over the whole period 1989-2000 or just for the period after 1993 (see ...
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This paper analyzes factors behind a widespread policy failure to support science���industry linkages in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). We explain this failure as being largely due to... more
This paper analyzes factors behind a widespread policy failure to support science���industry linkages in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). We explain this failure as being largely due to uncritical application of conventional policy wisdoms into the context of 'catching up'and 'laggard'economies. The argument is based on evidence of knowledge intensive enterprises in CEE and CIS countries and on analysis of innovation policies of these two regions. Our conclusion is that support to ...
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Rapid institutional transformation of Baltic states has not been accompanied by strong recovery in terms of economic growth. Oft cited examples of successful transition, the Baltic states are still a long way from reaching their 1989 GDP... more
Rapid institutional transformation of Baltic states has not been accompanied by strong recovery in terms of economic growth. Oft cited examples of successful transition, the Baltic states are still a long way from reaching their 1989 GDP levels. While much of this may be attributed to the distorted economic structure created during the Soviet period, it is also the result of lack of policies which explicitly address industrial restructuring and growth. An increasing disparity between institutional transformation and performance call for a ...
Research Interests: Engineering and AAO
Book description: This book addresses the crucial question of how countries which have suffered losses in productivity levels and innovatory momentum over perhaps 20-30 years can rediscover their dynamism. Because the contributors have... more
Book description: This book addresses the crucial question of how countries which have suffered losses in productivity levels and innovatory momentum over perhaps 20-30 years can rediscover their dynamism. Because the contributors have the immediate experience of tackling such complex problems and possess first-hand knowledge of a wide range of develop-mental patterns, each is in a strong position to contribute to the search for comprehensive solutions. This book not only focuses on the problems of innovation and ...
Book description: The systems of innovation approach is considered by many to be a useful analytical approach for better understanding innovation processes as well as the production and distribution of knowledge in the economy. It is an... more
Book description: The systems of innovation approach is considered by many to be a useful analytical approach for better understanding innovation processes as well as the production and distribution of knowledge in the economy. It is an appropriate framework for the empirical study of innovations in their contexts and is relevant for policy makers. This text is the result of the work within an international inter-disciplinary network or" working seminar" with the task of building a more solid and sophisticated conceptual and theoretical ...
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The paper presents the current understanding of the role of public R&D in economic growth and the science–industry links from middle-income economies like Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). In the second part, we present the conventional view... more
The paper presents the current understanding of the role of public R&D in economic growth and the science–industry links from middle-income economies like Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). In the second part, we present the conventional view on science–industry links which see these linkages primarily in terms of a one-way transfer of knowledge or its commercialisation from R&D to the business enterprise sector. Based on the comparative data, which also includes BiH, we show an alternative approach and argue about its relevance in the context of BiH. Our conclusion is that science–industry links (SIL) should support technology upgrading and not (or not only) R&D based growth. In the next section, we present the current understanding of the role of public R&D in economic growth. Section two explores the role of public R&D in the catching up context, while section 3 explores specifically the role of science-industry links in catching up context. Section 4 proposes a ‘Triple Helix’ approac...
We explore the relationship between development policies, finance and growth as approached by New Structural Economics (NSE) (Lin, 2012) with special reference to Transition Economies. On a sample of 164 economies for 1963-2009, our... more
We explore the relationship between development policies, finance and growth as approached by New Structural Economics (NSE) (Lin, 2012) with special reference to Transition Economies. On a sample of 164 economies for 1963-2009, our analysis generally confirms NSE’s propositions that the type of development policy, as captured by the Technology Choice Index (TCI), has significant effects on long-term growth. However, this differs for Transition Economies (TE) as a whole, and its sub-groups. Further to this, using a sample of 94 countries for 1985-2009, we provide a first empirical test of the relationship between growth, TCI and financial structure distortions and we show that there is a direct significant negative relationship between financial distortions and TCI on the one hand, and mediumterm growth on the other hand. We also find that the negative effect of a higher ratio of TCI on medium-term growth could be partly mitigated, although not fully eliminated, by moderate level of...
This paper summarises results of a survey of 304 knowledge based firms in six central and east European (CEE) countries. Knowledge-based entrepreneurs in CEE are not ‘gazelles’ (i.e., fast growing new technology based firms which have the... more
This paper summarises results of a survey of 304 knowledge based firms in six central and east European (CEE) countries. Knowledge-based entrepreneurs in CEE are not ‘gazelles’ (i.e., fast growing new technology based firms which have the potential to reshape the industrial landscape). They consist of distinct types of companies, of which new technology based firms (NTBFs) are only one. The key factor in KBE firms’ growth is most often firm specific capabilities which do not always involve R&D. Based on factor analysis we develop several taxonomies of KBEs which all point to a specific nature of knowledge based entrepreneurship in CEE. The networks of KBEs are broader and more frequently involve innovation system actors, including professional networks. For different types of KBEs different networks are important.
