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BACKGROUND Major depression is clinically heterogeneous. We aimed to identify classes of depressed adolescents with different symptom presentations and examine if these were differentially associated with illness severity, functioning,... more
BACKGROUND Major depression is clinically heterogeneous. We aimed to identify classes of depressed adolescents with different symptom presentations and examine if these were differentially associated with illness severity, functioning, engagement with treatment, and clinical outcomes. METHOD Baseline depression symptoms of 454 depressed adolescents (age 11-17) from the IMPACT trial were subjected to latent class analysis. We compared classes on self-reported symptoms and social impairment at baseline and follow-up and their engagement in treatment. RESULTS We identified three classes of participants which differed in the number and pattern of depression symptoms; Class 1-Severe- (37.2%)-endorsed almost all symptoms and were most functionally impaired; Class 2-Moderate- (41.9%)-endorsed fewer symptoms with high suicidal ideation, self-harm, and worthlessness; Class 3-Somatic (20.9%)-endorsed fewest symptoms, with high somatic symptoms. Groups did not differ on engagement, therapeutic alliance, or post-treatment symptom reduction. Adolescents in the severe and moderate subgroups reported symptom reductions after treatment ended, whilst those in the somatic subgroup did not. CONCLUSIONS At presentation, high somatic features in depressed adolescents, rather than severity, or impairment levels, may indicate lower liability for responding to psychological treatment.
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Research Interests: Aphasia, Community Participation, Adolescent, Dysarthria, Hepatitis C, and 15 moreFemale, Feasibility Studies, Cognitive Therapy, Cost effectiveness, HTA, Health Technology Assessment, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Great Britain, Adult, Cost Benefit Analysis, Disease Management, chronic hepatitis C, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Chronic hepatitis
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ObjectiveFatigue is a common and debilitating symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a recommended psychological treatment for adolescents with moderate to severe depression. This study explored... more
ObjectiveFatigue is a common and debilitating symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a recommended psychological treatment for adolescents with moderate to severe depression. This study explored the experience of CBT in fatigued adolescents with MDD.DesignA qualitative study was conducted using existing data from the qualitative arm of a large randomized control trial, the IMPACT study.MethodsData were obtained from semi‐structured interviews conducted after therapy. Participants were 18 adolescents (aged 13–18 years) who reached the clinical threshold for fatigue on diagnostic assessment before starting treatment. The data were analysed using thematic framework analysis.ResultsThree themes and seven sub‐themes were developed. Adolescents appeared to find taking part in initial sessions, engaging in ongoing sessions and completing homework challenging. Perceiving the therapist as genuine seemed to provide a sense of safety which enabled ad...
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Background: Parents are key to helping their adolescent child access psychological therapy for mental health problems such as depression. However, little is known about how parents experience their child’s psychological therapy. We aimed... more
Background: Parents are key to helping their adolescent child access psychological therapy for mental health problems such as depression. However, little is known about how parents experience their child’s psychological therapy. We aimed to explore parents’ experiences of their adolescent child’s cognitive behaviour therapy for depression. Method: We applied Thematic Analysis (TA) to qualitative data from in-depth interviews with parents ( N = 16) whose adolescent child was randomly allocated to CBT in a large multisite RCT for adolescent depression (the IMPACT trial). Interviews were conducted at the end of treatment. Results: We generated two main themes: parents’ perceptions of the adolescent’s journey through therapy, and parents’ perceptions of the therapeutic setting and process. Each included four sub-themes. Parents talked about key factors that impacted on their child’s progress through treatment, including the adolescent’s readiness for therapy and the adolescent-therapist...
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Research Interests: Psychology, Mental Health, Adolescent, Medicine, Humans, and 15 moreChild, Affective Disorders, Loneliness, Social distance, Social Isolation, Closeness, Interpersonal Relations, Feeling, Pandemics, Communicable disease control, Cross Sectional Studies, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, CoVid, SARS-CoV-2, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Adolescence is an important period for cognitive maturation and emotional regulation, and this age group is particularly vulnerable to developing depression. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been associated with decreased risk of... more
Adolescence is an important period for cognitive maturation and emotional regulation, and this age group is particularly vulnerable to developing depression. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been associated with decreased risk of developing depressive disorders across the lifespan, maybe due to the high flavonoid content of these foods. Previously, we have shown increases in transient positive affect (PA) in both children and young adults 2 h after administration of a wild blueberry (WBB) intervention. Here, using a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the effects of 4 weeks, daily WBB supplementation (containing about 253 mg anthocyanins) on transient and chronic mood in adolescents. Healthy 12–17-year old (n 64, thirty-five females) participants were randomly assigned to receive either a WBB or matched placebo supplementation. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed before and after the intervention period using the Mood and Feeling Ques...
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Objectives Adolescence represents a significant period of vulnerability for the development of depression. Whilst research has begun to explore factors associated with the development, maintenance and outcomes of adolescent depression,... more
Objectives Adolescence represents a significant period of vulnerability for the development of depression. Whilst research has begun to explore factors associated with the development, maintenance and outcomes of adolescent depression, there is little research investigating this experience from a parental viewpoint. The aim of this study was to explore mothers’ experiences of having an adolescent child with depression. Methods Eight mothers of depressed adolescents were recruited following their child’s clinical assessment at a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and participated in semi-structured interviews. The transcripts of the interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results The analysis revealed five interlinked superordinate themes: Finding a reason, something to blame; Living with uncertainty; Feelings of helplessness and frustration; Depression causes change; Hiding own emotions and needs. A key finding across the themes was the emoti...
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ObjectiveTo classify a cohort of depressed adolescents recruited to the UK IMPACT trial, according to trajectories of symptom change. We examined for predictors and compared the data‐driven categories of patients with a priori operational... more
ObjectiveTo classify a cohort of depressed adolescents recruited to the UK IMPACT trial, according to trajectories of symptom change. We examined for predictors and compared the data‐driven categories of patients with a priori operational definitions of treatment response.MethodSecondary data analysis using growth mixture modelling (GMM). Missing data were imputed. Trajectories of self‐reported depressive symptoms were plotted using scores taken at six nominal time points over 86 weeks from randomisation in all 465 patients.ResultsA piecewise GMM categorised patients into two classes with initially similar and subsequently distinct trajectories. Both groups had a significant decline in depressive symptoms over the first 18 weeks. Eighty‐four per cent (84.1%, n = 391) of patients were classed as ‘continued‐improvers’ with symptoms reducing over the duration of the study. A further class of 15.9% (n = 74) of patients were termed ‘halted‐improvers’ with higher baseline depression score...
