1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences... more 1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.2. Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.3. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.4. Department of English Language Teaching, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.5. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.6. Hearing Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.7. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.
During the past few years, researchers and practitioners have developed novel techniques, using a... more During the past few years, researchers and practitioners have developed novel techniques, using ansa cervicalis to innervate muscles of the larynx paralyzed due to surgical procedures carried out in the chest and neck areas. During routine dissection of a middle-age male cadaver, an unusual course of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis was observed. In this case, the superior root of the ansa cervicalis fused with the vagus and ran within the carotid sheath, and then joined the inferior root forming the ansa cervicalis in the anterior wall of the carotid sheath. The study of this case will add to our current knowledge of ansa cervicalis and thus aid prevention of injury to the nerve during various surgical procedures.
Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most
of thes... more Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed. During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm. At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries. It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically the findings are significant.
Introduction: Medical undergraduates usually understand and memorize anatomical course
material w... more Introduction: Medical undergraduates usually understand and memorize anatomical course material with difficulty. Also, the current text books and atlases of anatomy and histology do not fulfill all the learning needs of the undergraduates. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role of internet websites and computer programs (i.e. the role of electronic learning) in teaching. The present research aimed to introduce the new teaching facilities in the field of anatomical sciences to improve learning among medical undergraduates and ameliorate the present teaching deficiencies. The present research also aimed at facilitating the continual training of graduates and lecturers in the anatomical sciences. Methods: In this research, content analysis was conducted on 9 internet websites and 4 projects and computer programs related to anatomical sciences on the basis of those introduced by the lecturers of the anatomical sciences department of medicine faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. This review was conducted on the basis of teaching processes and technologies needed in electronic learning environment and also the necessary teaching facilities in learning of the anatomical sciences. Results: Having interactive programs, atlases and virtual tests, the capability of updating material and continual education are some of the properties of electronic learning environments in the teaching of anatomical sciences. According to this research, 100% of the investigated projects and the computer programs and 44% of the websites, had interactive programs. Furthermore, 50% of the projects and computer programs and 22% of websites had virtual updated atlases, and 22% of websites had virtual tests. Conclusion: By using the facilities in reliable educational sites of anatomical sciences and also the interactive learning computer programs, difficulties in learning and understanding anatomical sciences syllabus can be reduced and the level of knowledge in the field raised so that the way can be paved for improving clinical skills in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. Besides, the use of these technologies is effective in updating the knowledge of graduates and lecturers in the field of anatomical sciences.
1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences... more 1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.2. Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.3. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.4. Department of English Language Teaching, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.5. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.6. Hearing Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.7. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran.
During the past few years, researchers and practitioners have developed novel techniques, using a... more During the past few years, researchers and practitioners have developed novel techniques, using ansa cervicalis to innervate muscles of the larynx paralyzed due to surgical procedures carried out in the chest and neck areas. During routine dissection of a middle-age male cadaver, an unusual course of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis was observed. In this case, the superior root of the ansa cervicalis fused with the vagus and ran within the carotid sheath, and then joined the inferior root forming the ansa cervicalis in the anterior wall of the carotid sheath. The study of this case will add to our current knowledge of ansa cervicalis and thus aid prevention of injury to the nerve during various surgical procedures.
Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most
of thes... more Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed. During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm. At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries. It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically the findings are significant.
Introduction: Medical undergraduates usually understand and memorize anatomical course
material w... more Introduction: Medical undergraduates usually understand and memorize anatomical course material with difficulty. Also, the current text books and atlases of anatomy and histology do not fulfill all the learning needs of the undergraduates. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role of internet websites and computer programs (i.e. the role of electronic learning) in teaching. The present research aimed to introduce the new teaching facilities in the field of anatomical sciences to improve learning among medical undergraduates and ameliorate the present teaching deficiencies. The present research also aimed at facilitating the continual training of graduates and lecturers in the anatomical sciences. Methods: In this research, content analysis was conducted on 9 internet websites and 4 projects and computer programs related to anatomical sciences on the basis of those introduced by the lecturers of the anatomical sciences department of medicine faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. This review was conducted on the basis of teaching processes and technologies needed in electronic learning environment and also the necessary teaching facilities in learning of the anatomical sciences. Results: Having interactive programs, atlases and virtual tests, the capability of updating material and continual education are some of the properties of electronic learning environments in the teaching of anatomical sciences. According to this research, 100% of the investigated projects and the computer programs and 44% of the websites, had interactive programs. Furthermore, 50% of the projects and computer programs and 22% of websites had virtual updated atlases, and 22% of websites had virtual tests. Conclusion: By using the facilities in reliable educational sites of anatomical sciences and also the interactive learning computer programs, difficulties in learning and understanding anatomical sciences syllabus can be reduced and the level of knowledge in the field raised so that the way can be paved for improving clinical skills in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. Besides, the use of these technologies is effective in updating the knowledge of graduates and lecturers in the field of anatomical sciences.
