Sergey Rudnev

In this work, current methodology and state of body composition studies in athletes are described. Computer science-related issues and prospects of body composition research are outlined, including that of data collection, comparability, utilization, and management.

Cross screening study of the body composition in 240 adult tuberculosis patients found out significantly lower rates of weight and height, lean and fat mass indices and the value of phase diwerence compared to the population of clinically healthy people examined in health centers. 46 (19.2%) patients out of all examined had cachexia defined basing on the criteria of World Health Organisation (WHO). In addition, 75 (31.7%) of tuberculosis patients had protein debilitation and 39 (16.3%) had lipid debilitation. Diagnostic sensitivity of WHO criteria of cachexia by body mass index when defining protein debilitation made 56%, and when defining lipid debilitation it made 61.5%. Among women the rates of protein and lipid debilitation were similar (29.1% and 26.6%), and among men protein debilitation prevailed (32.9% against 11.2%). Protein debilitation were most often detected in case of multiple drug resistance (in 54.7% of cases), in those receiving repeated treatment after chemotherapy...

Treatment outcomes have been studied for 1,372 children with pulmonary tuberculosis of 0-14 years old, notified in 2011 and 2012. It has been found out that the high cure rates (94.5%) are related to a lower number of forms with massive bacillary excretion (7.0%). The lower frequency of some other unfavorable outcomes also makes its contribution (but for the ineffective course of chemotherapy). The massive bacillary excretion increases the risk of chemotherapy failure by 13.2 fold and the risk of lethal outcome by 8.9 times.

We describe the results of anthropological study of healthy Russian children which included both anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis of body composition (n=946). The whole-body impedance was measured according to a conventional tetrapolar scheme using BIA analyzer ABC-01 "Medass" (SRC Medass, Russia). We report a normal ranges for phase angle and BIA body composition parameters, such as absolute and relative contents of fat (FM, %FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) for boys and girls depending on age. FFM was assessed using Houtkooper equation. The obtained estimates of body composition were compared with those derived from skinfold anthropometry using Slaughter, Deurenberg, Matiegka, and other equations. Also, the results of correlation and factor analysis of phase angle and BIA body composition with various anthropometric indexes are discussed.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry and body composition by bioimpedance analysis are studied in three groups of children aged 5–18 years. Group 1 (n = 181) – patients in remission of cancer, group 2 (n = 55) – children with oncology diseases receiving chemotherapy or who are in the early period after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, group 3 (n = 63) – children with non-malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. To eliminate the influence of age and gender on the intergroup comparisons, body composition parameters were expressed as standardized values (z-scores) relative to a reference group of healthy Russian children (n = 138,191). Group 1 was characterized by excess fat content with intact lean body mass, and groups 2 and 3 by protein depletion, more pronounced in Group 2 with a higher percentage of body fat. All used conventional formulas (WHO, Harris–Benedict and others) in groups 1 and 3 underestimated REE as compared with indirect calorimet...

Fundamental issues in various areas of bioimpedance application, such as impedance cardiography, electrical impedance tomography, and bioimpedance analysis of body composition and spectroscopy, require mathematical models. Highly inhomogeneous and anisotropic structure of the human body makes the numerical simulation of bioimpedance measurements the inevitable tool. In this chapter, we present essential elements and the workflow of the finite element method (FEM)-based computational technology in bioimpedance modeling: 3D image segmentation, adaptive mesh generation, finite element discretization, as well as construction and visualization of current density, potential, and sensitivity fields. The cornerstone of the technology is an anatomically correct 3D model of the human body from the Visible Human Project (VHP). The technology provides an online numerical simulator of bioimpedance measurements using a conventional 4-electrode and 10-electrode placement schemes.

this work, a mathematical model of age related changes in population of peripheral T cells (Romanyukha, Yashin, 2003) is used to describe ontogenetic changes of the immune system. The treatise is based on the assumption of linear dependence of antigen load from basal metabolic rate, which, in turn, depends on body mass following the allometric relationship - 3/4 power scaling law (Kleiber, 1932; West, Brown, 2005). Energy cost of antigen burden is estimated and used as a measure of the immune system effectiveness. The dependence of optimal resource allocation in the immune system from the parameters of antigen load is studied.