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There is an increasing evidence base for the effectiveness of Behavioural Activation in treating adult depression; however, there has been little investigation of using this approach with adolescents. This article reports on the... more
There is an increasing evidence base for the effectiveness of Behavioural Activation in treating adult depression; however, there has been little investigation of using this approach with adolescents. This article reports on the adaptation of brief Behavioural Activation for Depression (BATD) for adolescents (BATD-A). A case study is reported to illustrate the brief structured approach, treatment response as indicated by routine outcome measures, and the family's view of the intervention. The adaptations made to the adult BATD manual are discussed including parental input, adapted values and activities, and engagement issues. It is hoped that following further evaluation, BATD-A could be successfully delivered as a low-intensity intervention for depression.
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Background The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescence depression but has not been validated with young people in Thailand. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity... more
Background The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescence depression but has not been validated with young people in Thailand. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity and to determine the optimal clinical cut-off of the Thai MFQ. Methods The Thai MFQ was evaluated in two parts. In part 1, The MFQ was translated and back translated into the Thai language and piloted on a small number of Thai adolescents. Then 1275 young people aged 12–18 years from three secondary schools in Thailand completed the MFQ and related measures of depression. In part 2, 138 students were invited to take part in a structured diagnostic interview (the Thai translation of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children -Present and Lifetime Version (the K-SADS-PL). Of those, 103 students were interviewed and completed the Thai MFQ a second time to assess test–retest reliability. Receiver Operating Charac...
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Aims: This paper reports on a feasibility study of delivering Brief Behavioural Activation in schools, focusing on acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation and integration. Rationale: Depression in adolescence is a... more
Aims: This paper reports on a feasibility study of delivering Brief Behavioural Activation in schools, focusing on acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation and integration. Rationale: Depression in adolescence is a common and serious mental health problem, with long-term negative impacts on social and academic functioning. In the UK, access to evidence based psychological treatments is limited and training and employing therapists to deliver these is expensive. Treatments are typically offered in specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHs) following a General Practitioner (GP) referral, yet few depressed young people seek help from their GP or other health professionals. In the UK there are current proposals to significantly increase the role of schools in providing access to mental health treatment for children and young people but currently there is little evidence that this is acceptable, feasible or effective. Behavioural Activation (BA)...
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Epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of flavonoids (usually via fruits and vegetables) is associated with decreased risk of developing depression. One plausible explanation for this association is the well-documented... more
Epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of flavonoids (usually via fruits and vegetables) is associated with decreased risk of developing depression. One plausible explanation for this association is the well-documented beneficial effects of flavonoids on executive function (EF). Impaired EF is linked to cognitive processes (e.g., rumination) that maintain depression and low mood; therefore, improved EF may reduce depressionogenic cognitive processes and improve mood. Study 1: 21 young adults (18-21 years old) consumed a flavonoid-rich blueberry drink and a matched placebo in a counterbalanced cross-over design. Study 2: 50 children (7-10 years old) were randomly assigned to a flavonoid-rich blueberry drink or a matched placebo. In both studies, participants and researchers were blind to the experimental condition, and mood was assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule before and 2 h after consumption of the drinks. In both studies, the blueberry interventi...
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Magnetic resonance imaging of a randomized controlled trial investigating predictors of recovery following psychological treatment in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: study protocol for Magnetic Resonance-Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (MR-IMPACT)more
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Comments on the original article, "The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy," by J. Shedler (see record 2010-02208-012). Shedler's informative article raised... more
Comments on the original article, "The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy," by J. Shedler (see record 2010-02208-012). Shedler's informative article raised several issues worthy of comment. His choice of the word distinctive (p. 98) in describing aspects of psychodynamic technique is open to at least two interpretations. On the one hand, distinctive can have a qualitative meaning and indicate the presence of a characteristic that is not shared. For example, a sign in the Bronx Zoo distinguishes birds from all other creatures as follows: "If it has feathers it's a bird, if it doesn't, it isn't." On the other hand, distinctive can have a quantitative meaning and indicate that one practice has more of a common element than another practice. Careful reading of Shedler's article and the article by Blagys and Hilsenroth (2000) that forms the basis of the "seven features [that] reliably distinguished psychodynamic therapies from other therapies" (Shedler, 2010, p. 98) shows that Shedler subscribes to the latter, quantitative, definition of distinctive. In other words, the seven features he presented are present in both psychodynamic therapies and the cognitive-behavioral therapies to which he compares them. For example, although Shedler did not mention it, dialectical behavior therapy explicitly focuses on six of the seven features, namely, "focus on affect and expression of emotion," "exploration of attempts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings," "identification of recurring themes and patterns," "discussion of past experience," "focus on interpersonal relations," and "focus on the therapy relationship" (Shedler, 2010, p. 99). However, in the articles that Blagys and Hilsenroth reviewed, psychodyamic therapists engaged in more of these behaviors than did cognitive-behavioral therapists.
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PurposeCognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for common mental health problems that affect children, young people and adults. The suitability of CBT for children has been questioned because it requires... more
PurposeCognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for common mental health problems that affect children, young people and adults. The suitability of CBT for children has been questioned because it requires children to think about their thoughts, feelings and behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to investigate which cognitive and affective capacities predict children’s ability to relate thoughts, feelings and behaviours.Design/methodology/approachA total of 59 typically developing children aged between 8 and 11 years took part in the study. CBT skills were assessed on a story task that required children to relate the character’s thoughts to their feelings and behaviours. Children also completed an assessment of IQ, a feeling-of-knowing metamemory task that assessed metacognition, and a higher-order theory of mind task. Furthermore, parents rated their child’s empathy on the children’s empathy quotient.FindingsThe findings suggest that CBT is developmental...
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Background: Depression in adolescence is a common and serious mental health problem. In the UK, access to evidence-based psychological treatments is limited, and training and employing therapists to deliver these is expensive. Brief... more
Background: Depression in adolescence is a common and serious mental health problem. In the UK, access to evidence-based psychological treatments is limited, and training and employing therapists to deliver these is expensive. Brief behavioural activation for the treatment of depression (BATD) has great potential for use with adolescents and to be delivered by a range of healthcare professionals, but there is limited empirical investigation with this group. Aims: To adapt BATD for depressed adolescents (Brief BA) and conduct a pilot study to assess feasibility, acceptability and clinical effectiveness. Method: Twenty depressed adolescents referred to the local NHS Child and Adolescent Mental Health service (CAMHs) were offered eight sessions of Brief BA followed by a review around one month later. Self- and parent-reported routine outcome measures (ROMs) were collected at every session. Results: Nineteen of the 20 young people fully engaged with the treatment and all reported findin...