This paper develops an analytical framework, namely the concept of entrepreneurial propensity of innovation systems by integrating knowledge intensive entrepreneurship (KIE) and innovation system (IS) concepts. It first uses a composite... more
This paper develops an analytical framework, namely the concept of entrepreneurial propensity of innovation systems by integrating knowledge intensive entrepreneurship (KIE) and innovation system (IS) concepts. It first uses a composite index methodology to measure knowledge intensive entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial opportunities at the national level. It then assesses the influence of the system’s complementary activities on the emergence of KIE by OLS regressions and structural equation modeling (SEM). We argue that KIE is a systemic feature of IS and that new knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurship are inseparable elements of a dynamic IS. The results show that countries with more developed EO tend to have a high correlation between KIE and entrepreneurial opportunities (EO) reflecting the systemic feature of this relationship. . This paper develops conceptually and empirically the notion of the entrepreneurial propensity of innovation system and provides empirical eviden...
Research Interests: Economics, Eastern Europe, International Trade, Corporate Governance, Applied Economics, and 11 moreCentral and East European Studies, Product Variety, Betweenness Centrality, OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION, Transition Economy, Transition Period, Central and Eastern European Studies, Theoretical Model, New Products, Finance and Investment Banking Area, and Finance and Investment Banking
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Elektrim's case has a wider relevance for understanding the growth and slowdown of enterprises in central and eastern Europe. It illustrates the changing pattern of growth of enterprises between the transition and post-transition... more
Elektrim's case has a wider relevance for understanding the growth and slowdown of enterprises in central and eastern Europe. It illustrates the changing pattern of growth of enterprises between the transition and post-transition periods. Elektrim had grown primarily through conglomeration in the early transition period. Subsequently, Elektrim has started to focus on a few core areas (telecommunications, cables, energy). The strategic shift to telecommunications has been based on partnerships with foreign firms. Analysing these ...
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This review present taxonomy of innovation policy literature through a) a literature review of a number of selected references (over 220), and b) grouping of these references into specific groups based on their theoretical/conceptual and... more
This review present taxonomy of innovation policy literature through a) a literature review of a number of selected references (over 220), and b) grouping of these references into specific groups based on their theoretical/conceptual and empirical (practitioners) focus. We show that there is not a coherent paradigm (research agenda) in innovation policy area but there is a peaceful co-existence of several often incompatible perspectives (paradigms). We outline newly emerging areas of innovation policy analysis (complementarities in growth, ...
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The paper discusses the determinants of productivity growth in manufacturing foreign subsidiaries in Slovenia. Special attention is given to the impact of control pattern. Using the standard growth accounting approach we show that... more
The paper discusses the determinants of productivity growth in manufacturing foreign subsidiaries in Slovenia. Special attention is given to the impact of control pattern. Using the standard growth accounting approach we show that productivity growth is significantly and positively correlated with the level of foreign parent companies' control of marketing and strategic business functions. Larger subsidiaries and subsidiaries with higher exports to sales ratio also experience higher changes in the productivity level. Subsidiaries in high ...
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The approach to and construction of science and technology (S&T) indicators are the result of our understanding of the role and function of research and innovation activities. Moreover, the use of specific S&T indicators affects our... more
The approach to and construction of science and technology (S&T) indicators are the result of our understanding of the role and function of research and innovation activities. Moreover, the use of specific S&T indicators affects our interpretation and analysis of research and innovation activities. New indicators usually bring change in the underlying conceptual understanding of the role of research and innovation. Until recently, S&T indicators have been dominantly framed within the input-output framework. The underlying idea is that ...
Book description: After the post-socialist transformation, the issues of growth, development and knowledge based economy are back on the research and policy agenda for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This volume is the first... more
Book description: After the post-socialist transformation, the issues of growth, development and knowledge based economy are back on the research and policy agenda for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This volume is the first comprehensive analysis of growth and restructuring in CEE from the perspective of knowledge based economy. Discussing issues such as: Will CEE become a liability or an asset to the EU in becoming a knowledge based economy? How has the tranformation of CEECs during the 1990s ...
This paper analyzes the evolution of policies for technology catch-up through three periods: the import substitution period, the (augmented) Washington Consensus period and the post-Washington period. We analyze the dominant policy models... more
This paper analyzes the evolution of policies for technology catch-up through three periods: the import substitution period, the (augmented) Washington Consensus period and the post-Washington period. We analyze the dominant policy models and practices in each of these periods as co-evolving with the dominant academic ideas, thereby changing the conditions for catching up. We develop several dimensions or building blocks that characterize the policies for technology catch-up. These dimensions are used to characterize each of the ...
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This report presents analysis of basic comparative data related to six candidate countries for the EU accession, a group, which includes five central and eastern European economies (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia,... more
This report presents analysis of basic comparative data related to six candidate countries for the EU accession, a group, which includes five central and eastern European economies (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia, subsequently called CC5) plus Cyprus (CC5 plus Cyprus subsequently referred to as CC6). The aim of the report is to analyse the innovation capability of six candidate countries, factors that affect it, and compare both to those of the EU economies. Analysis is based on quantitative indicators ...