Based on the results of the cross-sectional anthropological study of 2364 Russian children and adolescents aged 7-17 years, we suggest simple prediction formulae for automated bioimpedance-based evaluation of endomorphy and mesomorphy components of the Heath-Carter somatotype: ENDO BIA = 0.5282×FMi + 0.2580×BMI - 0.04822×BM - 1.881 (r2=0.81, SEE=0.65); MESO BIA = 0.3651×FFMi + 0.42765×BMI - 0.09323×BM - 4.803 (r2=0.81, SEE=0.54), where BMI, FMi and FFMi are, respectively, the body mass, fat mass and fatfree mass indices (kg/m2), and BM is the body mass (kg). In addition, in order to avoid using indirect bioimpedance body composition estimates, alternative formulae are constructed based only on directly measured rather than estimated bioimpedance data: ENDO BIA = -3224.7/R + 0.63867×BMI - 0.04162×BM - 2.195 (r2=0.81, SEE=0.65); MESOBIA = 2195.4/R + 0.52966×BMI - 0.09740×BM - 4.5522 (r2=0.81, SEE=0.54), where R is the whole-body electrical resistance (Ohm) at a frequency of 50 kHz. These formulae can be used for the specified age range regardless of sex and, due to relatively high proportion of the explained variance, are suitable for individual typology.

A relatively low rate of mortality from COVID-19 in Russia sparked a debate on the completeness of registration of deaths from coronavirus infection A multiple death cause analysis helps to reveal comorbidity of the virus and chronic diseases, mortality from which has markedly increased, serving the argument in this discussion Purpose: to compare frequency of the leading causes of death in Moscow before and during the pandemic and to evaluate possible underestimation of mortality from coronavirus infection in major classes of diseases Material and Methods The authors have analyzed data from the Moscow integrated medical information and analysis system (EMIAS) on deaths from February to May 2020 The leading death causes were identified for two periods: February and March (period I) and April and May (period II) for major classes of diseases The authors have compared the number of deaths from these causes For diseases whose death rate significantly increased in the period II, association with SARS-COV-2 infection was evaluated Also, the frequency of indication of these diseases as concomitant to COVID-19 was analysed Analysis of associations of the virus with chronic diseases was carried out by calculating corresponding frequencies which were compared using the Chi-square criterion Results The number of deaths in April-May were 40 8% higher in males compared to February-March and 34 3% higher in females The number of deaths from infectious diseases has increased to a greater extent (10 3 times in males and 12 7 times in females), deaths from diseases of the endocrine system (2 6 and 2 2 times, respectively), symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (by 64 7% and 70 7%) and deaths from diseases of the genitourinary system among males (by 64 7%) The number of deaths from neoplasms has decreased (by 5 2% and 5 7%) and deaths from injuries and poisoning (by 24 4% and 27 1%) Conclusions The structure of death causes among Muscovites during the pandemic has changed due to both the increased mortality from diseases that were often associated with coronavirus infection and the increased share of deaths from infectious diseases According to the results received, these include type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, chronic coronary heart disease, disease of cerebral vascular (I67 8), cerebral infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Given the super-mortality from these diseases and the undetermined causes of death, the actual number of deaths from COVID-19 may double the number of confirmed cases Presumably, the post-mortem examination of individuals with suspected coronavirus infection does not reveal all cases of infection Сравнительно низкая смертность от COVID-19 в России вызвала дискуссию о полноте учёта смертей от коронавирусной инфекции Анализ множественных причин смерти позволяет выявить коморбидность вируса с теми хроническими заболеваниями, смертность от которых заметно выросла, что послужит аргументом в этой дискуссии Цель исследования: для основных классов заболеваний сравнить частоту ведущих причин смерти в Москве в периоды до и во время пандемии и оценить масштаб возможного недоучёта смертности от коронавирусной инфекции Материал и методы Проанализированы сведения базы данных РФС-ЕМИАС г Москвы об умерших в 2020 году в период с февраля по май Для основных классов болезней выявлялись ведущие причины смерти в феврале-марте (период I) и в апреле-мае (период II) Проводилось сравнение количества умерших от этих причин Для заболеваний, частота смерти от которых существенно увеличилась во втором периоде, анализировалось сопряжение с инфицированием SARS-COV-2 Одновременно анализировалась частота указания этих заболеваний как сопутствующих для случаев смерти от COVID-19 Анализ ассоциации вируса с хроническими заболеваниями проводился путем расчёта соответствующих частот Сравнение проводилось по критерию Хи-квадрат Результаты Количество умерших мужчин в апреле-мае было на 40,8% больше, чем в феврале-марте, а женщин - на 34,3% больше В большей степени выросло количество смертей от инфекционных заболеваний (в 10,3 раз у мужчин и 12,7 раз у женщин), болезней эндокринной системы (в 2,6 и 2,2 раз соответственно), симптомов, признаков и неточно обозначенных состояний (на 64,7% и 70,7%), а у мужчин - и болезней мочеполовой системы (на 64,7%) Уменьшилось количество смертей от новообразований (на 5,2% и 5,7%), травм и отравлений (на 24,4% и 27,1%) Заключение: Структура причин смерти москвичей во время пандемии изменилась не только из-за увеличения доли инфекционной смертности, но и из-за роста смертности от заболеваний, которые были часто ассоциированы с инфицированием коронавирусом Согласно полученным результатам, к ним относились сахарный диабет 2 типа, ожирение, хронический тубулоинтерстициальный нефрит, поликистоз почек, хроническая ишемическая болезнь сердца, поражение сосудов мозга (I67 8), инфаркт мозга и хроническая обструктивная болезнь лёгких…

