Christina Othon
Ripon College, Physics, Faculty Member
- I am an Associate Professor of Physics at Ripon College conducting experimental research in Soft Condensed Matter and... moreI am an Associate Professor of Physics at Ripon College conducting experimental research in Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics. I investigate the relationship between liquid structural dynamics and self-assembly in biological systems. The work is highly interdisciplinary and I enjoy working with students of a variety of backgrounds and working to develop a highly integrative curriculum.edit
Tissue and organs are highly complex systems with innate heterogeneous components, each with their own structure and function. Many facets of this structure have micron-scale features (e.g., capillaries, sinuses, cell–cell contacts,... more
Tissue and organs are highly complex systems with innate heterogeneous components, each with their own structure and function. Many facets of this structure have micron-scale features (e.g., capillaries, sinuses, cell–cell contacts, extracellular matrix). Traditional approaches in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine attempt to recreate this structure and function in vitro by randomly seeding cells onto 3D scaffolds. These 3D scaffolds provide the structure and an environment for seeded cells to differentiate into tissue-like materials [17, 67, 82]. The structure and function of natural tissue is replicated by using either multifunction stem cells (e.g., pluripotent, mesenchymal, embryonic) or highly sophisticated scaffolds (e.g., micro-/nanostructured, chemically/biologically functionalized), or both [14, 24, 36, 37, 41–43, 49, 52, 71, 78, 89]. There are tissue-engineering success stories, but most are for simple, homogeneous systems such as skin and thin membrane (bladder) replacements.
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ABSTRACT We report on water desorption crystalline copolymer thin films of vinylidene fluoride (70%) with trifluoroethylene (30%) (PVDF-TrFE). Ultra-high vacuum angle-resolved thermal desorption studies of water from PVDF-TrFE has... more
ABSTRACT We report on water desorption crystalline copolymer thin films of vinylidene fluoride (70%) with trifluoroethylene (30%) (PVDF-TrFE). Ultra-high vacuum angle-resolved thermal desorption studies of water from PVDF-TrFE has identified several distinct thermal desorption peaks at about 140 K, 200 K and 380 K, with ice desorbing (at high coverages) at about 140-150 K. While the origin of the remaining desorption peaks have no yet been conclusively been identified, the multiplicity of desorption peaks (2-3 features depending on coverage) in the region of 360-400 K, suggests that dipole-dipole coupling, between adsorbed water and this crystalline ferroelectric polymer, influences the heats of desorption. The bulk ferroelectric transition has been identified to occur in the region of 360 K, even in films as thin a few molecular monolayers [1]. We believe that this water adsorption affects the film capacitance and conductance increase linearly with water absorbed throughout the polymer film, not just in the electrodes or at the interfaces. As the water evaporates, the capacitance relaxes exponentially as the water desorbs. [1] A.V. Bune, V.M. Fridkin, S. Ducharme, L.M. Blinov, S.P. Palto, A.V. Sorokin, S.G. Yudin, and A. Zlatkin, Nature 391, 874 (1998)
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The switching dynamics and switching time of ferroelectric nanomesas grown from the paraelectric phase of ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films are investigated. Ferroelectric nanomesas are... more
The switching dynamics and switching time of ferroelectric nanomesas grown from the paraelectric phase of ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films are investigated. Ferroelectric nanomesas are created through heat treatment and self organization, and have an average height 10 nm and an average diameter 100 nm. Ferroelectric nanomesas are highly crystalline and in the ferroelectric phase and switch faster than 50 microseconds. The dependence of switching time on applied voltage implies an extrinsic switching nature.