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is prevalent and without adequate treatment usually follows a chronic course. "High-intensity" cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) from a specialist therapist is current "best... more
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is prevalent and without adequate treatment usually follows a chronic course. "High-intensity" cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) from a specialist therapist is current "best practice." However, access is difficult because of limited numbers of therapists and because of the disabling effects of OCD symptoms. There is a potential role for "low-intensity" interventions as part of a stepped care model. Low-intensity interventions (written or web-based materials with limited therapist support) can be provided remotely, which has the potential to increase access. However, current evidence concerning low-intensity interventions is insufficient. We aimed to determine the clinical effectiveness of 2 forms of low-intensity CBT prior to high-intensity CBT, in adults meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for OCD. This study was approved by the National Research Ethics ...
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This review critically evaluates previous studies investigating the association between dietary intake of children and young people and depression and related mental health problems. A systematic literature search was conducted using... more
This review critically evaluates previous studies investigating the association between dietary intake of children and young people and depression and related mental health problems. A systematic literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane. A total of twenty studies were identified that met inclusion criteria and were subsequently rated for quality. The studies used a range of methods to measure dietary intake and mental health. Important potential confounding variables (e.g. socio-economic status) were often not included or controlled. There were also inconsistencies in the use of key constructs, which made comparisons between studies difficult. Despite some contradictory results, overall there was support for an association between healthy dietary patterns or consumption of a high-quality diet and lower levels of depression or better mental health. Similarly, there was a relationship between unhealthy diet and consumpti...
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Although there are effective psychological treatments for unipolar major depression in adolescents, whether or not one or more of the available therapies maintain reduced depressive symptoms 1 year after the end of treatment is not known.... more
Although there are effective psychological treatments for unipolar major depression in adolescents, whether or not one or more of the available therapies maintain reduced depressive symptoms 1 year after the end of treatment is not known. This is a non-trivial issue because maintaining lowered depressive symptoms below a clinical threshold level reduces the risk for diagnostic relapse into the adult years. To determine whether or not either of two specialist psychological treatments, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) or short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy (STPP), is more effective than a reference brief psychosocial intervention (BPI) in maintaining reduction of depression symptoms in the year after treatment. Observer-blind, parallel-group, pragmatic superiority randomised controlled trial. A total of 15 outpatient NHS clinics in the UK from East Anglia, north-west England and North London. Adolescents aged 11-17 years with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder...
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Rumination predicts depression in adults and adolescents. The development of rumination has been linked to parenting practices, but only limited research has investigated this and research has tended to rely on self-report parenting... more
Rumination predicts depression in adults and adolescents. The development of rumination has been linked to parenting practices, but only limited research has investigated this and research has tended to rely on self-report parenting measures. To investigate the relationship between female adolescent rumination and maternal modelling, criticism and positivity using an observational measure of parental behaviour. A cross-sectional design was used. Daughters aged 16-18 years and their mothers (n = 154 dyads) completed questionnaire measures of rumination and affect. Mothers of girls with rumination scores in the upper and lower quartile (both n = 26) also completed the Five Minute Speech Sample, which was used to measure maternal criticism and positivity. Mothers of low rumination girls made significantly more positive comments about their daughters than the mothers of high ruminators. Mothers made very few critical comments. Self-reported rumination was not correlated in mothers and d...
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Meta-analyses have concluded that approximately 60% of children recover following treatment, however these include studies using a broad... more
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Meta-analyses have concluded that approximately 60% of children recover following treatment, however these include studies using a broad range of diagnostic indices to assess outcomes including whether children are free of the one anxiety disorder that causes most interference (i.e. the primary anxiety disorder) or whether children are free of all anxiety disorders. We conducted a meta-analysis to establish the efficacy of CBT in terms of absence of all anxiety disorders. Where available we compared this rate to outcomes based on absence of primary disorder. Of 56 published randomized controlled trials, 19 provided data on recovery from all anxiety disorders (n=635 CBT, n=450 control participants). There was significant heterogeneity across those studies with available data and full recovery rates varied from 47.6 to 66.4% among children without autistic spectrum conditions (ASC) and 12...
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... Stress management at work: with whom, for whom and to what ends? Authors: Reynolds, Shirley 1 ; Briner, Rob B. 2. ... In this: publication; By this: publisher; In this Subject: Psychology , Education; By this author: Reynolds, Shirley... more
... Stress management at work: with whom, for whom and to what ends? Authors: Reynolds, Shirley 1 ; Briner, Rob B. 2. ... In this: publication; By this: publisher; In this Subject: Psychology , Education; By this author: Reynolds, Shirley ; Briner, Rob B ...
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Understanding the factors involved in the development of postpartum depressive disorders has important implications for the detection of women at risk, and the development of theory‐driven preventative treatments. In the current study,... more
Understanding the factors involved in the development of postpartum depressive disorders has important implications for the detection of women at risk, and the development of theory‐driven preventative treatments. In the current study, recent innovations in the assessment of idiographic cognitive functioning among adult, non‐pregnant samples were administered to a sample of healthy primiparous women to investigate their predictive utility in
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ABSTRACT Work-based counselling services have increasingly been introduced in organizational settings in the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, a study is reported of the attitudes of 213 employees of a UK Health Authority towards an... more
ABSTRACT Work-based counselling services have increasingly been introduced in organizational settings in the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, a study is reported of the attitudes of 213 employees of a UK Health Authority towards an existing counselling service. Questionnaires sought information about attitudes to counselling, confidentiality, attitudes to those seeking counselling and general health. The results suggested that attitudes to work-based counselling services are predicted by employees' perceptions of those seeking counselling as trustworthy and their beliefs about the confidentiality of the service. The practical implications of these results are examined.
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The role of parents in the development of anxiety disorders in children is of increasing research and clinical interest. This study investigated interpretation biases of anxious children and their mothers using the ambiguous stimuli task... more
The role of parents in the development of anxiety disorders in children is of increasing research and clinical interest. This study investigated interpretation biases of anxious children and their mothers using the ambiguous stimuli task developed by Hadwin, Frost, French, and ...
