- Rowan University
Department of Psychology
201 Mullica Hill Road, Robinson Hall Rm 116L
Glassboro, NJ 08028
Jeffrey Greeson
Rowan University, Psychology, Faculty Member
- University of Pennsylvania, Psychiatry, Adjunctadd
- I have conducted research in the fields of integrative medicine, mindfulness meditation, health psychology, and stres... moreI have conducted research in the fields of integrative medicine, mindfulness meditation, health psychology, and stress since 1998. My independent and collaborative research has been funded by grants from the National Center for Complementary & Integrative Health (NCCIH; K99/R00, R34, U01), the National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI; T32, R01, Diversity Supplement), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; P30 pilot study), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK; R01), a Fellowship from The Institute for Integrative Health (TIIH), and other non-federal sponsors. The main goal of my research is to understand how mindfulness training impacts a cluster of biobehavioral factors, namely psychological distress, poor sleep quality, high blood pressure, and physiological reactions to stress, that are implicated in chronic disease risk, including cardiovascular disease, depression, and HIV/AIDS. These projects incorporate treatment development, stress psychophysiology, biochemistry, immunology, omics, behavioral sleep assessment, and multivariable statistical modeling in the context of clinical trials. To learn more, please see our website for the Mindfulness, Stress & Health Lab at: https://csm.rowan.edu/departments/psychology/research/greeson/edit
Mindfulness as a current topic of academic inquiry derives from two main historical roots: (1) Eastern contemplative psychology embedded in meditation (Germer, 2005; Gunaratana, 2002; Kabat-Zinn, 2011); and (2)Western social psychology... more
Mindfulness as a current topic of academic inquiry derives from two main historical roots: (1) Eastern contemplative psychology embedded in meditation (Germer, 2005; Gunaratana, 2002; Kabat-Zinn, 2011); and (2)Western social psychology (E. J. Langer, 1989). From both a contemplative and a social-psychological perspective, mindfulness concerns freeing oneself frommisperceptions, thinking patterns, and selfimposed limitations that impede creativity, clear seeing, and optimal mental and physical health. Moreover, from both the Eastern and Western view, every individual has the intrinsic capacity to be mindful, and with intention and practice, mindfulness can garner strength and stability. In this sense, the greatest potential of mindfulness may emerge when one consciously decides to pursue mindfulness not as just a “tool” in the proverbial toolbox, but as a way of seeing oneself and the world, or a conscious way of being and interacting (Kabat-Zinn, 2005). In the contemplative traditio...
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The Pilates Method is a form of somatic education with the potential to cultivate mindfulness – a mental quality associated with overall well-being. However, controlled studies are needed to determine whether changes in mindfulness are... more
The Pilates Method is a form of somatic education with the potential to cultivate mindfulness – a mental quality associated with overall well-being. However, controlled studies are needed to determine whether changes in mindfulness are specific to the Pilates Method or also result from other forms of exercise. This quasi-experimental study compared Pilates Method mat classes and recreational exercise classes on measures of mindfulness and well-being at the beginning, middle and end of a fifteen-week semester. Total mindfulness scores increased overall for the Pilates Method group but not for the exercise control group, and these increases were directly related to end of semester ratings of self-regulatory self-efficacy, perceived stress and mood. Findings suggest that the Pilates Method specifically enhances mindfulness, and these increases are associated with other measures of wellness. The changes in mindfulness identified in this study support the role of the Pilates Method in th...
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Objective: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a secular meditation training program that reduces depressive symptoms. Little is known, however, about the degree to which a participant's spiritual and religious background, or... more
Objective: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a secular meditation training program that reduces depressive symptoms. Little is known, however, about the degree to which a participant's spiritual and religious background, or other demographic characteristics associated with risk for depression, may affect the effectiveness of MBSR. Therefore, this study tested whether individual differences in religiosity, spirituality, motivation for spiritual growth, trait mindfulness, sex, and age affect MBSR effectiveness. Methods: As part of an open trial, multiple regression was used to analyze variation in depressive symptom outcomes among 322 adults who enrolled in an 8-week, community-based MBSR program. Results: As hypothesized, depressive symptom severity decreased significantly in the full study sample (d=0.57; p<0.01). After adjustment for baseline symptom severity, moderation analyses revealed no significant differences in the change in depressive symptoms following MB...
