Revista Anàlisi

Following a brief examination of recent theories, this proposal describes the transmedia ideals, logic and values for journalism and explores how transmedia storytelling addresses the need to ensure the continued relevance of journalism. We test the ideals, logic and values and refine the evolving features and strategies employed by Spanish legacy media through case study analysis. Thus, this research analyses and describes the use of languages, genres and formats; strategies, resources and platforms for the creation, collaboration and distribution (News Lifecycle, Serrano-Tellería, Jin and Arroyo, 2019) of journalistic products about Covid-19, and determines whether a transmedia logic is being followed. Likewise, this study proposes a set of good practices that can be applied to other stories- products and media in everyday and planned routines. For this, the field work focuses on the analysis of two aspects: the interface design and the creation and dissemination of content. The pandemic represented a unique frame of analysis due to the intrinsic work conditions, routines and dynamics as well as its limitations and increased demands for information. Thus, we concluded that transmedia core values, ideals and logic offer a suitable framework to embrace in everyday media work and specifically, in journalism, to adapt, innovate and overcome its crisis and challenges, opportunities and potentials. Transmedia means an ideal, a logic, a group of values to bear in mind when constructing a story. To adapt storytelling to media production, bearing in mind all possible genres, languages, formats, semiotics and strategies is a fundamental step because audiences are used to consuming media on different devices and want the best of all of them to have a full experience.

This article evaluates the highest-ranked journals in Spanish in the field of communication in Spain, Portugal and Latin America between 2009 and 2019. Using the SJR-Scimago-Scopus index, the current status of scientific journals in this field in the first and second quartiles (according to the rankings on 31 December 2019) is analysed. A sample consisting of 4098 articles from eight communication research journals was analysed, using a coding book developed by five qualified coders. Analysis parameters were: gender of the authors, first and second author, their h-index, the number of authors per article, the internationalisation of the articles, the competitive funding of the articles, the predominant publication regions of the authors, and the most frequent typology of articles. After running an analysis of the variables, we found a significant presence of authors and social interest in research in this area. However, other weaknesses and threats were also detected, such as a shortage of funding, publication very focused on certain Spanish regions (Madrid, Catalonia, Andalusia) and the lack of scientific journals in Spanish or Portuguese ranked in the first and second quartiles of the Scopus and/or JCR indexes. Along with these data, numerous opportunities were identified.

Since 2014, immersive media storytelling has gained significant attention, with technologies such as 360° video providing unique first-person experiences, leading to the emergence of immersive journalism and documentaries. Some view immersive media as an “empathy machine” for fostering social change by creating strong connections between the audience and the issues portrayed. This paper critically examines this claim through a practice-based research approach, exploring five socially-driven immersive media projects from 2018-2020 in various countries, and interviewing 21 experts, both scholars and practitioners. The insights derived from this research provide an innovative conceptual framework that encompasses socially-driven immersive media productions, moving from initial empathy towards a more comprehensive concept and phenomenon native to the medium, referred to as “emotional geography”. This framework aims to shed light on the affective dynamics of immersive media in relation to social change, and offers valuable insights for future research, productions and critical discussions on the growing, emotionally-charged digital media ecosystem driven by advancing technologies.

At a time when the news industry is struggling to cope with the dominance of the advertising market by large platforms, along with recent crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, commercial deals and regulatory initiatives are becoming increasingly common. While there is ample space for regulatory interventions seeking to level the playing field between news industry stakeholders and platforms, we are concerned these might further cement the dependency of the former on the latter through co-regulatory frameworks that epitomize the capture of vital infrastructures by platforms. This article examines the three-year negotiation of French news publishers with Google and Meta, which concluded with four framework agreements being signed. For our analysis, we first look at the historical trajectory of how these deals were made possible, using secondary sources such as leaks, press releases and the French Competition Authority’s rulings; we then discuss their details and implications. We trace Google’s attempt to capture news media in France and discuss the asymmetrical power it has exercised over the news industry, and how the subsequent deals with Meta were affected. Finally, our case study shows that these frameworks are not sufficient to tackle systemic imbalances – despite their good intentions – because they fail to challenge the concentration of power by a handful of oligopolistic private companies and, thus, effectively leave it up to them and the free market’s idiosyncrasies to decide how they are implemented.