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Magnetic resonance imaging of a randomized controlled trial investigating predictors of recovery following psychological treatment in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: study protocol for Magnetic Resonance-Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (MR-IMPACT)more
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Improving mood with psychoanalytic and cognitive therapies (IMPACT): a pragmatic effectiveness superiority trial to investigate whether specialised psychological treatment reduces the risk for relapse in adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar depression: study protocol for a randomised cont...more
Research Interests: Genetics, Clinical Trial, Data Management, Adolescent, Affect, and 15 moreHumans, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Depressive Disorder, Cost effectiveness, Clinical Sciences, Great Britain, Major Depression, Cost Benefit Analysis, Brain Structure, Health Care Costs, Impact Studies, Adolescent Behavior, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, and Cardiovascular medicine and haematology
Research Interests: Information Systems, Mental Health, Child Welfare, Quality of life, Adolescent, and 13 moreLibrary and Information Studies, Humans, Child, Major Depressive Disorder, Infant, Mental Disorders, Health Technology Assessment, Health Status, Newborn Infant, Great Britain, Public health systems and services research, Cost Benefit Analysis, and Child preschool
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Science, Cognition, British, and 15 moreIntellectual Disability, Learning Disabilities, Learning, Humans, Female, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Male, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Cognitive Ability, Severity of Illness Index, Neuropsychological Tests, and Randomized experiment
... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Forcasting feelings: The accuracy and effects of self-predictions of mood. Totterdell, Peter; Parkinson, Brian; Briner, Rob B.; Reynolds, Shirley. Journal of Social Behavior... more
... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Journal Article]. Forcasting feelings: The accuracy and effects of self-predictions of mood. Totterdell, Peter; Parkinson, Brian; Briner, Rob B.; Reynolds, Shirley. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, Vol 12(3), Sep 1997, 631-650. Abstract. ...
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Psychological treatments for adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder are associated with diagnostic remission within 28 weeks in 65-70% of patients. We aimed to assess the medium-term effects and costs of psychological... more
Psychological treatments for adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder are associated with diagnostic remission within 28 weeks in 65-70% of patients. We aimed to assess the medium-term effects and costs of psychological therapies on maintenance of reduced depression symptoms 12 months after treatment. We did this multicentre, pragmatic, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial (IMPACT) at 15 National Health Service child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) clinics in three regions in England. Adolescent patients (aged 11-17 years) with a diagnosis of DSM IV major depressive disorder were randomly assigned (1:1:1), via a web-based randomisation service, to receive cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or short-term psychoanalytical therapy versus a reference brief psychological intervention. Randomisation was stochastically minimised by age, sex, self-reported depression sum score, and region. Patients and clinicians were aware of group allocation, bu...
The impact of evidence-based medicine (EBM) on national policy in the UK has been remarkable. In less than a decade it has had a significant impact in many different professional groups and has become a cornerstone of UK health policy.... more
The impact of evidence-based medicine (EBM) on national policy in the UK has been remarkable. In less than a decade it has had a significant impact in many different professional groups and has become a cornerstone of UK health policy. The impact of evidence-based ...
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Depression is common among women with young children, and is strongly associated with financial adversity. Debt is a common feature of such adversity, yet its relationship with depression has not been examined before. We have used... more
Depression is common among women with young children, and is strongly associated with financial adversity. Debt is a common feature of such adversity, yet its relationship with depression has not been examined before. We have used longitudinal data, collected over six months, on 271 families with young children, to examine this relationship. Multiple regression was used to identify independent predictors of the total Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale score from a range of socioeconomic, demographic, social support and child health related variables. Worry about debt was the strongest independent socioeconomic predictor of the depression score at both initial and follow-up occasions. To account for the possibility of reverse causation, i.e. depression causing worry about debt, alternative regression models are reported which show that owing money by itself predicts depression and earlier debt worries predicts depression six months later. We were unable to show that earlier debt w...
Research Interests: Sociology, Anthropology, Poverty, Child health, Depression, and 17 moreHealth inequality, Child Welfare, Social Support, Linear models, Social Science & Medicine, Humans, Child, Mothers, Qualitative Study, Multiple Regression, Psychological distress, Regression Model, Public health systems and services research, Longitudinal data, Young Children, Maternal Depression, and Socioeconomic Factors
Page 1. BOOK REVIEWS Edited by John Storey INTERVENTION IN OCCUPATIONAL STRESS: A HANDBOOK OF COUNSELLING FOR STRESS AT WORK Randall R. Ross and Elizabeth M. Altmaier, London: Sage Publications, 1994,196 pp., paperback €10.95. ...
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... MICHAEL A. WEST Institute of Work Psychology, University of Shefield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKSHIRLEY REYNOLDS Health Policy and Practice Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Keywords: Counselling services; Health care;... more
... MICHAEL A. WEST Institute of Work Psychology, University of Shefield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UKSHIRLEY REYNOLDS Health Policy and Practice Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Keywords: Counselling services; Health care; Attitudes; Work organizations ...
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Patient perspectives on how therapeutic letters contributed to their experience of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) were investigated. Eight patients took part in semistructured interviews. A grounded, thematic analysis of their accounts... more
Patient perspectives on how therapeutic letters contributed to their experience of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) were investigated. Eight patients took part in semistructured interviews. A grounded, thematic analysis of their accounts suggested four general processes. First, letters offered a tangible, lasting framework for the assimilation of a new perspective about themselves and their relationships and facilitated coping with a complex range of emotions and risks this awareness required. Second, they demonstrated therapists' commitment to patients' growth. Third, they helped to teach participants about the therapy process as an example of an interpersonal exchange. Fourth, they helped participants consider how they wished to share personal information. These data offer a more complex understanding of this standard CAT intervention. Although some findings are consistent with CAT theory, the range of emotional dilemmas associated with letters has not received specific attention. Clinical implications are discussed.
