Social

The last few years have seen an increasing awareness of sexual harassment as an important social problem with serious implications for individuals and organizations alike, leading to increased attempts to understand how victims respond to this stressful and sometimes traumatic experience. The present article reviews the behavioral science research on responses to sexual harassment, including their links to outcomes and consequences. We then present an alternative to the frequently invoked assertiveness paradigm, derived from the cognitive-behavioral stress and coping framework. We examine our paradigm in the context of legal proceedings that, in effect, hold the victim responsible for responding appropriately; explore the more general implications of placing the burden of noncom-sent on the victim; and conclude with a discussion of this research for an emerging legal theory of sexual harassment.

Draft, please do not quote without permission This paper reviews the arguments and some of the evidence on the emergence of gated communities and contends that the concept of the partitioned city has a useful application both in the private sector and public sector housing. The focus of the paper will be the UK context, and developments that have been largely ignored to date. The paper utilises the concept of ‘club economics ’ to consider the critical issues behind the development of private neighbourhoods within public housing contexts. It contends that whilst gating may exemplify a form of privatism, it may also provide a contribution to social cohesion through the establishment of new forms of territorial management and relationships. It considers how democratic accountability can be established within such environments and how management structures can either facilitate or prevent resident empowerment. By formulating a typology of private and public dwellings and neighbourhoods ...

Une etude de droit compare montre qu�aucune des deux tendances dominantes dans la philosophie penale americaine n�a reussi a penetrer dans la culture juridique continentale, essentiellement pour des raisons philosophiques et constitutionnelles. L�utilitarisme penal et son avatar le mouvement « Droit et economie », qui utilisent le raisonnement economique en droit, impregnent la philosophie penale anglo-americaine mais sont rejetes par la philosophie continentale, comme cela apparait de deux exemples juridiques : le cas du « mauvais samaritain » � autrement dit de la non-assistance a personne en peril � et celui des diffamations et injures racistes. Le retributivisme, une approche de la peine fondee exclusivement sur la morale deontologique, est de plus en plus pregnant aux Etats-Unis mais ne reussit pas a faire une percee dans le paysage juridique europeen. En realite, aucune philosophie penale ne peut justifier toute seule un systeme de regles privatives de liberte : l�utilitarisme...

This paper re-examines the historical dynamics of t he events that led to Suez Canal crisis of 1956. Most significantly, and unlike several other works on the Suez Canal with their emphasis on political, mi litary and strategic factors, this present study points out that economic factors exerted a preponderant influence in shaping the course of events during th e period under review. Consequently, the approach adopted in this work is that of the economic theory of imperialism. Thus, apart from situating the hist ory of the Canal in its proper historical perspective, the paper posits that the i ntense struggle for the control of the Canal between Egypt on the one hand, and the West on the other, emanated primarily from the latter’s attempt to exploit and dominate the Egyptian economy.

Academics, lawmakers, and the general public have long believed that secret liens are problematic. In real property, these are liens that are not recorded in the real property filing system. Secret liens become especially problematic when they are enforced, despite their secrecy, against subsequent purchasers of the property. If the purchaser does not satisfy the lien by paying the underlying debt, the lien holder can foreclose on the property. One of the main purposes of having real property recording statutes was to avoid surprise liens (secret liens afforded priority over subsequent purchasers) and ensure that real estate purchasers and investors are fully informed. Yet surprise liens continue to exist and are, in fact, increasingly accepted by lawmakers.

This Article examines two prototypical surprise liens – federal estate tax liens and mechanics' liens – and proposes that these are indicative of a trend wherein modern lawmakers are increasingly tolerant of surprise liens. This Article then examines potential justifications for this deviation from the longstanding preference against these types of liens. First, some argue that property filing systems are economically inefficient. Second, some argue that creditors and purchasers do not actually check property filing systems. Finally, the Article identifies and addresses the possibility that lawmakers justify surprise liens based upon the identity of the lienor. 

After examining these arguments, this Article concludes that the first two justifications are convincingly countered by existing economic theory and circumstances and that creditors and buyers do, in fact, rely on real property records. This leaves lienor identity as the true driver behind the rising acceptance of surprise liens. This justification, identified herein, is ultimately based upon the perceived social economic benefits arising from granting these favored classes the right to surprise liens. A careful examination of the full economic consequences of surprise liens, however, demonstrates that this justification is not sufficient and ultimately self-defeating. 

Granting special rights to certain classes of lienors imposes higher individual costs than is commonly believed and also creates significant costs that likely counter any social economic benefits actually created. Additionally, surprise liens (even if economically justified) defeat basic conceptions of fairness inherent in the American system of jurisprudence and arising out of basic concepts of due process and social ethics. This Article therefore concludes that these liens should be removed through a strengthening of recording concepts at both a state and federal level.

This paper discusses the use of Numicon number teaching materials with children with Down syndrome. The theory underlying the design of the materials is discussed, the teaching approach and methodology are described and evidence supporting effectiveness is outlined.