The crisis of confidence in journalism has increased hopes of internal transparency. The technical possibilities of data journalism and its background in social sciences support the values of openness and transparency. This study focuses on the daily journalism produced by the data units of the Spanish media (n=10) between January 2019 and April 2022. Through analysis of quantitative and qualitative content of a random sample of articles (n=62), this study explores the transparency of sources and the use of a methodology section. The results reveal an unequal and, on many occasions, infrequent use of elements such as an explanation of the research process or the possibility for data download. A greater use is observed in native online media and small and specialised projects, with certain exceptions, reflecting the reluctance of some media to implement the new “transparency rituals” and the greater importance of attitude and individual initiative rather than resources. Finally, an ambivalent influence of COVID-19 is detected in these practices, which suggest a critical view of data journalism and the evolution of its transparency.

After Facebook started prioritizing posts from family and friends on its newsfeed at the beginning of 2018, news consumption on social media increasingly migrated to other mobile applications such as WhatsApp. This has put pressure on media organizations to establish channels on the platform in an attempt to compensate for the decline in audience figures. Journalistic practices on WhatsApp remain poorly understood. Building on the "diffusion of innovations" theory, this article examines whether the way newsrooms have adapted to WhatsApp follows similar patterns to their adoption of social media for news distribution, or whether they have been able to develop new practices that fully consider the tool's inherent characteristics of mobile and interpersonal communication. Focusing on Brazil as a case study, this study draws on the analysis of 8,855 messages sent to WhatsApp news channels and interviews with 21 editors and executives from publishers, and shows that newsrooms have hardly adapted to the possibilities of WhatsApp beyond its technological aspects. Audience engagement has often been neglected or has been addressed with a lack of consistency. According to the interviewees, constraints presented by WhatsApp, such as the large amount of manual work it requires of newsrooms, make it difficult for news organizations to adopt the platform to transform their relationship with their readers.

According to data from the Spanish Association of Advertising Agencies, 90% of management positions in communication companies are occupied by men. However, the percentage of women studying communication degrees in Spanish universities, and specifically bachelor’s and master’s degrees in advertising and public relations, is higher than that of male students. This study evaluates the gender perspective taught in advertising and public relations degrees in Spain, to determine whether society demands this female vision of communication, PR, advertising and institutional and corporate activity. Furthermore, it gathers opinions on the role of women in the structure of communication companies. Based on triangulation, the methodology combines a content analysis of university syllabi, a questionnaire for students or graduates, and a panel of experts made up of academics teaching degree courses in advertising and public relations and communication practitioners. The results point to adequate and constantly (r)evolving training, in which skills and curricula meet the professional environment. Factors such as crisis, digital progress, the expansion of new work formats and the new role of the consumer require multidisciplinary teams with transversal skills – where women have a significant role to play.

Managing employees’ happiness and well-being as a business strategy offers positive outcomes for companies, as has been widely studied in the scientific literature. In the field of public relations, published studies address these benefits for individuals and collectively, both for the employees themselves (Pérez, 2020) and for the organisation for which they work, whether intangible or tangible (Castro-Martínez and Díaz-Morilla, 2020; Sidney et al., 2017). However, the function of promoting a good working environment is not always attended to in the workplace, nor is it always exclusive to a specific area (Bowen, 2008). In addition to a systematic documentary review, the Web of Science database is used for a bibliometric study and network mapping of the scientific literature, from which articles are extracted for analysis using different bibliographic searches. Based on the information obtained, VOSviewer software is used for the analysis of bibliometric networks by authorship, citation and co-occurrence of keywords in scientific publications. The number of articles published on the management of happiness and wellbeing in organisations as part of their public relations has increased significantly over the last decade, although there has been a notable change in this growth since 2021. According to the research, corporate social responsibility programmes are increasingly considering these aspects as part of their organisational strategy, and departments such as human resources are taking on a greater role in generating a good working environment. This study provides an overview of the international production of scientific publications on the subject of happiness management and organisational well-being from the point of view of public relations. It shows the evolution of scientific activity in terms of the number of works published by area of knowledge and the current trends in terms of authorship, subject matter and repercussion in the scientific field.