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This article investigates the effects of foreign direct investment on employment generation in Central Europe. Foreign affiliates operate as a buffer to reductions in overall employment and show significant cross-country differences. A... more
This article investigates the effects of foreign direct investment on employment generation in Central Europe. Foreign affiliates operate as a buffer to reductions in overall employment and show significant cross-country differences. A model analyzing the contribution of foreign direct investment to restructuring is developed. This model helps interpret the empirical evidence on the link between foreign direct investment and employment in Central Europe. Increasing differentiation in employment between manufacturing industries dominated by ...
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In this paper I apply the concept of strategic technology policy (STRTP), originally developed by Justman and Teubal, to the East European situation. I view strategic technology policy as an indispensable bridge between science policy,... more
In this paper I apply the concept of strategic technology policy (STRTP), originally developed by Justman and Teubal, to the East European situation. I view strategic technology policy as an indispensable bridge between science policy, industrial policy and competition policy. Strategic technology policy means explicit targeting for the improvement of technological and related capabilities, based on co-ordination between groups of enterprises and government. The concept is discussed in the context of three di fferent theoretical ...
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The paper explores the issues of trans-regional and transnational collaboration in the context of smart specialisation in regions with the less developed research and development and innovation (R&D&I) systems, identified as the 13... more
The paper explores the issues of trans-regional and transnational collaboration in the context of smart specialisation in regions with the less developed research and development and innovation (R&D&I) systems, identified as the 13 countries (EU-13) that joined the European Union (EU) after 2004. The paper proposes a systematic methodological approach to trans-regional and transnational cooperation and discusses how this can be utilized to build innovation capacities and enhance innovation potential in selected regions. Specifically, paper addresses following questions: what is conceptual approach to trans-regional cooperation within the context of Smart Specialisation? What is the role of regional governments/national authorities? How regional authorities can deal with analysis of trans-regional opportunities, potential competitors and collaborators? Based on the analysis, what steps can policy-makers take to improve trans-regional cooperation? Our discussion is grounded in the key...
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Policymakers all over Europe are aware that both the size of the technological gap and available institutional and social infrastructure influence the potential for innovation and hence a country’s potential for productivity and... more
Policymakers all over Europe are aware that both the size of the technological gap and available institutional and social infrastructure influence the potential for innovation and hence a country’s potential for productivity and catching-up. What is less well understood, however, is that the extent to which countries can develop capabilities to assimilate, generate and manage technical change and learning is mediated by the nature of the networks that support these activities. Merely having or constructing networks is not enough: it is the extent to which the character of these networks fit with the national and international policy context that is critical. The project ‘Achieving Growth in a Wider Europe: Understanding the Emergence of Industrial Networks’ finds that the key issue for policymakers is the need to help a multiplicity of local and national networks emerge or redevelop in ways that are compatible with national and international (principally EU) policy goals and market ...
Economists have difficulties to conceptualise and model the relationship between macroeconomic policy and industry change. This paper explores the relationships between industry cost structures and macroeconomic regimes in central and... more
Economists have difficulties to conceptualise and model the relationship between macroeconomic policy and industry change. This paper explores the relationships between industry cost structures and macroeconomic regimes in central and east European countries (CEECs). It finds that the cost structures are more homogenous within industries than within countries. Changes in cost structures are dominantly intra-industry, ie unrelated to changes in industry structures though in some countries structural and specialisation effects are ...
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This paper analyzes factors behind a widespread policy failure to support science – industry linkages in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). We explain this failure as being largely due to... more
This paper analyzes factors behind a widespread policy failure to support science – industry linkages in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). We explain this failure as being largely due to uncritical application of conventional policy wisdoms into the context of ‘catching up’ and ‘laggard’ economies. The argument is based on evidence of knowledge intensive enterprises in CEE and CIS countries and on analysis of innovation policies of these two regions. Our conclusion is that support to science – industry linkages for the CEE/CIS should be balanced with support to strengthening ‘actors’ (existing large and small firms; universities and public research organisations) and support to other linkages in national innovation systems, especially knowledge links between domestic and foreign firms 1 The research that forms the basis for this paper has been funded by my participation in three EU funded projects: KEINS (Knowledge-based entrepreneurship:...
This chapter aims to assess the innovation capacity of SEE and its individual components, as well as issues pertaining to the integration of technology in SEE. First, we briefly explain the concept of national innovation capacity (NIC),... more
This chapter aims to assess the innovation capacity of SEE and its individual components, as well as issues pertaining to the integration of technology in SEE. First, we briefly explain the concept of national innovation capacity (NIC), which serves as our conceptual framework, and this is followed by an analysis of the position of the SEE countries in terms of their innovation capacity. The analysis will then be extended to cover issues of technology integration distinguishing between upstream integration (R&D cooperation) and ...
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The literature on national systems of innovation (NIS) has neglected the issue of entrepreneurship because of several incompatibilities between the two notions. The Schumpeterian legacy, the current person-centric view of... more
The literature on national systems of innovation (NIS) has neglected the issue of entrepreneurship because of several incompatibilities between the two notions. The Schumpeterian legacy, the current person-centric view of entrepreneurship, and methodological problems related to treating entrepreneurship at the macro-level, have made it difficult to integrate entrepreneurship into the NIS perspective. At national level it is more appropriate to treat entrepreneurship as a'property'(dimension) of NIS. In order to link NIS ...