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We have developed a modified laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique which allows for the parallel deposition of hundreds of sub-micron features. The approach utilizes a self-assembled monolayer of monodisperse polystyrene... more
We have developed a modified laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique which allows for the parallel deposition of hundreds of sub-micron features. The approach utilizes a self-assembled monolayer of monodisperse polystyrene microspheres as the focusing element. A monolayer of close-packed microspheres is formed on top of an ultra-thin quartz support (25μm thick), and a metallic thin film is then deposited
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ABSTRACT Ferroelectric switching dynamics in ferroelectric copolymer films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) can vary over nine orders of magnitude; 100 seconds for the slowest ultrathin (1-50 nm) Langmuir-Blodgett films to... more
ABSTRACT Ferroelectric switching dynamics in ferroelectric copolymer films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) can vary over nine orders of magnitude; 100 seconds for the slowest ultrathin (1-50 nm) Langmuir-Blodgett films to 100 ns for the fastest polymorphous spin-coat films (˜50 mum thick). These ultra-thin films share many of the same ferroelectric properties of bulk films such as polarization, phase transition temperatures, crystalline structure, and high electrical resistance (>10 MO). The slow nature of switching in ultrathin films is believed to be caused by the intrinsic nature of the switching. The polarization is no longer switching by nucleation and domain wall growth enabled by defects and nanostructures in the polymorphous samples. We investigate this hypothesis by the introduction of defects in the form of nucleation sites and/or grain boundaries by electron irradiation, production of individual ferroelectric nano-crystals, and the introduction of domain wall boundaries through Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). Electron-irradiation was performed for a large range of doses from 16 to 110 Mrad, on ultra thin films 36 nm thick. It was thought that the defects introduced by electron irradiation could act as nucleation sites, promoting faster switching. However, the primary effect of electron irradiation was the decrease in crystallinity and therefore the fraction of ferroelectric material. Even for lower doses the increase in switching speed was negligible in comparison to the loss of ferroelectricity. The introduction of false domain walls through laser annealing was used to produce more complex and controlled shapes than given by the nanomesas. We investigated patterning by continuous-wave direct write, and by pulsed laser irradiation DLIP. We have demonstrated the ability to pattern films reversibly into films of ferroelectric regions surrounded by paraelectric phase, as well as irreversibly ferroelectric regions surrounded by melted copolymer. The investigation of switching dynamics of individual ferroelectric crystals, through the production of ferroelectric 'nanomesas', were examined. Ferroelectric nanomesas are created through heat treatment and self organization, and have an average height of 7 to 10 nm and diameters of 80 to 100 nm depending on the formation conditions. Nanomesas are highly crystalline and in the ferroelectric phase and switch faster than 50 mus. These studies have demonstrated the ability to demonstrate switching speeds in ultrathin films over seven orders of magnitude.
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The early 20th century marked a number of transformational experimental and theoretical discoveries in physics. Among them is one that is often neglected in the introductory physics curriculum, which revolutionized our understanding of... more
The early 20th century marked a number of transformational experimental and theoretical discoveries in physics. Among them is one that is often neglected in the introductory physics curriculum, which revolutionized our understanding of the molecular world. Evidence for the thermal motions of atoms was first observed by Perrin in 1909, which had been based on the predictions outlined by Einstein in his doctoral dissertation in 1905. Perrin’s experiment was the first to establish a value for the fundamental constant Avogadro’s number, which is the number of atoms in a mole. The theoretical underpinnings of Einstein’s work are an elegant example of the connection between mechanics and thermodynamics and its application to atomic motion. The experiments of Perrin are easily accessible to undergraduate labs. The conceptual simplicity of the topic and its foundational application to chemical diffusion and thermodynamics advocate strongly for its incorporation into the introductory physics sequence and particularly for students in the health sciences.
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Biological laser printing, or BioLP, is a modified laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique that has the demonstrated ability to print cells from living cultures and paraffin-embedded fixed tissue sections. Detailed studies have... more
Biological laser printing, or BioLP, is a modified laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique that has the demonstrated ability to print cells from living cultures and paraffin-embedded fixed tissue sections. Detailed studies have been published that demonstrate the energy conversion layer used by BioLP to absorb incident laser energy and promote forward transfer of biological materials prevents damage to the
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Biological laser printing (BioLP) is a unique tool capable of printing high resolution two- and three-dimensional patterns of living mammalian cells, with greater than 95% viability. These results have been extended to primary cultured... more
Biological laser printing (BioLP) is a unique tool capable of printing high resolution two- and three-dimensional patterns of living mammalian cells, with greater than 95% viability. These results have been extended to primary cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), harvested from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. OECs have been found to provide stimulating environments for neurite outgrowth in spinal cord injury models. BioLP is unique in that small load volumes ( approximately microLs) are required to achieve printing, enabling low numbers of OECs to be harvested, concentrated and printed. BioLP was used to form several 8 mm lines of OECs throughout a multilayer hydrogel scaffold. The line width was as low as 20 microm, with most lines comprising aligned single cells. Fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to determine the functionality of the printed OECs, to monitor interactions between printed OECs, and to determine the extent of cell migration throughout the 3D scaffold. High-resolution printing of low cell count, harvested OECs is an important advancement for in vitro study of cell interactions and functionality. In addition, these cell-printed scaffolds may provide an alternative for spinal cord repair studies, as the single-cell patterns formed here are on relevant size scales for neurite outgrowth.
