WO2021105813A1 - 二次電池、正極活物質の作製方法、携帯情報端末、および車両 - Google Patents
二次電池、正極活物質の作製方法、携帯情報端末、および車両 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021105813A1 WO2021105813A1 PCT/IB2020/060735 IB2020060735W WO2021105813A1 WO 2021105813 A1 WO2021105813 A1 WO 2021105813A1 IB 2020060735 W IB2020060735 W IB 2020060735W WO 2021105813 A1 WO2021105813 A1 WO 2021105813A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- secondary battery
- lithium
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- BYMUNNMMXKDFEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluorolanthanum Chemical compound F[La](F)F BYMUNNMMXKDFEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BHHYHSUAOQUXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc fluoride Chemical compound F[Zn]F BHHYHSUAOQUXJK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- OMQSJNWFFJOIMO-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium tetrafluoride Chemical compound F[Zr](F)(F)F OMQSJNWFFJOIMO-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/40—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element
- C01G51/42—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/80—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing one or more other elements
- C01G53/82—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing two or more other elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery using a positive electrode active material and a method for producing the secondary battery.
- the homogeneity of the present invention relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- the present invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition (composition of matter).
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a display device, a light emitting device, a power storage device, a lighting device, an electronic device, or a method for manufacturing the same.
- the electronic device refers to all devices having a power storage device, and the electro-optical device having the power storage device, the information terminal device having the power storage device, and the like are all electronic devices.
- a power storage device refers to an element having a power storage function and a device in general.
- a power storage device also referred to as a secondary battery
- a lithium ion secondary battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium ion capacitor, an electric double layer capacitor, and the like.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries which have particularly high output and high energy density, are mobile information terminals such as mobile phones, smartphones, or notebook computers, portable music players, digital cameras, medical devices, hybrid vehicles (HEVs), and electricity.
- Demand for next-generation clean energy vehicles such as automobiles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) is expanding rapidly with the development of the semiconductor industry, and modern computerization as a source of energy that can be recharged repeatedly. It has become indispensable to society.
- Patent Document 1 improvement of the positive electrode active material has been studied in order to improve the cycle characteristics and the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the characteristics required for the power storage device include improvement of safety and long-term reliability in various operating environments.
- Non-Patent Document 1 fluorides such as fluorite (calcium fluoride) have been used as a flux in iron making and the like for a long time, and their physical properties have been studied (Non-Patent Document 1).
- Improvements are desired in various aspects such as capacity, cycle characteristics, charge / discharge characteristics, reliability, safety, and cost of the lithium ion secondary battery and the positive electrode active material used therein.
- a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) has a high discharge capacity and is excellent as a cathode active material for a secondary battery.
- a secondary battery using lithium cobalt oxide as a positive electrode active material has a problem that the battery capacity decreases due to repeated charging and discharging.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide positive electrode active material particles with less deterioration.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide new positive electrode active material particles.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a power storage device with less deterioration.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a highly safe power storage device.
- one aspect of the present invention makes it an object to provide a new power storage device.
- Another object of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a novel substance, active material particles, a power storage device, or a method for producing the same.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material disclosed in the present specification includes a first step of arranging a container containing a lithium oxide and a fluoride in a heating furnace and a first step. It is a method for producing a positive electrode active material, which comprises a second step of heating the inside of a heating furnace in an atmosphere containing oxygen, and the heating temperature of the second step is 750 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the heating temperature is preferably 775 ° C. or higher and 925 ° C. or lower. Further, it is preferably 800 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower.
- the fluoride is lithium fluoride, which includes a step of covering the container before or during heating.
- fluorine is contained in the positive electrode active material particles, and the fluorine can improve the wettability of the surface of the positive electrode active material to be homogenized and flattened.
- the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material thus obtained does not easily collapse in repeated charging and discharging of a high voltage, and the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material having such characteristics has significantly improved cycle characteristics.
- another method for producing a positive electrode active material disclosed in the present specification is a first method of producing a lithium oxide by first heating a lithium source and a transition metal source.
- the second heating is 750 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower, and the first heating is a temperature higher than the second heating, which is a method for producing a positive electrode active material.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material can be modified by fluoride or the like in the second heating.
- the composite oxide with lithium, transition metal and oxygen preferably has a layered rock salt type crystal structure with less defects and strain. Therefore, it is preferable that the composite oxide has few impurities. If the composite oxide containing lithium, transition metals and oxygen contains a large amount of impurities, it is likely that the crystal structure will have many defects or strains.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material In order to prevent impurities from being contained, it is preferable to modify the surface of the positive electrode active material by mixing the fluoride, covering it with a lid, and heating it.