The study provides a chronological review of public relations (PR) analysed from the perspective of psychology, highlighting milestones, concepts, theories and models. It offers a synthesis of its origins in Europe and how it was imported to the United States, where it was strongly implemented at the academic, political and business levels. The foundations of the emergence and development of PR have psychology as a fundamental pillar (Bernays, 1928) in understanding the propagandistic effects on people’s social behaviour. Therefore, it seems that it would be practically impossible to understand and apply this construct throughout history without this joint interdisciplinary work, both in explaining individual and collective response and in diachronically changing behaviour in organizations (Grunig, 1976). An in-depth exploration is carried out of the international manuscripts published to date which highlight the interactions of PR with psychology in terms of public behaviour, leadership and behaviour within organizations. The results bring to light an international perspective of basic contributions and some historic gaps along the way. The identification of several key events from the past helps to understand better the general conceptual framework that connects PR and psychology. The research reveals that there is still a gap regarding the existence of a general theory to explain the history of PR psychology. Nevertheless, from a PR perspective, its psychological influence on the behaviours of the population and the persuasion of stakeholders seems indisputable.

The Covid-19 pandemic has tested the role of internal communication (IC) in managing adaptation to change and digitalisation in companies, in the context of a sudden switch to implementing remote working, the reorientation and temporary interruption of activity and mass redundancies. With the aim of analysing the effect of Covid-19 on the assessment of corporate communication managers regarding the business environment and the challenges faced by IC departments in Spain, a statistical analysis compares data collected in 2018 and 2020 (N=118 and N=69 respectively) on the perceptions of members of Dircom (Asociación de Directivos de Comunicación) [Association of Communication Executives]. In addition, a systematic analysis of the 2020 open questions is carried out. The results highlight an improvement in the perception that investment in IC is sufficient during the pandemic, although it remains among the worst rated aspects of the business context. Managing digital and media developments, linking IC with corporate strategy and strengthening the role of communication in decision-making are the greatest perceived challenges, with no changes due to Covid-19. On the other hand, the majority of the respondents believe that Covid-19 is having a positive influence on IC, showing its importance for the proper functioning of the business during the pandemic, with an increase in its actions. More than half of the respondents appreciate that IC has driven business values and changes in the way these departments operate; two-thirds have learned lessons for their business; and almost three-quarters perceive that the incorporation of audiovisual and on-line media will continue.

To find out whether the role of internal communication was transformed or transubstantiated as a result of the situation caused by the COVID-19 health crisis, a series of structured interviews with communication managers were held from the most severe period of lockdown (April 2020) until the end of the fifth wave (June 2021), with the aim of examining whether the function of internal communication in organizations had been affected by this health crisis and if so, to what extent. Internal communication as a managerial function underwent adaptation and adjustments, for which organizations had no ad hoc existing manuals or guidelines to follow in stricto sensu, because the nearest precedent comparable to the current situation occurred over a century ago and within a completely different economic context. The pandemic has led to a marked digitization of internal communication channels, the dissemination of contents focused on health, well-being and safety of employees, alignment with the team, transparency, sustainability and diversity, with the express aim of providing emotional support and forging an image of security. It has also become an accelerating factor from a strategic perspective. Furthermore, new gaps have emerged, such as the need for employee self-management, along with managerial challenges posed by ambiguity, privacy, data accuracy and security and worklife balance in the teleworking context. All these concerns imply and require the direct involvement of internal communication to tackle them and find solutions. Yet what has changed is the various ways the internal communication function displays itself, but not the substance of the discipline. Thus, continuity in the strategic management of this function is crucial for its further development as an essential contribution for facing current and upcoming challenges.

This article analyses winning photographs on the 2008 financial crisis at the World Press Photo (WPP) Contest between 2008 and 2013. Our aim is to analyse the presence of this issue in the contest itself; its depiction in formal and discursive terms; and the differences in how it is depicted when a photographic narrative is involved, based on an analysis of two different classifications established by the WPP contest: the individual photograph ("single pictures") and the series ("stories"). The results show a low incidence of this issue in the contest, and a predominance of the idea of representation as spectacle, especially in the single pictures rather than the stories, which succeed in employing narrative strategies to elicit a more reflective reading of the images.

This paper analyses public service media (PSM) from the perspective of its relationship with young audiences. The main objectives are to look at these audiences from the perspective of the PSM, study the design of programming strategies, and identify the values and functions of public service. The case study focuses on Valencian public television, which closed in 2013 and reopened in 2017 under the name À Punt Media (APM). This was a period when televisual structure was transformed as a result of the consolidation of streaming. The methodology combines documentary analysis, in-depth interviews and an observation period. This study contributes to the debate on the role of PSM in the context of the Internet, in which APM advances in its understanding of child audiences by seeing them not just as developing people but also as active social subjects.