Research Interests: Psychology, Social Work, Psychotherapy, Writing, Qualitative Research Methods, and 16 moreEmotions, Humans, Female, Cognitive Therapy, Male, Young Adult, Patient Compliance, Follow-up studies, Patient Satisfaction, Awareness, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Middle Aged, Self Concept, Adult, and Psychoanalytic Therapy
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This article describes a comparative stress management intervention study. The impacts and outcomes of an individual level intervention (counseling) and an organizational level intervention (increasing employees'... more
This article describes a comparative stress management intervention study. The impacts and outcomes of an individual level intervention (counseling) and an organizational level intervention (increasing employees' participation and control) are compared. The results suggest that counseling has clear benefits for employees' psychological well-being and that the organizational intervention does not. Neither intervention had any impact on perceptions of work characteristics, physical symptoms, or absenteeism. It is suggested that the causal relationship between the work environment and psychological distress have not been demonstrated and that techniques for bringing about change in complex organizations are poorly developed. For these reasons, the strategy of changing work conditions cannot, at present, be expected to improve the psychological states of employees. Thus, whereas organizational interventions that aim to prevent psychological distress may be "better" in ethical and moral terms, individual interventions that aim to treat existing psychological problems or help individual employees manage difficult working conditions appear to be "better" in terms of efficacy and efficiency.
Research Interests: Management, Mental Health, Occupational Health, Job Satisfaction, Treatment, and 17 moreStress, Stress Management, Prevention, Work Environment, Counseling, Psychological Well Being, Industrial Psychology, Workplace, Humans, Working Conditions, Coping, Organizational Policy, Intervention Studies, Psychological distress, Psychosomatic, Occupational Stress, and Intervention study
Abstract This paper outlines the concept and the process of evidence based practice and discusses the potential role of evidence based practice in the development of psychotherapy research. Despite concerns that evidence based practice... more
Abstract This paper outlines the concept and the process of evidence based practice and discusses the potential role of evidence based practice in the development of psychotherapy research. Despite concerns that evidence based practice may impede the clinical freedom of ...
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... Psychological Impact of Unemployment: Interactive Effects of Vulnerability and Protective Factors on Depression Shirley Reynolds MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, University of Sheffield Sheffield, United Kingdom ... 4... more
... Psychological Impact of Unemployment: Interactive Effects of Vulnerability and Protective Factors on Depression Shirley Reynolds MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, University of Sheffield Sheffield, United Kingdom ... 4 SHIRLEY REYNOLDS AND PAUL GILBERT ...
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Method Fifty-nine people with learning disabilities were assessed on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale-II (BPVS-II), a test of emotion recognition and a task requiring participants... more
Method Fifty-nine people with learning disabilities were assessed on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale-II (BPVS-II), a test of emotion recognition and a task requiring participants to discriminate among thoughts, feelings and ...
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This paper provides a comprehensive quantitative review of high quality randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies for anxiety disorders in children and young people. Using a systematic search for randomized controlled trials... more
This paper provides a comprehensive quantitative review of high quality randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies for anxiety disorders in children and young people. Using a systematic search for randomized controlled trials which included a control condition and reported data suitable for meta-analysis, 55 studies were included. Eligible studies were rated for methodological quality and outcome data were extracted and analyzed using standard methods. Trial quality was variable, many studies were underpowered and adverse effects were rarely assessed; however, quality ratings were higher for more recently published studies. Most trials evaluated cognitive behavior therapy or behavior therapy and most recruited both children and adolescents. Psychological therapy for anxiety in children and young people was moderately effective overall, but effect sizes were small to medium when psychological therapy was compared to an active control condition. The effect size for non-CBT interventions was not significant. Parental involvement in therapy was not associated with differential effectiveness. Treatment targeted at specific anxiety disorders, individual psychotherapy, and psychotherapy with older children and adolescents had effect sizes which were larger than effect sizes for treatments targeting a range of anxiety disorders, group psychotherapy, and psychotherapy with younger children. Few studies included an effective follow-up. Future studies should follow CONSORT reporting standards, be adequately powered, and assess follow-up. Research trials are unlikely to address all important clinical questions around treatment delivery. Thus, careful assessment and formulation will remain an essential part of successful psychological treatment for anxiety in children and young people.
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To determine if cues help young children discriminate among thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Ninety-six children aged 4-7 years from three schools in Norwich, UK. Within each age band (4, 5, 6, 7), children were randomised to the cue or... more
To determine if cues help young children discriminate among thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Ninety-six children aged 4-7 years from three schools in Norwich, UK. Within each age band (4, 5, 6, 7), children were randomised to the cue or the no cue condition on a stratified basis ensuring that equal numbers of boys and girls from each school were in each of the eight cells (cue condition x age). Cues were glove puppets and post boxes. The effect of IQ was controlled. A discrimination task, in which children were asked to identify a thought, a feeling and a behaviour from each of six brief stories, and a brief IQ assessment were administered to children individually. There was a significant effect of age and cue condition on performance; older children and those who were presented with the cue performed better. There were no gender differences and no interaction between cue condition and age. Many young children discriminated among thoughts, feelings and behaviours suggesting that they may be able to engage in this aspect of cognitive behaviour therapy. Simple cues (puppets and posting boxes) improved children's performance and these may be useful therapeutic tools with young children.
Research Interests: Psychology, Intelligence, Cognitive development, Child Development, Emotions, and 14 moreChild Behavior, Thinking, Humans, Child, Business and Management, Cues, Female, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Male, Gender Difference, Young Children, Cognitive Skills, Task Performance and Analysis, and Behaviour Therapy
Depression in adolescence is debilitating with high recurrence in adulthood, yet its pathophysiological mechanism remains enigmatic. To examine the interaction between emotion, cognition and treatment, functional brain responses to sad... more
Depression in adolescence is debilitating with high recurrence in adulthood, yet its pathophysiological mechanism remains enigmatic. To examine the interaction between emotion, cognition and treatment, functional brain responses to sad and happy distractors in an affective go/no-go task were explored before and after Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in depressed female adolescents, and healthy participants. Eighty-two Depressed and 24 healthy female adolescents, aged 12-17 years, performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) affective go/no-go task at baseline. Participants were instructed to withhold their responses upon seeing happy or sad words. Among these participants, 13 patients had CBT over approximately 30 weeks. These participants and 20 matched controls then repeated the task. At baseline, increased activation in response to happy relative to neutral distractors was observed in the orbitofrontal cortex in depressed patients which was normalised after CBT. No significant group differences were found behaviourally or in brain activation in response to sad distractors. Improvements in symptoms (mean: 9.31, 95% CI: 5.35-13.27) were related at trend-level to activation changes in orbitofrontal cortex. In the follow-up section, a limited number of post-CBT patients were recruited. To our knowledge, this is the first fMRI study addressing the effect of CBT in adolescent depression. Although a bias toward negative information is widely accepted as a hallmark of depression, aberrant brain hyperactivity to positive distractors was found and normalised after CBT. Research, assessment and treatment focused on positive stimuli could be a future consideration. Moreover, a pathophysiological mechanism distinct from adult depression may be suggested and awaits further exploration.