Research Interests: Religion, Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology, Depression, Mindfulness, and 15 moreSpirituality, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Medicine, Religiosity, Meditation, Humans, Female, Male, Trait, Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Health Service, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Middle Aged, Moderation, Adult, and Bf
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Stress is a well-known predictor of smoking relapse, and cortisol is a primary biomarker of stress. The current pilot study examined changes in levels of cortisol in hair within the context of two time-intensity matched behavioral smoking... more
Stress is a well-known predictor of smoking relapse, and cortisol is a primary biomarker of stress. The current pilot study examined changes in levels of cortisol in hair within the context of two time-intensity matched behavioral smoking cessation treatments: mindfulness training for smokers and a cognitive-behavioral comparison group. Eighteen participants were recruited from a larger randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation. Hair samples (3 cm) were obtained 1 month after quit attempt, allowing for a retrospective analysis of hair cortisol at preintervention and post-quit attempt time periods. Self-reported negative affect was also assessed before and after treatment. Both groups received a 7-week intensive intervention using mindfulness or cognitive-behavioral strategies. Cortisol significantly decreased from baseline to 1 month after quit attempt in the entire sample (d=-0.35; p=.005). In subsequent repeated-measures analysis of variance models, time by group and time b...
Research Interests: Health Psychology, Mindfulness, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Biomarkers, Medicine, and 15 moreCortisol, Humans, Mindfulness and well being, Hair, Blood Pressure, Female, Male, Abstinence, Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the Health Service, Middle Aged, Biomarker, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Biological markers, and hydrocortisone
Research Interests: Clinical Psychology, Mindfulness, Medicine, Distress, Mood, and 15 moreProspective studies, Medical Students, Humans, Mindfulness and well being, Emotional Distress, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Psychological distress, Adult, Coping skills, Analysis of Variance, Curriculum and Pedagogy, MBSR, Psychological Stress, Alternative and Complementary Medicine, and Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Health Psychology, Personality, Mindfulness, and 12 moreDriving, Attention, Risky Driving Behaviors, Emotion Regulation, Medicine, Text Messaging, Personality and Individual Differences, Psychological Intervention, Young Adult, Texting, Path Analysis, and Individual Difference
Research Interests: Health Behavior, Mindfulness, Chronic Pain, Medicine, Meditation, and 15 moreHumans, Mindfulness and well being, Health related Quality of Life, Effect size, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Disease, Female, Male, Health Status, Aged, Middle Aged, Longitudinal Studies, Adult, Cohort Studies, and Medical and Health Sciences
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The circadian and neurobehavioral effects of light are primarily mediated by a retinal ganglion cell photoreceptor in the mammalian eye containing the photopigment melanopsin. Nine action spectrum studies using rodents, monkeys, and... more
The circadian and neurobehavioral effects of light are primarily mediated by a retinal ganglion cell photoreceptor in the mammalian eye containing the photopigment melanopsin. Nine action spectrum studies using rodents, monkeys, and humans for these responses indicate peak sensitivities in the blue region of the visible spectrum ranging from 459 to 484 nm, with some disagreement in short-wavelength sensitivity of the spectrum. The aim of this work was to quantify the sensitivity of human volunteers to monochromatic 420-nm light for plasma melatonin suppression. Adult female ( n = 14) and male ( n = 12) subjects participated in 2 studies, each employing a within-subjects design. In a fluence-response study, subjects ( n = 8) were tested with 8 light irradiances at 420 nm ranging over a 4-log unit photon density range of 1010 to 1014 photons/cm 2/sec and 1 dark exposure control night. In the other study, subjects ( n = 18) completed an experiment comparing melatonin suppression with e...
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Research Interests: Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology, Mental Health, Mindfulness, Mediation, and 15 moreBehavioral Medicine, Medicine, Meditation, Humans, Models, Mindfulness and well being, Health related Quality of Life, Female, Male, Aged, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Middle Aged, Adult, Health surveys, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Research Interests: Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counseling, Mindfulness, Emerging Adulthood, Mental Health Counseling, and 15 moreAdolescent, Medicine, Counseling, Empathy, Meditation, Humans, Mindfulness and well being, Female, Sleep disorders, Male, Mindfulness Meditation, Middle Aged, Adult, Emerging Adults, and Emerging Adult
Research Interests: Health Psychology, Research Design, Integrative Medicine, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Quality of life, and 15 moreAdolescent, Medicine, Prospective studies, Humans, Health related Quality of Life, Female, Male, Patients, Health Status, Aged, Middle Aged, Questionnaires, Adult, Observational Study, and Surveys and Questionnaires
Research Interests: Psychology, Health Psychology, Depression, Mindfulness, Medicine, and 12 morePrefrontal Cortex, FMRI, Cognitive vulnerability to depression, Mindfulness and well being, Rumination, Amygdala, Emotional Abuse, Mindfulness Meditation, Early life stress, Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, Frontiers in Psychology, and stressor
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Meditation practice alters intrinsic resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the default mode network (DMN). However, little is known regarding the effects of meditation on other resting-state networks. The aim of current study... more
Meditation practice alters intrinsic resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the default mode network (DMN). However, little is known regarding the effects of meditation on other resting-state networks. The aim of current study was to investigate the effects of meditation experience and meditation-state functional connectivity (msFC) on multiple resting-state networks (RSNs). Meditation practitioners (MPs) performed two 5-minute scans, one during rest, one while meditating. A meditation naïve control group (CG) underwent one resting-state scan. Exploratory regression analyses of the relations between years of meditation practice and rsFC and msFC were conducted. During resting-state, MP as compared to CG exhibited greater rsFC within the Dorsal Attention Network (DAN). Among MP, meditation, as compared to rest, strengthened FC between the DAN and DMN and Salience network whereas it decreased FC between the DAN, dorsal medial PFC, and insula. Regression analyses revealed posi...