The Gartner report (2017) predicted that in 2022 most citizens in developed countries will consume more hoaxes and misleading or inaccurate information than true information. It is becoming increasingly clear that disinformation has become a major global problem (European Commission, 2021), but so is misinformation, since it contributes, in equal measure, to nurturing the infodemic climate (WHO, 2020) in society. Given this social framework, therefore, the main task of universities, and more specifically of Faculties of Information and Communication Sciences, should be to educate students on the dangers of these informational disorders (Wardle & Derakhshan, 2017) and to train students’ skills so they can fight disinformation and misinformation autonomously. Based on this premise, this study presents an academic initiative linked to an innovative teaching project that aims to test the verification skills of undergraduate Communications students in Seville and Córdoba. To do this, through the Project-Based Learning (PBL) methodology, a verification platform has been designed and created, called Desinfaketion Hub, in which students taking courses in either digital journalism or public opinion (in the third and fourth year of the Communications degree, respectively) publish literacy news and denials of hoaxes each week that they detect in local or regional media and on social networks.

The principle of authority in journalism is structured around central concepts such as objectivity, verification and distance/neutrality (Schudson, 1978; Kovach and Rosenstiel, 2007; Deuze, 2005). In the new order of disinformation, in which the authority of journalism is questioned, fact-checking can act as a possible antidote (Walter et al., 2020). This study presents the results of citizens’ perceptions of journalistic authority and their awareness of fact-checkers and the role they play. Based on focus groups (10) and a representative national survey (n = 1001), our findings show that 50.5% of the sample do not know what fact-checkers are. 15.2% of them know what fact-checkers are but admit to never using them. Only 4.1% use fact-checkers regularly. Results also reveal a relevant finding: in a highly polarized media system such as Spain’s, fact-checkers can only with difficulty combat the spread of misinformation effectively. Their role must therefore be articulated within a broader strategic framework for fighting disinformation, in order to recover trust in journalism.

Most attempts to neutralise misinformation in the academic environment aim to refute false reports after the message has reached the recipient (debunking strategies), rather than to promote pre-emptive preparation of the subject (prebunking strategies). In response to this latter modality, the present study aims to counter the risks of uncritical overexposure in social networks with the help of game dynamics. The idea is for young people—especially students of journalism at the University of Valladolid—to learn how to recognise and combat Fake News through simulation techniques. To this end, the game entitled “The Bad News Game” (DROG, 2018) evaluates the results of the game experience using a questionnaire and the content analysis method. The field research confirms that news games promote the acquisition of skills, and shows that future journalists feel just as vulnerable to misinformation as any other group.

The democratization of the information process since the advent of the Internet and the appearance of social networks has led to an increase in competition among the media to report on current events, and the need to seek new formulae for differentiation in order to reach a larger audience and greater numbers of followers. In this study we aim to analyse the use of infotainment and colloquiality techniques in journalism specialising in video games to report current events via YouTube. Following content analysis on videos uploaded in January 2021 by the specialized media Vandal, Meristation, Hobby Consolas and 3DJuegos, we can conclude that colloquial language predominates over infotainment, to elicit closeness with the user and create in her a predisposition for consumption and purchase of the contents being reported on.

The mechanisms that make immersive storytelling possible are the focus of this study. Based on immersive models of communication and information structure, which propose a reformulation of traditional communicative parameters, we analyse their application to projects developed by the innovation laboratory Al Jazeera Contrast, which for years has been strongly committed to the use of these technologies in the field of immersive journalism. Using the methodological technique of content analysis, the aim is to verify the communicative effectiveness (communication model and immersive structure) of the object of study and its relationship with the variables of social engagement. The results of this research confirm the validity of the proposed immersive models and highlight the changes introduced by this type of narration, which especially affect the “when” and “where” of the information. The discussion focuses on the differences in degree of social engagement of these immersive pieces, leading to a new discussion on the ethnographic approach that could be applied to this type of production.