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Although there are strong popular beliefs about the value of a good night's sleep, there is very little documented evidence of day-to-day relations between sleep and well-being. In this study, covariations between sleep and both prior... more
Although there are strong popular beliefs about the value of a good night's sleep, there is very little documented evidence of day-to-day relations between sleep and well-being. In this study, covariations between sleep and both prior and subsequent daily states of well-being were studied in a healthy, employed sample. Thirty volunteers used pocket computers to complete a daily sleep diary and self-rating scales of mood, minor symptoms and social interaction experience. These were recorded every 2 hours for 14 days except during sleep periods. A pooled regression analysis showed small but significant relationships between many of the sleep and well-being measures. Sleep appeared to be more strongly related to subsequent well-being than prior well-being. An earlier onset of sleep was associated with better mood and social interaction experience the following day and was a better predictor than sleep duration. This result was interpreted to be consistent with the phase angle model...
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... Stress management at work: with whom, for whom and to what ends? Authors: Reynolds, Shirley 1 ; Briner, Rob B. 2. ... In this: publication; By this: publisher; In this Subject: Psychology , Education; By this author: Reynolds, Shirley... more
... Stress management at work: with whom, for whom and to what ends? Authors: Reynolds, Shirley 1 ; Briner, Rob B. 2. ... In this: publication; By this: publisher; In this Subject: Psychology , Education; By this author: Reynolds, Shirley ; Briner, Rob B ...
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Epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of psychological problems in patients attending primary care services may be as high as 25%. To identify factors that influence the detection of psychological difficulties in adolescent... more
Epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of psychological problems in patients attending primary care services may be as high as 25%. To identify factors that influence the detection of psychological difficulties in adolescent patients receiving primary care in the UK. A prospective study of 13-16 year olds consecutively attending general practices. General practices, Norfolk, UK. Information was obtained from adolescents and parents using the validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and from GPs using the consultation assessment form. Ninety-eight adolescents were recruited by 13 GPs in Norfolk (mean age = 14.4 years, SD = 1.08; 38 males, 60 females). The study identified psychological difficulties in almost one-third of adolescents (31/98, 31.6%). Three factors significant to the detection of psychological disorders in adolescents were identified: adolescents' perceptions of difficulties according to the self-report SDQ, the severity of their proble...
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The role of parents in the development of anxiety disorders in children is of increasing research and clinical interest. This study investigated interpretation biases of anxious children and their mothers using the ambiguous stimuli task... more
The role of parents in the development of anxiety disorders in children is of increasing research and clinical interest. This study investigated interpretation biases of anxious children and their mothers using the ambiguous stimuli task developed by Hadwin, Frost, French, and Richards (1997). Three groups of children (aged 7 to 12 years) and their mothers were recruited; 23 non-clinical controls,
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7 Adult models of anxiety and their application to children and adolescents Sam Cartwright-Hatton, Shirley Reynolds, and Charlotte Wilson In recent years, a number of sophisticated cognitive models of anxiety disorders have emerged in the... more
7 Adult models of anxiety and their application to children and adolescents Sam Cartwright-Hatton, Shirley Reynolds, and Charlotte Wilson In recent years, a number of sophisticated cognitive models of anxiety disorders have emerged in the adult literature, for example Clark ...
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ABSTRACT Bendamustine is a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative that shares similarities to other alkylators; however, the presence of a benzimidazole ring may confer "nucleoside-like" properties and... more
ABSTRACT Bendamustine is a bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative that shares similarities to other alkylators; however, the presence of a benzimidazole ring may confer "nucleoside-like" properties and may allow the stabilization of the molecule leading to longer lasting DNA damage. Though bendamustine has demonstrated promising response rates in preclinical and clinical studies, particularly in follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse B-cell lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma, the unique and exact mechanism of action of this agent remains unclear. Several studies have been initiated to address this question, and it is hoped that emerging data will provide the basis for more effective utilization of this interesting drug. Several recent clinical trials have reported impressive results with bendamustine in lymphoid malignancies, and appropriate clinical use of this agent and the rationale behind its use are of growing importance. This review discussed emerging data and aimed to provide clinical updates and scientific rationales that are relevant to practicing clinicians who provide care to patients with lymphoid malignancies, and/or who are interested in understanding the evolving role of bendamustine in this setting.
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Understanding the factors involved in the development of postpartum depressive disorders has important implications for the detection of women at risk, and the development of theory‐driven preventative treatments. In the current study,... more
Understanding the factors involved in the development of postpartum depressive disorders has important implications for the detection of women at risk, and the development of theory‐driven preventative treatments. In the current study, recent innovations in the assessment of idiographic cognitive functioning among adult, non‐pregnant samples were administered to a sample of healthy primiparous women to investigate their predictive utility in
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Models of organizational stress posit that a number of undesirable employee states and behaviors, such as lower levels of well-being and performance, and higher levels of absence and turnover are caused by organizational stress. It is... more
Models of organizational stress posit that a number of undesirable employee states and behaviors, such as lower levels of well-being and performance, and higher levels of absence and turnover are caused by organizational stress. It is often suggested that organizational ...
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... Stress management at work: with whom, for whom and to what ends? Authors: Reynolds, Shirley 1 ; Briner, Rob B. 2. ... In this: publication; By this: publisher; In this Subject: Psychology , Education; By this author: Reynolds, Shirley... more
... Stress management at work: with whom, for whom and to what ends? Authors: Reynolds, Shirley 1 ; Briner, Rob B. 2. ... In this: publication; By this: publisher; In this Subject: Psychology , Education; By this author: Reynolds, Shirley ; Briner, Rob B ...