Research Interests: Psychology, Health Psychology, Brain Imaging, Mindfulness, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and 12 moreYoga, Yoga Meditation, Medicine, Functional Connectivity, Meditation, Insula, Default Mode Network, Research article, Mindfulness Meditation, Human Brain, Evidence Based, and resting state fMRI
Research Interests: Psychology, Health Psychology, Addiction, Drugs And Addiction, Mindfulness, and 15 moreComplementary and Alternative Medicine, Behavior, Medicine, Meditation, Humans, Smoking, Alcoholism, Psychological Intervention, Drug Addiction, Hatha Yoga, Mindfulness Meditation, Psychotherapist, Metaphysical, Alcohol Addiction, and Addictive
Objective: To briefly review the effects of mindfulness on the mind, the brain, the body, and behavior. Methods: Selective review of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases (2003—2008) using the terms ``mindfulness,''... more
Objective: To briefly review the effects of mindfulness on the mind, the brain, the body, and behavior. Methods: Selective review of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases (2003—2008) using the terms ``mindfulness,'' ``meditation,'' ``mental health,'' ``physical health,'' ``quality of life,'' and ``stress reduction.'' A total of 52 exemplars of empirical and theoretical work were selected for review. Results: Both basic and clinical research indicate that cultivating a more mindful way of being is associated with less emotional distress, more positive states of mind, and better quality of life. In addition, mindfulness practice can influence the brain, the autonomic nervous system, stress hormones, the immune system, and health behaviors, including eating, sleeping, and substance use, in salutary ways. Conclusion: The application of cutting-edge technology toward understanding mindfulness— an ``inner technology''—is el...
Research Interests: Psychology, Health Psychology, Health Behavior, Mental Health, Mindfulness, and 14 moreComplementary and Alternative Medicine, Quality of life, Stress, Compassion, Medicine, Autonomic Nervous System, Meditation, Clinical research, Substance Use, Physical Health, Mindfulness Meditation, Google Scholar, Immune system, and Public health systems and services research
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... Yoga includes the notion of counter-poses,3 therefore, Bhu-jangasana is often preceded by and/or succeeded by spinal flexion, to ensure appropriate spinal movement.19 Shashank-Bhujangasana3 (Striking Cobra pose) starts from a ...... more
... Yoga includes the notion of counter-poses,3 therefore, Bhu-jangasana is often preceded by and/or succeeded by spinal flexion, to ensure appropriate spinal movement.19 Shashank-Bhujangasana3 (Striking Cobra pose) starts from a ... Gayathry Nayak, MSc Department of ...
The aim of this study was to test if the three cone photopic visual system is the primary ocular photoreceptor input for human circadian regulation by determining the effects of different wavelengths on light-induced melatonin... more
The aim of this study was to test if the three cone photopic visual system is the primary ocular photoreceptor input for human circadian regulation by determining the effects of different wavelengths on light-induced melatonin suppression. Healthy subjects with stable sleeping patterns (wake-up time 7: 30 AM+ 12 min) and normal color vision were exposed at night to full-field 505 nm or 555 nm monochromatic stimuli or darkness for 90 min. Plasma collected before and after exposures was quantified for melatonin. Subjects ...