Journalists and communicators discovered Twitch in mid-2020, during the months of quarantine imposed by Covid-19, during which a large part of the population used the Internet to seek communication with the outside world that confinement prevented. Given its content, dedicated to e-sports, and the youth of its followers, this specialized social network had gone unnoticed by the general public for years. Having initially been a platform for broadcasting video games, thanks to the arrival of journalists it started to become a space for information and entertainment, with the creation of new channels aimed at a more adult audience. The aim of this paper is to analyse the presence of journalists and communicators on Twitch, how they structure their channels, the use they make of this platform compared to other similar platforms, the differences and similarities in their use of the platform compared to the streamers already present on Twitch and, finally, to evaluate whether Twitch meets the necessary conditions to become an appropriate medium for news communication. By looking at the content generated on Twitch by five journalists and communicators, we study how they adapt their channels to the common characteristics of the platform, which can be seen in the behaviours and content generated by video game creators.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly part of the journalistic processes and routines of many media. Throughout the world, there are examples of both written and audio-visual journalism that suggest that very soon AI will be an integral part of our work. The following research is part of the Audio-visual Communication and Culture research group of the Private Technical University of Loja, Ecuador. The project we have designed is called “Tinned Stories”. These are brief podcasts in which, as well as the stories, both natural and artificial actors are involved. The aim of the research was to determine from the series “Tinned Stories” the influence that artificial intelligence, specifically TTS robotics, can exert within the sound narrative. The method used to obtain data on the strength of the proposition was both qualitative and quantitative. On the one hand, a survey was applied to Communication students studying radio and new technologies, with two main questions: “What feelings do you experience listening to this sound production that includes robot voices?”, and “In which radio genres do you see its application as relevant?”. The research was complemented with interviews with international experts in the field of sound production. In conclusion, we can observe that people enjoy this type of production, even when they know there are artificial voices involved. They also said they felt indifferent to the voices, or even that the voices distracted or bothered them. Some of the experts also pointed out that AI is growing and developing algorithms that do unimaginable things. They see its use as part of the future of sound production.

This paper analyses the graphic humour response to the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack on January 7, 2015. The paper carries out a semiotic analysis of a series of pieces related to this event collected via the internet. The visual and verbo-visual texts analysed demonstrate condemnation of the terrorist attack and defence of freedom of expression, mostly represented by the image of the pencil as a weapon against terrorism and a symbol of democratic values.

Communication theories are a field of study in which the scientific contributions of female researchers have tended to be silenced. For this reason, the main purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to analyse the field of communication based on leading researchers who historically have tended to remain at the margins of official accounts, despite the importance of their contributions. Starting with a critical review of historical publications and key texts, this paper proposes a genealogy of female researchers from the first generation (1930s-1960s) within the main traditions of communication theories: functionalist, interpretive and critical. As a result, this hermeneutical and critical approach highlights the intellectual context of Columbia as the epicentre of female thought in the mid-twentieth century. Furthermore, the paper recovers certain key figures in the founding of the field of communication, including: Herta Herzog, Hazel Gaudet, Thelma Anderson, Marjorie Fiske, Hortense Powdermarker, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Mae Huettig, Helen Hughes, Rachel Powell and Mary Q. Innis. This proposal opens up and makes more heterogeneous the official canon of communication theories, historically dominated by male researchers. This paper concludes with the need to include female contributions in the field of communication. This will help overcome the gender bias that still characterises teaching and research in communication theory.

In his works Meditación de la técnica (Meditations on Technique) and La rebelión de las masas (Revolt of the Masses), Ortega y Gasset predicted that the communication media would produce global interdependence, nowadays referred to as “globalisation”. Following the Orteguian criticism of idealism, the text sees the media as a prosthesis added to the human sensorium which endlessly broadens the field of observation limited to the senses. Widespread access to European scientific knowledge by other cultures, as well as the propagation of technical aids resulting from interaction with the internet – a global sphere of face-to-face relationships regardless of distance – is displacing the cultural supremacy of the West, as the Eastern world appropriates scientific and technical knowledge, a situation predicted a century ago by Ortega y Gasset when he warned that Europe would no longer rule the world.

This work analyses the communication strategies on social networks by Spanish political parties during the various elections of 2019. It analyses in detail their activity, their ability to generate a feeling of belonging and the different forms of interaction of these formations, and the most successful formats. We introduce the hypothesis that political parties that are present in all elections and in all electoral constituencies can achieve a higher return on their social media presence. As a methodological technique, the study undertakes an analysis of social networks (ASN) for the Facebook, Twitter and Instagram accounts of these actors, to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data. In total, it analyses the distribution of 2,357,039 fans on Facebook; 3,727,197 followers on Twitter; and 919,731 followers on Instagram. Likewise, 9,938 publications are analysed, which generate an average of 7,066.92 engagements. The conclusions show Vox and Unidas Podemos as the most cyber-active parties and the ones which achieve the most mobilisation through social networks.