Research Interests: Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Biology, Cell Migration, Confocal Microscopy, and 15 moreMedicine, Cell Culture, Lasers, Biomedical Materials, Medical Biotechnology, Printing, Animals, High Resolution, Rats, Neurite, Olfactory Bulb, In Vitro Studies, Primary Culture, Neurite Outgrowth, and Cell culture techniques
Compatible osmolytes are a broad class of small organic molecules employed by living systems to combat environmental stress by enhancing the native protein structure. The molecular features that make for a superior biopreservation remain... more
Compatible osmolytes are a broad class of small organic molecules employed by living systems to combat environmental stress by enhancing the native protein structure. The molecular features that make for a superior biopreservation remain elusive. Through the use of time-resolved and steady-state spectroscopic techniques, in combination with molecular simulation, insight into what makes one molecule a more effective compatible osmolyte can be gained. Disaccharides differing only in their glycosidic bonds can exhibit different degrees of stabilization against thermal denaturation. The degree to which each sugar is preferentially excluded may explain these differences. The present work examines the biopreservation and hydration of trehalose, maltose, and gentiobiose.
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Othon, Christina M.; Kwon, Oh-Hoon; Lin, Milo M.; and Zewail, Ahmed H., "Solvation in protein (un)folding: Effect of local and bulk dynamics in the melittin tetramer-monomer transition" (2009). Division III Faculty Publications.... more
Othon, Christina M.; Kwon, Oh-Hoon; Lin, Milo M.; and Zewail, Ahmed H., "Solvation in protein (un)folding: Effect of local and bulk dynamics in the melittin tetramer-monomer transition" (2009). Division III Faculty Publications. Paper 307.
Submitted for the MAR16 Meeting of The American Physical Society Temperature Dependent Rotational Correlation in Lipids1 CHRISTINA OTHON, NEDA DADASHVAND, EDUARDO VEGA LOZADA, Wesleyan University — The lateral heterogeneity of lipid... more
Submitted for the MAR16 Meeting of The American Physical Society Temperature Dependent Rotational Correlation in Lipids1 CHRISTINA OTHON, NEDA DADASHVAND, EDUARDO VEGA LOZADA, Wesleyan University — The lateral heterogeneity of lipid dynamics is explored in free standing lipid monolayers. As the temperature is lowered the lipids exhibit increasingly broad and heterogeneous rotational correlation. This increase in heterogeneity appears to exhibit a critical onset, similar to those observed for glass forming fluids. We explore this heterogeneous relaxation by measuring the rotational diffusion of a fluorescent probe (NBD-PC) using wide-field time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy microscopy, in single constituent lipid monolayer of DMPC. The observed relaxation exhibits a narrow, liquid-like distribution at high temperatures (τ ̃2.4 ns), consistent with previous experimental measures by different methods. However, as the temperature is quenched, the distribution broadens, and we observe...
Sucralose is a commonly employed artificial sweetener that appears to destabilize protein native structures. This is in direct contrast to the bio-preservative nature of its natural counterpart, sucrose, which enhances the stability of... more
Sucralose is a commonly employed artificial sweetener that appears to destabilize protein native structures. This is in direct contrast to the bio-preservative nature of its natural counterpart, sucrose, which enhances the stability of biomolecules against environmental stress. We have further explored the molecular interactions of sucralose as compared to sucrose to illuminate the origin of the differences in their bio-preservative efficacy. We show that the mode of interactions of sucralose and sucrose in bulk solution differ subtly through the use of hydration dynamics measurement and computational simulation. Sucralose does not appear to disturb the native state of proteins for moderate concentrations (<0.2 M) at room temperature. However, as the concentration increases, or in the thermally stressed state, sucralose appears to differ in its interactions with protein leading to the reduction of native state stability. This difference in interaction appears weak. We explored th...