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To evaluate the effectiveness of a voluntary sector based befriending scheme in improving psychological wellbeing and quality of life for family carers of people with dementia. Single blind randomised controlled trial. Community settings... more
To evaluate the effectiveness of a voluntary sector based befriending scheme in improving psychological wellbeing and quality of life for family carers of people with dementia. Single blind randomised controlled trial. Community settings in East Anglia and London. 236 family carers of people with primary progressive dementia. Contact with a befriender facilitator and offer of match with a trained lay volunteer befriender compared with no befriender facilitator contact; all participants continued to receive "usual care." Carers' mood (hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression) and health related quality of life (EuroQoL) at 15 months post-randomisation. The intention to treat analysis showed no benefit for the intervention "access to a befriender facilitator" on the primary outcome measure or on any of the secondary outcome measures. In common with many…
Research Interests: Dementia, Quality of life, Social Support, British medical history, Humans, and 14 moreHealth related Quality of Life, Female, Male, Randomised Controlled Trial, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Caregivers, Psychological Wellbeing, Primary Progressive Aphasia, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Public health systems and services research, BMJ, and Friends
Abstract. The extent to which cognitive behaviour therapy can be used with children is unclear. In meta analyses older children and teenagers seem to derive greater benefit than young children. This may be because the cognitive immaturity... more
Abstract. The extent to which cognitive behaviour therapy can be used with children is unclear. In meta analyses older children and teenagers seem to derive greater benefit than young children. This may be because the cognitive immaturity of young children means that they ...
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... Do Cognitive Models of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Apply to Children and Adolescents? Shirley Reynolds and Jenny Reeves University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 411422. Evans, DW, Milanak, ME,... more
... Do Cognitive Models of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Apply to Children and Adolescents? Shirley Reynolds and Jenny Reeves University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 411422. Evans, DW, Milanak, ME, Medeiros, B. and Ross, JL (2002). ...
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... Shirley Reynolds University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Keywords: Obsessive compulsive disorder, adolescents, cognitive models. Reprint requests to Shirley Reynolds, School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Health Policy and... more
... Shirley Reynolds University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Keywords: Obsessive compulsive disorder, adolescents, cognitive models. Reprint requests to Shirley Reynolds, School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Health Policy and Practice, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. ...
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Abstract This case series compares patient experiences and therapeutic processes between two modalities of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for depression: computerized CBT (cCBT) and therapist-delivered CBT (tCBT). In a mixed-methods... more
Abstract This case series compares patient experiences and therapeutic processes between two modalities of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for depression: computerized CBT (cCBT) and therapist-delivered CBT (tCBT). In a mixed-methods repeated-measures case series, six participants were offered cCBT and tCBT in sequence, with the order of delivery randomized across participants. Questionnaires about patient experiences were administered after each session and a semi-structured interview was completed with each participant at the end of each therapy modality. Therapy expectations, patient experiences and session impact ratings in this study generally favoured tCBT. Participants typically experienced cCBT sessions as less meaningful, less positive and less helpful compared to tCBT sessions in terms of developing understanding, facilitating problem-solving and building a therapeutic relationship.
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Comprehensive process analysis (CPA) was applied to a client-selected significant event from cognitivebehavioral therapy to show how the process of moving to the specific is effectively managed. A mirroring was shown between what the... more
Comprehensive process analysis (CPA) was applied to a client-selected significant event from cognitivebehavioral therapy to show how the process of moving to the specific is effectively managed. A mirroring was shown between what the client articulated as the most helpful ...
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Research Interests: Cellular Biology, Inflammation, Biological Sciences, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Molecular and cellular biology, and 12 moreHumans, Mice, Animals, Bone marrow, Lipopolysaccharides, Protein Expression, Sialic Acid, Protein Binding, Cell Surface Markers, Epitopes, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and Biotinylation
Research Interests: Microbiology, Cellular Biology, Pattern Recognition, Life Sciences, Membrane Proteins, and 22 moreMacrophages, Innate immunity, Hematopoiesis, Biological Sciences, Molecular and cellular biology, Infectious Disease, Mice, Adaptive Immunity, Female, Animals, Male, P-glycoprotein, Health Science, Lectins, Programmed cell death, Phenotype, Immune system, Homeostasis, Erythropoiesis, Gene Targeting, Red blood cell, and Lymphoid Tissue
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Research Interests: Psychology, Brief Psychotherapy, Depression, Personality Disorders, Prediction, and 18 moreTreatment Outcome, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Consulting, Comparative Study, Humans, Personality Assessment Inventory, Female, Personality Disorder, Cognitive Therapy, Male, Follow-up studies, Depressive Disorder, Mental Disorder, Middle Aged, Adult, American Psychiatric Association, Short Term, and Psychoanalytic Therapy
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in young people can be effectively treated with Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). Practice guidelines in the United Kingdom recommend that CBT be delivered with parental or family involvement; however,... more
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in young people can be effectively treated with Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). Practice guidelines in the United Kingdom recommend that CBT be delivered with parental or family involvement; however, there is no evidence from randomized trials that this enhances effectiveness. The aim of this trial was to assess if CBT with high parental involvement was more effective than CBT with low parental involvement (individual CBT) in reducing symptoms of OCD. Fifty young people ages 12-17 years with OCD were randomly allocated to individual CBT or parent-enhanced CBT. In parent-enhanced CBT parents attended all treatment sessions; in individual CBT, parents attended only Sessions 1, 7, and the final session. Participants received up to 14 sessions of CBT. Data were analyzed using intent-to-treat and per-protocol methods. The primary outcome measure was the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsion Scale (Scahill et al., 1997). Both forms of CBT significantly reduced symptoms of OCD and anxiety. Change in OCD symptoms was maintained at 6 months. Per-protocol analysis suggested that parent-enhanced CBT may be associated with significantly larger reductions in anxiety symptoms. High and low parental involvement in CBT for OCD in young people were both effective, and there was no evidence that 1 method of delivery was superior on the primary outcome measure. However, this study was small. Future trials should be adequately powered and examine interactions with the age of the young person and comorbid anxiety disorders.
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In response to Norcross and Rossi's (1994) comment on our article (Shapiro, Barkham, Rees, Hardy, Reynolds, & Startup, 1994), we note that research as reported does not fully represent the... more
In response to Norcross and Rossi's (1994) comment on our article (Shapiro, Barkham, Rees, Hardy, Reynolds, & Startup, 1994), we note that research as reported does not fully represent the processes whereby it was designed and completed. The true statistical power of an ...