A prototype automated system for the analysis and processing raw data of mass population screening in the Russian health centers (HCs), software program HCViewer, is developed. In it, essential elements of big data, including data filtering (i.e., detection and removal of outliers and fraud cases), statistics and spatial visualization are implemented. Testing HCViewer on the datasets of knowingly reliable, unreliable, and partially reliable bioimpedance body composition data has shown high diagnostic specificity (95.2–98.9%) and sensitivity (94.5–99.2%) of the filtering criteria. Retrospective analysis of the HCs’ bioimpedance database revealed rapid growth in the proportion of fraud cases, from 5–7% in 2009 to 43–45% in 2013–2014 (with the correction for false alarm rate), and the high level of heterogeneity in data quality, so that 80.3% of the incorrect data were generated in 20% of the HCs. This indicates inefficient management of the Russian preventive screening system and sugg...

Background: Population screening in Health Centers (HCs) represents the only data source of mass anthropometric and body composition in Russia. Previously, an overview of the physical development and body composition of the population according to HCs’ data along with centile reference tables were published while a detailed analysis of sexual dimorphism was not carried out.Aims: The analysis of sexual dimorphism of height-weight indices and body composition data in modern Russian children and adolescents aged 5–18 years according to HCs data, as well as comparison of the dynamics of age-related changes in anthropometric data with the WHO growth references.Materials and methods: Non-clinical cross-sectional observational study was conducted using bioimpedance and related anthropometric HCs’ data over the period 2010–2012. The data was obtained according to Russian Health Ministry letter no. 14-1/10/2-3200 dated Oct. 24, 2012. The study sample included 268 153 subjects, 140 769 boys a...

Arguments are given in support of the hypothesis that the famous stone ships of Northern Europe are Christian medieval structures, owing their origin to the imperial rite of royal burial in ancient Egypt, Romea (Byzantium), and the Russia-Horde, being its symbolic reflection. Subsequently, the construction of stone ships became a local tradition of honorable (presumably, military) burial according to the cult of Odin, and they spread widely in Northern Europe. The small town of Jelling in Denmark is a rare place where paganism and Christianity ‘officially met’ in two neighboring generations of one ruling dynasty. The symbolism of the royal burial in Jelling, the runestones of the Isle of Man, and the tree of life Yggdrasil of the German-Scandinavian mythology, along with the well-known identification of the chief Viking god Odin and Christ, clearly indicate that the ‘paganism’ of the Vikings was an early form of Christianity. A natural explanation is given to the origin of the definition of Vikings as ‘sea raiders’, and why stone ships in the Baltic States are called ‘devil ships’.
Keywords: stone ships, runestones, Vikings, Jelling, Odin and Christ, Christianity, paganism, Middle Ages, tree of life Yggdrasil.