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Water-protein interactions dictate many processes crucial to protein function including folding, dynamics, interactions with other biomolecules, and enzymatic catalysis. Here we examine the effect of surface fluorination on water-protein... more
Water-protein interactions dictate many processes crucial to protein function including folding, dynamics, interactions with other biomolecules, and enzymatic catalysis. Here we examine the effect of surface fluorination on water-protein interactions. Modification of designed coiled-coil proteins by incorporation of 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine or (4S)-2-amino-4-methylhexanoic acid enables systematic examination of the effects of sidechain volume and fluorination on solvation dynamics. Using ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy, we find that fluorinated side chains exert electrostatic drag on neighboring water molecules, slowing water motion at the protein surface.
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The switching dynamics and switching time of ferroelectric nanomesas grown from the paraelectric phase of ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films are investigated. Ferroelectric nanomesas are... more
The switching dynamics and switching time of ferroelectric nanomesas grown from the paraelectric phase of ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films are investigated. Ferroelectric nanomesas are created through heat treatment and self organization, and have an average height 10 nm and an average diameter 100 nm. Ferroelectric nanomesas are highly crystalline and in the ferroelectric phase and switch faster than 50 microseconds. The dependence of switching time on applied voltage implies an extrinsic switching nature.
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ABSTRACT Ferroelectric switching dynamics in ferroelectric copolymer films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) can vary over nine orders of magnitude; 100 seconds for the slowest ultrathin (1-50 nm) Langmuir-Blodgett films to... more
ABSTRACT Ferroelectric switching dynamics in ferroelectric copolymer films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) can vary over nine orders of magnitude; 100 seconds for the slowest ultrathin (1-50 nm) Langmuir-Blodgett films to 100 ns for the fastest polymorphous spin-coat films (˜50 mum thick). These ultra-thin films share many of the same ferroelectric properties of bulk films such as polarization, phase transition temperatures, crystalline structure, and high electrical resistance (&gt;10 MO). The slow nature of switching in ultrathin films is believed to be caused by the intrinsic nature of the switching. The polarization is no longer switching by nucleation and domain wall growth enabled by defects and nanostructures in the polymorphous samples. We investigate this hypothesis by the introduction of defects in the form of nucleation sites and/or grain boundaries by electron irradiation, production of individual ferroelectric nano-crystals, and the introduction of domain wall boundaries through Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). Electron-irradiation was performed for a large range of doses from 16 to 110 Mrad, on ultra thin films 36 nm thick. It was thought that the defects introduced by electron irradiation could act as nucleation sites, promoting faster switching. However, the primary effect of electron irradiation was the decrease in crystallinity and therefore the fraction of ferroelectric material. Even for lower doses the increase in switching speed was negligible in comparison to the loss of ferroelectricity. The introduction of false domain walls through laser annealing was used to produce more complex and controlled shapes than given by the nanomesas. We investigated patterning by continuous-wave direct write, and by pulsed laser irradiation DLIP. We have demonstrated the ability to pattern films reversibly into films of ferroelectric regions surrounded by paraelectric phase, as well as irreversibly ferroelectric regions surrounded by melted copolymer. The investigation of switching dynamics of individual ferroelectric crystals, through the production of ferroelectric &#39;nanomesas&#39;, were examined. Ferroelectric nanomesas are created through heat treatment and self organization, and have an average height of 7 to 10 nm and diameters of 80 to 100 nm depending on the formation conditions. Nanomesas are highly crystalline and in the ferroelectric phase and switch faster than 50 mus. These studies have demonstrated the ability to demonstrate switching speeds in ultrathin films over seven orders of magnitude.