Higher trait mindfulness may be associated with better cognitive functioning and academic achievement in college students. Although mediating mechanisms are unclear, lower stress levels could explain this relationship. Participants:... more
Higher trait mindfulness may be associated with better cognitive functioning and academic achievement in college students. Although mediating mechanisms are unclear, lower stress levels could explain this relationship. Participants: Cross-sectional online survey (n = 534; 33% non-white; Apr 2018-Sep 2019). Path analysis tested Perceived Stress as a mediator between specific facets of trait mindfulness and three measures of self-reported cognitive functioning and academic achievement: Cognitive Abilities, Cognitive Concerns, and GPA. Perceived Stress fully or partially mediated the relationship between all facets of trait mindfulness and perceived cognitive functioning. Only Decentering, however, was associated with higher GPA as a function of lower stress. Lower stress can explain the link between higher trait mindfulness and better cognitive functioning, but not necessarily academic achievement. Future research is needed to address causality, examine objective measures of cognitive functioning, and extend this explanatory model to mindfulness training.
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Stroke, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain leading causes of death in the United States and are largely attributable to lifestyle behaviors. Integrative medicine can provide a supportive partnership that focuses on... more
Stroke, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain leading causes of death in the United States and are largely attributable to lifestyle behaviors. Integrative medicine can provide a supportive partnership that focuses on improving health by identifying and implementing lifestyle changes based upon personal values and goals. This prospective observational study was designed to assess the effectiveness of an integrative medicine intervention on modifiable disease risk, patient activation, and psychosocial risk factors for stroke, diabetes, and CHD. Sixty-three adults participated in a 3-day comprehensive, multimodal health immersion program at Duke Integrative Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Participants received follow-up education, physician support, and telephonic health coaching between the immersion program and the endpoint 7 to 9 months later. Psychosocial functioning, readiness to change health behaviors, and risk of developing diabete...
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Research Interests: Psychology and Medicine
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is an 8-week meditation program known to improve anxiety, depression, and psychological well-being. Other health-related effects, such as sleep quality, are less well established, as are the... more
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is an 8-week meditation program known to improve anxiety, depression, and psychological well-being. Other health-related effects, such as sleep quality, are less well established, as are the psychological processes associated with therapeutic change. This prospective, observational study ( = 213) aimed to determine whether perseverative cognition, indicated by rumination and intrusive thoughts, and emotion regulation, measured by avoidance, thought suppression, emotion suppression, and cognitive reappraisal, partly accounted for the hypothesized relationship between changes in mindfulness and two health-related outcomes: sleep quality and stress-related physical symptoms. As expected, increased mindfulness following the MBSR program was directly correlated with decreased sleep disturbance ( = -0.21, = 0.004) and decreased stress-related physical symptoms ( = -0.38, < 0.001). Partial correlations revealed that pre-post changes in ruminatio...
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Patients who are sick enough to be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) commonly experience symptoms of psychological distress after discharge, yet few effective therapies have been applied to meet their needs. Pilot randomised... more
Patients who are sick enough to be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) commonly experience symptoms of psychological distress after discharge, yet few effective therapies have been applied to meet their needs. Pilot randomised clinical trial with 3-month follow-up conducted at two academic medical centres. Adult (≥18 years) ICU patients treated for cardiorespiratory failure were randomised after discharge home to 1 of 3 month-long interventions: a self-directed mobile app-based mindfulness programme; a therapist-led telephone-based mindfulness programme; or a web-based critical illness education programme. Among 80 patients allocated to mobile mindfulness (n=31), telephone mindfulness (n=31) or education (n=18), 66 (83%) completed the study. For the primary outcomes, target benchmarks were exceeded by observed rates for all participants for feasibility (consent 74%, randomisation 91%, retention 83%), acceptability (mean Client Satisfaction Questionnaire 27.6 (SD 3.8)) and usabi...
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) promotes numerous psychological benefits, but few studies have identified for whom MBSR is most effective. The current study tested the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness invites more... more
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) promotes numerous psychological benefits, but few studies have identified for whom MBSR is most effective. The current study tested the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness invites more "room to grow" and, thus, predicts greater improvement during MBSR. We examined three facets of mindfulness (awareness, acceptance, decentering) among 131 MBSR participants prior to enrollment, to test the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness predicts greater improvements in perceived stress, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) following MBSR. Lower acceptance and decentering predicted greater decreases in perceived stress. Higher awareness, acceptance, and decentering predicted greater increases in PA. Higher awareness predicted greater reductions in NA. Lower decentering predicted greater reductions in NA. Findings partly supported the hypothesis that lower baseline mindfulness predicts greater improvement following MBSR and...