In this book, we present an overview of the contemporary technologies and methods for the human body composition assessment in vivo. A range of their applications involves a spectrum of fundamental and applied biomedical problems, such as estimation of physical fitness on individual and population levels, diagnosis and treatment of obesity and osteoporosis, age-related changes in body composition, adaptation to environmental factors, and professional selection. For biologists, anthropologists and physicians.

This book focuses on theory and applications of bioelectric impedance analysis of human body composition. Essential physical, metrological aspects and measurement techniques, as well as capabilities of modern BIA equipment and software are considered. Data on variability of BIA body composition parameters in norm and disease are represented. A broad range of clinical applications and the results of BIA measurements in fitness and sport are described. For biologists, dietitians, clinicians and sports physicians who are interested in human body composition research. The book may be of interest for applied mathematicians and for medical engineers.

Here, we report first results on the development of computational health information technology for monitoring chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risks in Russia based on data of the large-scale ongoing population survey in Health Centers (HCs). The technology involve algorithms for automated raw data process and generation of joint database, tools for data standardization and visualization, the assessment of risks, and other components. The data on physical status of Russians, including height, weight, and BMI are provided and compared with Belgian (1835), Swiss (2002), and US (1988-1994) reference datasets. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity in 5-85 years-old Russians according to the conventional WHO criteria was found to be high (18.9% in males and 26.7% in females) and varied significantly across federal subjects of Russia thus suggesting an importance of the Russian NCDs risks monitoring system for planning and evaluation of the effectiveness of preventive and th...

ABSTRACT A technology for high-resolution efficient numerical modelling of bioimpedance measurements is considered that includes 3D image segmentation, adaptive unstructured tetrahedral mesh generation, finite-element discretization, and analysis of simulation data. The first-order convergence of the proposed numerical methods on a series of unmatched meshes and roughly second-order convergence on a series of nested meshes are shown. The current, potential, and sensitivity field distributions are computed for conventional schemes of bioimpedance measurements using segmented geometrical torso model of the Visible Human Project (VHP) man. Use of the adaptive tetrahedral meshes reduces significantly the number of mesh elements and, hence, the associated computational cost compared to rectangular meshes while keeping the model accuracy.

ABSTRACT Using ordinary differential equations, we propose a mathematical model describing an “averaged” dynamics of variables involved in which some parameters are shown to be important characteristics of lung resistance. The model consists of modified D.A. Lauffenburger’s mathematical model for inflammatory reaction in lungs, and the model of humoral immune response (G. I. Marchuk). Coefficients are identified against clinical and experimental data. We attempt to elucidate some disease characteristics in terms of sensitivity analysis of model solutions with respect to parameters variations.

In this book, the data on growth, development, body composition and metabolic rate of Russians are described based on the results of the cross‐sectional bioimpedance study of 2 092 695 Russian males and females that was conducted in 2010‐2012. Using extensions of the conventional LMS method, the smoothed centile curves and the parameters of the respective distributions for BIA variables are provided. International and regional comparisons, as well as estimates of malnutrition prevalence and the respective epidemiological risks, are presented.
For health professionals, epidemiologists, anthropologists, dietitians, physicians, graduate students, and all interested in modern applications of human body composition research.

Mathematical modeling of immunosenescence is the new area of research emerging at the interface of the immunology, gerontology, and mathematics. In this paper we outline basic variables important for modeling aging immunity. We discuss the role of evolution in shaping pattern of aging in the immune system of modern humans. We investigate mathematical models of postnatal changes in the population of peripheral T-cells, effects of the antigenic load during development on the body growth, and contribution of immunosenescence to the old age increase in the risk of death from respiratory infections.