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Research Interests:
Sucralose is a commonly employed artificial sweetener that appears to destabilize protein native structures. This is in direct contrast to the bio-preservative nature of its natural counterpart, sucrose, which enhances the stability of... more
Sucralose is a commonly employed artificial sweetener that appears to destabilize protein native structures. This is in direct contrast to the bio-preservative nature of its natural counterpart, sucrose, which enhances the stability of biomolecules against environmental stress. We have further explored the molecular interactions of sucralose as compared to sucrose to illuminate the origin of the differences in their bio-preservative efficacy. We show that the mode of interactions of sucralose and sucrose in bulk solution differ subtly using hydration dynamics measurement and computational simulation. Sucralose does not appear to disturb the native state of proteins for moderate concentrations (<0.2 M) at room temperature. However, as the concentration increases, or in the thermally stressed state, sucralose appears to differ in its interactions with protein leading to the reduction of native state stability. This difference in interaction appears weak. We explored the difference ...
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The bioprotective nature of disaccharides is hypothesized to derive from the modification of the hydrogen bonding network of water which protects biomolecules through lowered water activity at the protein interface. Using ultrafast... more
The bioprotective nature of disaccharides is hypothesized to derive from the modification of the hydrogen bonding network of water which protects biomolecules through lowered water activity at the protein interface. Using ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy, we measured the relaxation of bulk water dynamics around the induced dipole moment of two fluorescent probes (Lucifer Yellow Ethylenediamine and Tryptophan). Our results indicate a reduction in bulk water reorganization rate of approximately 30%. We observe this retardation in the low concentration regime measured at 0.1 and 0.25 M, far below the onset of glassy dynamics. This reduction in water activity could be significant in crowded biological systems, contributing to global change in protein energy landscape, resulting in a significant enhancement of protein stability under environmental stress. We observed similar dynamic reduction for two disaccharide osmolytes, sucrose and trehalose, with trehalose being the more effectiv...
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Lipid structures exhibit complex and highly dynamic lateral structure; and changes in lipid density and fluidity are believed to play an essential role in membrane targeting and function. The dynamic structure of liquids on the molecular... more
Lipid structures exhibit complex and highly dynamic lateral structure; and changes in lipid density and fluidity are believed to play an essential role in membrane targeting and function. The dynamic structure of liquids on the molecular scale can exhibit complex transient density fluctuations. Here the lateral heterogeneity of lipid dynamics is explored in free standing lipid monolayers. As the temperature is lowered the probes exhibit increasingly broad and heterogeneous rotational correlation. This increase in heterogeneity appears to exhibit a critical onset, similar to those observed for glass forming fluids. We explore heterogeneous relaxation in in a single constituent lipid monolayer of 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by measuring the rotational diffusion of a fluorescent probe (1-palmitoyl-2-[1]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), which is embedded in the lipid monolayer at low labeling density. Dynamic distributions are measured using wide-field time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. The observed relaxation exhibits a narrow, liquid-like distribution at high temperatures (τ ∼ 2.4 ns), consistent with previous experimental measures (Dadashvand et al 2014 Struct. Dyn. 1 054701, Loura and Ramalho 2007 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768 467-478). However, as the temperature is quenched, the distribution broadens, and we observe the appearance of a long relaxation population (τ ∼ 16.5 ns). This supports the heterogeneity observed for lipids at high packing densities, and demonstrates that the nanoscale diffusion and reorganization in lipid structures can be significantly complex, even in the simplest amorphous architectures. Dynamical heterogeneity of this form can have a significant impact on the organization, permeability and energetics of lipid membrane structures.