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ABSTRACT The ontogeny of behavior in an organism must reflect developmental events in the nervous system, and it thus provides a noninvasive measure of neuronal development. This approach may be particularly fruitful in the medicinal... more
ABSTRACT The ontogeny of behavior in an organism must reflect developmental events in the nervous system, and it thus provides a noninvasive measure of neuronal development. This approach may be particularly fruitful in the medicinal leech because the neuronal basis of several behaviors has been characterized in adult leeches, providing a rich background against which behavioral development can be interpreted. We have investigated the order in which behaviors arise during the period of embryonic development and have determined the time at which each behavior is first expressed. Some behaviors, such as lateral ridge formation, germinal plate bending, spiral twisting, and sidewinding, were produced spontaneously by embryos. Others, such as shortening, circumferential indentation, local bending, and elongation, occurred only when they were elicited by weak mechanical stimulation. Such stimulation rarely evoked a behavioral response in young embryos (at 45% of the time required for complete embryonic development, 45% ED), but by 80% ED embryos responded to nearly 100% of the stimuli presented. In embryos older than 50% ED, the behavior most frequently evoked by stimulation of the anterior end, the posterior end, or the rear sucker was shortening. Stimulation of the midbody usually evoked behavior other than shortening, illustrating that the body was behaviorally compartmentalized, at least in part. Some behaviors observed during embryogenesis are never seen in adult leeches. For example, in response to stimulation of the midbody, young embryos produced a behavior that we have called "circumferential indentation," whereas older embryos produced local bending, a response previously described for adults. The switch from circumferential indentation to local bending may signal the formation of new synaptic connections.
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... SHIRLEY REYNOLDS, EMMA TAYLOR and DAVID SHAPIRO MRCIESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, PO Box 604, The University ... For example, a recent development in the psychotherapy research literature is the... more
... SHIRLEY REYNOLDS, EMMA TAYLOR and DAVID SHAPIRO MRCIESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, PO Box 604, The University ... For example, a recent development in the psychotherapy research literature is the 'events paradigm' (Rice and Greenberg, 1984) in ...
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Challenging behaviours may elicit negative emotional reactions and increase stress within care staff. The Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) was used to elicit spontaneous causal attributions of staff toward hypothetical clients... more
Challenging behaviours may elicit negative emotional reactions and increase stress within care staff. The Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) was used to elicit spontaneous causal attributions of staff toward hypothetical clients with challenging behaviours. It was hypothesized that there would be relationships (1) between staff exposure to challenging behaviours and burnout, and (2) between staff cognitions and burnout. Using a cross-sectional correlational design, 41 care staff took part in a 10 minute interview about two vignettes depicting self-injurious behaviour. Staff also completed measures of demographic information and burnout. Participants made attributions toward self-injurious behaviour that were typically internal to the client, uncontrollable, unstable and specific. There was a significant association between number of clients cared for and emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. Staff who made fewer stable attributions had higher levels of burnout. The...
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Human Relations http://hum.sagepub.com/ Stress Reduction in Transition: Conceptual Problems in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Worksite Stress Management Interventions Shirley Reynolds and David A. Shapiro Human Relations... more
Human Relations http://hum.sagepub.com/ Stress Reduction in Transition: Conceptual Problems in the Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Worksite Stress Management Interventions Shirley Reynolds and David A. Shapiro Human Relations 1991 44: 717 DOI: 10.1177/ ...
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The aim of this introductory paper, and of this special issue of Cognition and Emotion, is to stimulate debate about theoretical issues that will inform child anxiety research in the coming years. Papers included in this special issue... more
The aim of this introductory paper, and of this special issue of Cognition and Emotion, is to stimulate debate about theoretical issues that will inform child anxiety research in the coming years. Papers included in this special issue have arisen from an Economic and Social Research ...
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Abstract. The quality control of therapy in routine clinical practice depends to a large degree on the ability of therapists to evaluate accurately their own performance in administering therapy. However, the literature in many fields... more
Abstract. The quality control of therapy in routine clinical practice depends to a large degree on the ability of therapists to evaluate accurately their own performance in administering therapy. However, the literature in many fields casts doubt on the accuracy of people's ...
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... Shirley Reynolds University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Keywords: Obsessive compulsive disorder, adolescents, cognitive models. Reprint requests to Shirley Reynolds, School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Health Policy and... more
... Shirley Reynolds University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Keywords: Obsessive compulsive disorder, adolescents, cognitive models. Reprint requests to Shirley Reynolds, School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Health Policy and Practice, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. ...
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Abstract. As a result of its expanding evidence base from randomized controlled trials, cognitive therapy is becoming increasingly widely practised in the treatment of many mental health problems. However, little is known about the extent... more
Abstract. As a result of its expanding evidence base from randomized controlled trials, cognitive therapy is becoming increasingly widely practised in the treatment of many mental health problems. However, little is known about the extent to which it is carried out competently ...
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... Liz Doherr Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Care Trust, Cambridge, UK ShirleyReynolds University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Acknowledgements Shirley Reynolds was supported by the Leverhulme Trust during the... more
... Liz Doherr Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Care Trust, Cambridge, UK ShirleyReynolds University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK ... Acknowledgements Shirley Reynolds was supported by the Leverhulme Trust during the preparation of this article. ...
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Abstract. The psychometric properties of the Stages of Change scales (McConnaughy, Pro-chaska, & Velicer, 1983) were examined in a clinical sample of clients referred for psycho-therapy. Sixty clients completed the... more
Abstract. The psychometric properties of the Stages of Change scales (McConnaughy, Pro-chaska, & Velicer, 1983) were examined in a clinical sample of clients referred for psycho-therapy. Sixty clients completed the Stages of Change scales and the Brief Symptoms ...
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This study investigated whether children's fears could be un-learned using... more
This study investigated whether children's fears could be un-learned using Rachman's indirect pathways for learning fear. We hypothesised that positive information and modelling a non-anxious response are effective methods of un-learning fears acquired through verbal information. One hundred and seven children aged 6-8 years received negative information about one animal and no information about another. Fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance were measured. Children were randomised to receive positive verbal information, modelling, or a control task. Fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance were measured again. Positive information and modelling led to lower fear beliefs and behavioural avoidance than the control condition. Positive information was more effective than modelling in reducing fear beliefs and both methods significantly reduced behavioural avoidance. The results support Rachman's indirect pathways as viable fear un-learning pathways and supports associative learning theories.
Research Interests: Psychology, Fear, Cognition, Treatment Outcome, Information Processing, and 19 moreAnxiety, Learning, Prospective studies, Humans, Child, Behaviour, Business and Management, Belief, Information Modelling, Female, Male, Associative learning, Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Age Factors, ANXIETY, Psychological Models, Nino, and Behaviour Therapy
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