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of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most
frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The
most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to
the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial
artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current
study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed.
During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the
bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was
observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to
the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median
nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm.
At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch
of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and
originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was
smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries.
It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the
left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was
divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed
comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically
the findings are significant.
material with difficulty. Also, the current text books and atlases of anatomy and histology do not
fulfill all the learning needs of the undergraduates. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role
of internet websites and computer programs (i.e. the role of electronic learning) in teaching. The
present research aimed to introduce the new teaching facilities in the field of anatomical sciences to
improve learning among medical undergraduates and ameliorate the present teaching deficiencies.
The present research also aimed at facilitating the continual training of graduates and lecturers in
the anatomical sciences.
Methods: In this research, content analysis was conducted on 9 internet websites and 4 projects and
computer programs related to anatomical sciences on the basis of those introduced by the lecturers
of the anatomical sciences department of medicine faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences. This review was conducted on the basis of teaching processes and technologies
needed in electronic learning environment and also the necessary teaching facilities in learning of
the anatomical sciences.
Results: Having interactive programs, atlases and virtual tests, the capability of updating material
and continual education are some of the properties of electronic learning environments in the
teaching of anatomical sciences. According to this research, 100% of the investigated projects and
the computer programs and 44% of the websites, had interactive programs. Furthermore, 50% of
the projects and computer programs and 22% of websites had virtual updated atlases, and 22% of
websites had virtual tests.
Conclusion: By using the facilities in reliable educational sites of anatomical sciences and also
the interactive learning computer programs, difficulties in learning and understanding anatomical
sciences syllabus can be reduced and the level of knowledge in the field raised so that the way can
be paved for improving clinical skills in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. Besides, the use of
these technologies is effective in updating the knowledge of graduates and lecturers in the field of
anatomical sciences.
of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most
frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The
most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to
the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial
artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current
study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed.
During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the
bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was
observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to
the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median
nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm.
At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch
of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and
originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was
smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries.
It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the
left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was
divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed
comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically
the findings are significant.
material with difficulty. Also, the current text books and atlases of anatomy and histology do not
fulfill all the learning needs of the undergraduates. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role
of internet websites and computer programs (i.e. the role of electronic learning) in teaching. The
present research aimed to introduce the new teaching facilities in the field of anatomical sciences to
improve learning among medical undergraduates and ameliorate the present teaching deficiencies.
The present research also aimed at facilitating the continual training of graduates and lecturers in
the anatomical sciences.
Methods: In this research, content analysis was conducted on 9 internet websites and 4 projects and
computer programs related to anatomical sciences on the basis of those introduced by the lecturers
of the anatomical sciences department of medicine faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences. This review was conducted on the basis of teaching processes and technologies
needed in electronic learning environment and also the necessary teaching facilities in learning of
the anatomical sciences.
Results: Having interactive programs, atlases and virtual tests, the capability of updating material
and continual education are some of the properties of electronic learning environments in the
teaching of anatomical sciences. According to this research, 100% of the investigated projects and
the computer programs and 44% of the websites, had interactive programs. Furthermore, 50% of
the projects and computer programs and 22% of websites had virtual updated atlases, and 22% of
websites had virtual tests.
Conclusion: By using the facilities in reliable educational sites of anatomical sciences and also
the interactive learning computer programs, difficulties in learning and understanding anatomical
sciences syllabus can be reduced and the level of knowledge in the field raised so that the way can
be paved for improving clinical skills in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. Besides, the use of
these technologies is effective in updating the knowledge of graduates and lecturers in the field of
anatomical sciences.