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ABSTRACT Ferroelectric switching dynamics in ferroelectric copolymer films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) can vary over nine orders of magnitude; 100 seconds for the slowest ultrathin (1-50 nm) Langmuir-Blodgett films to... more
ABSTRACT Ferroelectric switching dynamics in ferroelectric copolymer films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) can vary over nine orders of magnitude; 100 seconds for the slowest ultrathin (1-50 nm) Langmuir-Blodgett films to 100 ns for the fastest polymorphous spin-coat films (˜50 mum thick). These ultra-thin films share many of the same ferroelectric properties of bulk films such as polarization, phase transition temperatures, crystalline structure, and high electrical resistance (&gt;10 MO). The slow nature of switching in ultrathin films is believed to be caused by the intrinsic nature of the switching. The polarization is no longer switching by nucleation and domain wall growth enabled by defects and nanostructures in the polymorphous samples. We investigate this hypothesis by the introduction of defects in the form of nucleation sites and/or grain boundaries by electron irradiation, production of individual ferroelectric nano-crystals, and the introduction of domain wall boundaries through Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). Electron-irradiation was performed for a large range of doses from 16 to 110 Mrad, on ultra thin films 36 nm thick. It was thought that the defects introduced by electron irradiation could act as nucleation sites, promoting faster switching. However, the primary effect of electron irradiation was the decrease in crystallinity and therefore the fraction of ferroelectric material. Even for lower doses the increase in switching speed was negligible in comparison to the loss of ferroelectricity. The introduction of false domain walls through laser annealing was used to produce more complex and controlled shapes than given by the nanomesas. We investigated patterning by continuous-wave direct write, and by pulsed laser irradiation DLIP. We have demonstrated the ability to pattern films reversibly into films of ferroelectric regions surrounded by paraelectric phase, as well as irreversibly ferroelectric regions surrounded by melted copolymer. The investigation of switching dynamics of individual ferroelectric crystals, through the production of ferroelectric &#39;nanomesas&#39;, were examined. Ferroelectric nanomesas are created through heat treatment and self organization, and have an average height of 7 to 10 nm and diameters of 80 to 100 nm depending on the formation conditions. Nanomesas are highly crystalline and in the ferroelectric phase and switch faster than 50 mus. These studies have demonstrated the ability to demonstrate switching speeds in ultrathin films over seven orders of magnitude.
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Although there have been numerous studies of solvation, the role of solvent specific and collective interactions, especially for charge-transfer processes, remains difficult to unravel. Here, we report, using femtosecond fluorescence... more
Although there have been numerous studies of solvation, the role of solvent specific and collective interactions, especially for charge-transfer processes, remains difficult to unravel. Here, we report, using femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion and steady-state spectroscopic measurements, studies of well-designed single-sited formylperylene (FPe) in binary solvents. One of the solvents (methanol, MOH) can selectively hydrogen (H) bond to the carbonyl (C=O) site, while the other (acetonitrile, ACN) cannot, but both have similar polarity ( for MOH and for ACN). The results reveal that ultrafast charge transfer from the perylene unit to the carbonyl group of FPe is facilitated by site-specific H-bonding interactions between the carbonyl oxygen of the excited moiety and the protic solvent networks. The time scales involved are 13 ps for the reformations, including rearrangements, of H-bond networks and 35-60 ps, depending on MOH mole fraction, for the bimolecular diffusion. This noti...
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The switching dynamics and switching time of ferroelectric nanomesas grown from the paraelectric phase of ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films are investigated. Ferroelectric nanomesas are... more
The switching dynamics and switching time of ferroelectric nanomesas grown from the paraelectric phase of ultrathin Langmuir-Blodgett vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer films are investigated. Ferroelectric nanomesas are created through heat treatment and self organization, and have an average height 10 nm and an average diameter 100 nm. Ferroelectric nanomesas are highly crystalline and in the ferroelectric phase and switch faster than 50 microseconds. The dependence of switching time on applied voltage implies an extrinsic switching nature.
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Research Interests: Thermodynamics, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Water, Protein Folding, Multidisciplinary, and 11 moreChemical and Biological Engineering, Proteins, Protein Function, Fluorine, Protein Interaction, Protein Secondary Structure Prediction, Surface Properties, Amino Acid Sequence, Halogenation, Molecular Structure, and Molecular Sequence Data
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ABSTRACT The effects of humidity on Langmuir-Blodgett poly(vinylidine fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 70/30 were investigated by measuring dielectric properties. At a constant temperature, the capacitance of the films increases linearly with... more
ABSTRACT The effects of humidity on Langmuir-Blodgett poly(vinylidine fluoride-trifluoroethylene) 70/30 were investigated by measuring dielectric properties. At a constant temperature, the capacitance of the films increases linearly with the humidity. The experimental drying rate of the films ranges from 2 to 3 hours in the temperature range of 10°C to 30°C.Communicated by Dr. George W. Taylor (Originally presented at the 10th European Meeting on Ferroelectricity, Cambridge, UK, August 3-8, 2003)