English Language Teaching

Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most
of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most
frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The
most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to
the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial
artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current
study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed.
During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the
bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was
observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to
the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median
nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm.
At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch
of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and
originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was
smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries.
It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the
left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was
divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed
comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically
the findings are significant.

Code switching is a widely observed but less studied phenomenon, especially in multilingual and multicultural communities. So, the present study investigated the status of grammatical code switching among Iranian EFL university students. Also, the role of the teacher in managing the code switching was investigated, too. Two classes including 96 participants from two different universities were observed carefully and the required data were collected. Analyses of the data revealed varying nature of code switching in both settings. Moreover, the obtained frequencies revealed the fact that among the four types of „trigger words‟ only „proper nouns‟ and discourse marker „OK‟ remarkably were responsible for code switching in one setting, while „lexical transfer‟ and also the discourse marker „OK‟ lead to code switch in another. Meanwhile, four functions for code switching were determined, which included providing equivalents for the key word, showing humor, inspiring learners, and explaining the required assignments, as teacher‟s role in dealing with code switching .
Keywords
Code Switching, EFL Classroom, Interference and Interaction