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Research Interests: Psychology and Medicine
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Stroke, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain leading causes of death in the United States and are largely attributable to lifestyle behaviors. Integrative medicine can provide a supportive partnership that focuses on... more
Stroke, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain leading causes of death in the United States and are largely attributable to lifestyle behaviors. Integrative medicine can provide a supportive partnership that focuses on improving health by identifying and implementing lifestyle changes based upon personal values and goals. This prospective observational study was designed to assess the effectiveness of an integrative medicine intervention on modifiable disease risk, patient activation, and psychosocial risk factors for stroke, diabetes, and CHD. Sixty-three adults participated in a 3-day comprehensive, multimodal health immersion program at Duke Integrative Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Participants received follow-up education, physician support, and telephonic health coaching between the immersion program and the endpoint 7 to 9 months later. Psychosocial functioning, readiness to change health behaviors, and risk of developing diabete...
Research Interests:
Objective: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a secular meditation training program that reduces depressive symptoms. Little is known, however, about the degree to which a participant's spiritual and religious background, or... more
Objective: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a secular meditation training program that reduces depressive symptoms. Little is known, however, about the degree to which a participant's spiritual and religious background, or other demographic characteristics associated with risk for depression, may affect the effectiveness of MBSR. Therefore, this study tested whether individual differences in religiosity, spirituality, motivation for spiritual growth, trait mindfulness, sex, and age affect MBSR effectiveness. Methods: As part of an open trial, multiple regression was used to analyze variation in depressive symptom outcomes among 322 adults who enrolled in an 8-week, community-based MBSR program. Results: As hypothesized, depressive symptom severity decreased significantly in the full study sample (d=0.57; p<0.01). After adjustment for baseline symptom severity, moderation analyses revealed no significant differences in the change in depressive symptoms following MB...
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BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram downregulates the expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receptor cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and coreceptors... more
BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram downregulates the expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receptor cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and coreceptors chemokine receptor type 5 and chemokine-related receptor type 4 (CCR5 and CXCR4) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages ex vivo as a potential mechanism of reducing susceptibility to HIV infection. METHODS: The sample included 150 participants 18–58 years old (59% women, 65% African American, 61% with depression). Monocyte-depleted PBMCs were treated with phytohemagglutinin for 72 hours and then cultured in the presence of interleukin-2 with vehicle control or the SSRI (10 26 mol/L) for 2 hours. To generate monocyte-derived macrophages, monocytes were cultured for 7 days, after which either vehicle control or SSRI (10 26 mol/L) was added for 2 hours. RNA was collected from both cell types, and messenger RNA expression of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: In PBMCs, SSRI treatment decreased expression of CD4 (p 5 .009), CCR5 (p 5 .008), and CXCR4 (p , .0001). In monocyte-derived macrophages, SSRI treatment decreased expression of CD4 (p , .0001) and CXCR4 (p 5 .0003), but not CCR5 (p 5 .71). The suppressive effects of the SSRI on receptor expression did not differ as a function of depression diagnosis or depressive symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with the SSRI at a physiologic dose decreased CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 expression on PBMCs and macrophages ex vivo. These findings suggest that SSRI treatment, independent of depression status, downregulates HIV receptor and coreceptor expression and may reduce susceptibility of immune cells to HIV infection and decrease inflammation. If clinical trials confirm the present findings, ultimately there may be a role for using SSRI treatment adjunctively in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Both dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training may help to uncouple the degree to which distress is experienced in response to aversive internal experience and external events. Because emotional reactivity is a transdiagnostic... more
Both dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training may help to uncouple the degree to which distress is experienced in response to aversive internal experience and external events. Because emotional reactivity is a transdiagnostic process implicated in numerous psychological disorders, dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training could exert mental health benefits, in part, by buffering emotional reactivity. The present studies examine whether dispo-sitional mindfulness moderates two understudied processes in stress reactivity research: the degree of concordance between subjective and physiological reactivity to a laboratory stressor (study 1) and the degree of dysphoric mood reactivity to lapses in executive functioning in daily life (study 2). In both studies, lower emotional reactivity to aversive experiences was observed among individuals scoring higher in mindful-ness, particularly non-judging, relative to those scoring lower in mindfulness. These findings support the hypothesis that higher dispositional mindfulness fosters lower emotional reactivity. Results are discussed in terms of implications for applying mindfulness-based interventions to a range of psychological disorders in which people have difficulty regulating emotional reactions to stress.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to test if the three cone photopic visual system is the primary ocular photoreceptor input for human circadian regulation by determining the effects of different wavelengths on light-induced melatonin... more
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to test if the three cone photopic visual system is the primary ocular photoreceptor input for human circadian regulation by determining the effects of different wavelengths on light-induced melatonin suppression. Healthy subjects with stable sleeping patterns (wake-up time 7: 30 AM+ 12 min) and normal color vision were exposed at night to full-field 505 nm or 555 nm monochromatic stimuli or darkness for 90 min. Plasma collected before and after exposures was quantified for melatonin.