Fluorine

We discuss in the current paper ions containing solely fluorine atoms, F-, F2- and F3-, their corresponding cationic and/or multiply charged counterparts. While the emphasis of the paper is on gas phase species, their energetics and reactions, aqueous solutions are also discussed. In particular, biomedical and analytical aspects of F- are also considered. The new trichotomy of convenience, anthropocentrism and folksonomy is also applied to the understanding of our fluorine-containing ions.

Unsur-unsur halogen (golongan VIIA) dalam sistem periodik meliputi F (fluorin), Cl (klorin), Br (bromin), I (iodin), dan At (astatin). Halogen sangat reaktif, sehingga di alam hanya ditemukan dalam bentuk senyawanya. Halogen berasal dari bahasa Yunani dari kata halo yang berarti garam, karena umumnya ditemukan dalam bentuk garam anorganik. Kelimpahan unsur-unsur halogen ini banyak terdapat di lautan. Unsur-unsur halogen mempunyai 7 elektron valensi pada subkulit ns2 np5. Konfigurasi elektron yang demikian membuat unsur-unsur halogen bersifat sangat reaktif. Halogen cenderung menyerap satu elektron membentuk ion bermuatan negatif satu (Ambarsari, 2020).

Novel proton conducting organic electrolyte containing fluoroalkylated 1,2,3-triazole was synthesized via intramolecular cyclisation of vinyl azides. FT-IR, elemental analysis and NMR methods were used for the characterization of the resulting organic molecule. Triazole containing sample was doped with triflic acid to obtain proton conducting organic electrolytes. Thermal stability of these materials was analyzed with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the melting temperatures were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of acid content on the proton conductivity was investigated with impedance spectrometer and the maximum proton conductivity was measured as 10−2 S/cm at 150 °C.Novel proton conducting organic electrolyte containing fluoroalkylated 1,2,3-triazole was synthesized via intramolecular cyclisation of vinyl azides. FT-IR, elemental analysis and NMR were used for the characterization of the resulting organic molecule. Proton conductivity was investigated with impedance spectrometer. The maximum proton conductivity was measured as 10−2 S/cm at 150 °C.

Recent studies of an increasing number of hominin fossils highlight regional and chronological diversities of archaic Homo in the Pleistocene of eastern Asia. However, such a realization is still based on limited geographical occurrences mainly from Indonesia, China and Russian Altai. Here we describe a newly discovered archaic Homo mandible from Taiwan (Penghu 1), which further increases the diversity of Pleistocene Asian hominins. Penghu 1 revealed an unexpectedly late survival (younger than 450 but most likely 190-10 thousand years ago) of robust, apparently primitive dentognathic morphology in the periphery of the continent, which is unknown among the penecontemporaneous fossil records from other regions of Asia except for the mid-Middle Pleistocene Homo from Hexian, Eastern China. Such patterns of geographic trait distribution cannot be simply explained by clinal geographic variation of Homo erectus between northern China and Java, and suggests survival of multiple evolutionary...

Fluorine-containing nucleoside analogs (NAs) represent a significant class of the US FDA-approved chemotherapeutics widely used in the clinic. The incorporation of fluorine into drug-like agents modulates lipophilic, electronic and steric parameters, thus influencing pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Fluorine can block oxidative metabolism of drugs and the formation of undesired metabolites by changing H-bonding interactions. In this review, we focus our attention on chemical fluorination reagents and methods used in the NAs field, including positron emission tomography radiochemistry. We briefly discuss both the cellular biology and clinical properties of FDA-approved and fluorine-containing nucleoside/nucleotide analogs in development as well as common resistance mechanisms associated with their use. Finally, we emphasize pronucleotide strategies used to improve therapeutic outcome of NAs in the clinic.

Fluoride in high concentration in groundwater has been reported from many parts of India. However, a systematic study is required to understand the behavior of fluoride in natural water in terms of local hydrogeological setting, climatic conditions, and agricultural practices. The present study is an attempt to assess hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in parts of Palar river basin pertaining to Kancheepuram district Tamil Nadu to understand the fluoride abundance in groundwater and to deduce the chemical parameters responsible for the dissolution activity of fluoride. The study area is geologically occupied by partly sedimentary and partly crystalline formations. A total of 50 dug cum borewell-water samples, representing an area of 2,628.92 km2. The results of the chemical analyses in September 2009 show fluoride abundance in the range of 1 to 3.24 mg/l with 86% of the samples in excess of the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l. Presence of fluoride-bearing minerals in the host rock, chemical properties like decomposition, dissociation, and dissolution, and their interaction with water are considered to be the main causes for fluoride in groundwater. Chemical weathering with relatively high alkalinity favors high concentration of fluoride in groundwater. Villagers who consume nonpotable high fluoride water may suffer from yellow, cracked teeth; joint pains; and crippled limbs and also age rapidly.

Antimicrobial materials based on hydroxyapatite are potentially attractive in a wide variety of medical applications. The synthesis of copper and zinc-doped hydroxyapatite was done by neutralization method. This method consists of dissolving CuO or ZnO in solution of H3PO4, and the slow addition to suspension of Ca(OH)2 for obtaining monophasic product. Characterization studies from XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR spectra