The present article, containing a mixed and comparative press study, aims to analyse the media coverage of a news story eventually known as "Julen's case". The impact of the story has been analysed with a specific method: First, 72 national and international media sources were analysed using Mynewsonline. Then, these were compared with the different perspectives offered by Spanish newspapers El País, El Mundo and ABC, with special attention paid to the theory of Framing. Julen's story was selected as the case study due to its extraordinary impact on both local and international media. The results confirm that the coverage analysed in the sample did not merely recount the event in a factual manner. Instead, the media focused on sensationalist angles and criteria, such as emotional conflicts related to sorrow, pain and morbid fascination. In * This article is part of a research work carried out by the Research Group in Communication and Digital Information (S29-17R), credited by Aragon regional Government (Spain) and funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). It is also part of the Consolidated Research Group for Social Media and Inclusive and Ubiquitous Media Education Research Group (CG: 484) at Spain's Distance Education National University (UNED). Acknowledgments to the innovation group Communication, Social Networks and New Narratives (GID2017-4) of the UNED.

This article measures the values communicated in the wave of advertising launched during the first critical stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The research is based on 45,000 on-line responses to 1,880 reception tests by 470 Spanish and Latin American recipients. Each of the receivers evaluated 25 values, after being exposed to a sample of five ads broadcast on TV during the period studied. The methodology is based on four research objectives and is supported by a new scientific measurement instrument: ProtocoloEva ®. Its conclusions reveal a very similar communication strategy in the four sources studied. The values cooperation, well-being, effort, family, health, respect and responsibility were strongly conveyed, and are strongly homogeneous in all the ads studied. In contrast, the values rights, justice-equity, dignity and freedom were perceived with a much lower intensity, and heterogeneously. There was a higher transmission of values among religious people and Latin American people, and a very weak reception of values in people who have suffered COVID-19 directly or closely.

In the new media ecosystem, social networks become a critical space for channelling hatefilled political beliefs, ideologies and actions. Given the scarcity of empirical studies related to Islamophobic discourse on social networks in Spain, this study offers a rigorous quantitative analysis of social conversation on Twitter generated as a result of the “Remove the labels from the veil” campaign launched in 2019 by Al Fanar Foundation for Arab Knowledge, with the support of Twitter, in order to dismantle stereotypical views of Muslim women. A quantitative analysis of the impact generated by the campaign’s main tweet and the publishing of two subsequent information threads was carried out. The sample (N = 1,545) was made up of each comment registered in the initial tweet of the campaign (N = 747) and in the two subsequent threads (N = 603 and N = 195). The aim was to establish who participated in the conversation, and the main topics, tone and actions that defined it. Subsequently, a critical analysis of the discourse of the five most determining tweets in each of the actions was carried out. Results showed a Western superiority that labels Islam in a derogatory way. Social interaction among participants was limited, and coordinated ideological Islamophobic actions were detected in content promoted by Twitter.

A deepfake is a hyper-realistic video, digitally manipulated to represent people saying or doing things that never really happened. With the sophistication of techniques for developing these counterfeits, it is becoming increasingly difficult to detect whether public appearances or statements by influential people respond to parameters of reality or, on the contrary, are the result of fictitious representations. These synthetic documents, generated by computerized techniques based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), pose serious threats to privacy, in a new scenario in which the risks derived from identity theft are increasing. This study aims to advance the state of the art through the analysis of academic news and through an exhaustive literature review, seeking answers to the following questions, which we understand to be of general interest, from both an economic and a social perspective and in various areas of research. What are deepfakes? Who produces them and what technology supports them? What opportunities do they present? What risks are associated with them? What methods exist to combat them? And framing the study in terms of information theory: is this a revolution or an evolution of fake news? As we know, fake news influences public opinion and is effective in appealing to emotions and modifying behaviours. We can assume that these new audiovisual texts will be tremendously effective in undermining, even more if possible, the credibility of digital media, as well as accelerating the already evident exhaustion of critical thinking.

With the spread of the digital sphere and the proliferation of images from indirect sources that can be accessed by systems and users, verification routines have become essential to ensure media corporations' credibility. The advances in artificial intelligence which allow automated fact-checking (AFC) initiatives to be created help detect falsehoods, but they do not eliminate the need for human intervention. On the contrary, information professionals are necessary, and their functions increasingly include procedures such as mediating in videos and images. This study analyses the evolution of verification routines in audiovisual journalism and how new techniques have influenced the perception of trustworthiness and the reorganization of the television newsroom by allowing content from outside the media's own newsroom. To do so, it combines a method that examines the main literature on verification processes and compares it with the procedure used by Al Jazeera. In this regard, an exploration was conducted out based on participant observation in this international TV channel via interaction with journalists and heads of the corporation. The results indicate that advances in verification procedures make it possible to introduce visual material from the social media into the corporation's common news topics contributing to the transition from the traditional newsroom to the cloud structure and the inclusion of new audiences. These changes affect journalistic routines in a profession which has no longer been in-person for some time, in which correspondents coexist with journalists working in virtual mobility, seeking and receiving images in and from the social media.

This paper analyses the narrative of disinformation disseminated through the social network TikTok, a network which is popular at a global level and whose users are mainly young or very young. To do so, a study was carried out on the content of publications on TikTok in four countries with different idiosyncrasies and national realities: Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and the United States. Interviews were also conducted with fact-checking agencies on the potential for misinformation and fact-checking potential on this social network. The results suggest that due to its characteristics as a fresh, visual network with easily shareable and viral content, TikTok is a network that facilitates the spread of disinformation, but which in turn is a tool for debunking hoaxes beyond the range of action of conventional media.

This work studies the use of disinformation to construct an image of otherness through the internet. We applied a content analysis methodology to the 161 racist, xenophobic or Islamophobic fake news pieces that were discredited in 2020 by the four Spanish information verification media entities accredited by the International Fact-Checking Network: Maldita.es, Newtral, Efe Verifica and Verificat. The results show that the most commonly used formats were image and video, that disinformation was most often based on taking information out of context and deception, and that the source could not be identified. The most shared characteristics associated otherness with receiving aid, violence and illegal immigration. The most commonly used images were photographs, which mostly showed people in a general manner (not individually). Despite this, disinformation was * This research has been carried out in the framework of the project entitled "Strategies, agendas and discourse in electoral cybercampaigns: media and citizens" (CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R), of the research group Mediaflows.

Instagram as a multimodal information network has helped politicians to position both their brand and their campaign. We analyzed whether the images and texts published during the pandemic contained misinformation. We studied from a multimodal perspective the Instagram accounts of the presidential candidates of four Latin American countries which held elections in 2021 to identify how much of the discourse was related to controlling the pandemic. The discourse was analyzed using different taxonomies. In the correlation between the discourse and following the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), Chile stood out with the highest level of pandemic compliance; Peru and Ecuador were placed in the middle, while Honduras showed little if any interest. The conclusion was that politicians focused primarily on their campaigns

Yes, Minister is a series that has been part of the collective imagination of citizens in many English-speaking countries since the 1980s, in which disinformation is frequently used or mentioned by its main characters. Its enormous impact has been long-lasting, and in recent years it has gained special prominence on YouTube. The objectives of this paper are the following: a) to quantify the presence of fragments of the series Yes, Minister on YouTube, including their titles, the episodes to which they belong, their duration and the number of views and comments; and b) to analyse the processes, strategies and mechanisms of disinformation in these fragments. To this end, we first described the fragments with more than 200,000 views, of which there were forty. After this analysis, we chose the videos with more than 400,000 views and, in those, analysed the processes, strategies and mechanisms of disinformation. There were twenty-two such documents and they contained as many as 125 samples of disinformation: mostly associated with the process of concealment, followed by blurring and, thirdly, invention. We went on to check for the presence of the nine strategies linked to these processes (abolition, segmentation, deviation, saturation, alteration, divergence, impersonation, incorporation and transformation). Abolition and alteration predominated. Finally, we described the main mechanisms by which these strategies materialised, which included contradiction, confusion, ambiguity, exaggeration, interruption, separation and assignment. We conclude that the publication of the series fragments on the networks indicates public interest in political disinformation. Their use in formal educational contexts, based on analyses such as the one in this paper, is a valuable approach for dealing with discursive processes and mechanisms of disinformation in different areas of knowledge.