- the timing of lidging is to cover the container before heating and then place it in the heating furnace, or after placing it in the heating furnace, cover it so that it covers the container, or before the fluoride melts. Either one of the lids may be used during heating.
- a step of increasing the oxygen concentration in the heating furnace may be provided before the second step. For example, after the container is covered, the inside of the heating furnace is made into an oxygen atmosphere.
- the roughness of the surface irregularities of the active material particles is set to a specific range to increase the strength near the surface, so that the positive electrode activity with less deterioration is lessened.
- the surface of the active material particles is in a state of being smooth or glossy when observed by an SEM photograph with almost no cracks or protrusions. Fluorine is important to ensure that the surface is smooth and creates a clean bond on the surface.
- positive electrode active material particles are produced by mixing lithium oxide and fluoride and heating them. Further, during the heating, solid phase diffusion is promoted by the presence of fluorine, and crystal defects such as cracks, steps, and grain boundaries of the active material particles are reduced.
- the surface unevenness is larger than the above range and is rough, there is a possibility that physical cracks or collapse of the crystal structure may occur.
- the crystal structure collapses the exposed portion of pure LiCoO 2 may be exposed on the surface and the deterioration may be accelerated.
- the surface is modified by covering and heating.
- This surface modification facilitates the above-mentioned structure, that is, a positive electrode active material having an RMS of less than 3 nm, preferably less than 1 nm, and more preferably less than 0.5 nm.
- lithium oxide a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure is preferable, and examples thereof include a composite oxide represented by LiMO 2.
- the element M one or more selected from Co or Ni can be mentioned.
- the element M in addition to one or more selected from Co and Ni, one or more selected from Al and Mg can be mentioned.
- fluorine By including fluorine in the vicinity of the surface, not only fluorine but also magnesium, aluminum, or nickel can be arranged in the vicinity of the surface at a high concentration. Fluorine is prevented from being diffused outward as a gas by covering and annealing, and other aluminum and the like are diffused into the solid material. Fluorine improves the wettability of the surface of the positive electrode active material to homogenize or flatten it.
- another aspect of the present invention is at least when the particle surface unevenness information near the surface is quantified from the measurement data in the cross section cut toward the particle center of the lithium oxide containing fluorine, which is observed by STEM.
- a secondary battery in which a positive electrode active material having a surface roughness of less than 3 nm in some of the particles is provided on the positive electrode.
- the surface roughness is preferably RMS obtained by calculating the standard deviation.
- the positive electrode active material preferably has a surface roughness of at least the outer circumference of the particles at 400 nm.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a portable information terminal having the above-mentioned secondary battery.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a vehicle having the above-mentioned secondary battery.
- positive electrode active material particles with less deterioration can be provided.
- novel positive electrode active material particles can be provided.
- a novel power storage device can be provided by one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a phase diagram showing the relationship between the composition and temperature of lithium fluoride and magnesium fluoride.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the result of DSC analysis.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the weight loss rate when the fluoride is heated.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a flow showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is an example of a process sectional view showing one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A is a STEM photograph of active material particles showing one aspect of the present invention, and FIG. 6B is a STEM photograph showing a comparative example.
- FIG. 7A is a STEM photograph of active material particles showing one aspect of the present invention, and FIG. 7B is a STEM photograph showing a comparative example.
- FIG. 8A is a STEM photograph of active material particles showing one aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 8B is an enlarged and cut-out image of a part thereof
- FIG. 8C is image data after binarization processing
- FIG. 8D Is the image data in which the boundary is detected
- FIG. 8E is a graph in which coordinate data is read from the extracted boundary and plotted on a graph
- FIG. 8F is a graph in which the inclination and waviness are removed and only the roughness component is extracted.
- FIG. 9A is a STEM photograph of active material particles showing a comparative example
- FIG. 9B is an enlarged image of a part thereof
- FIG. 9C is a graph in which only the roughness component is extracted.
- 10A shows condition 1, FIG.
- FIG. 10B shows condition 2
- FIG. 10C shows condition 3
- FIG. 10D is a comparative example.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery.
- FIG. 12A is a STEM photograph of the particles obtained under condition 1
- FIG. 12B is a STEM photograph of the particles obtained under condition 2
- FIG. 12C is a STEM photograph of the particles obtained under condition 3.
- FIG. 13A is a graph showing the result of EDX of the particles obtained under condition 1
- FIG. 13B is a graph showing the result of EDX of the particles obtained under condition 2
- FIG. 13C is a graph showing the results of EDX of the particles obtained under condition 3. It is a graph which shows the result of EDX of.
- FIG. 12A is a STEM photograph of the particles obtained under condition 1
- FIG. 13B is a graph showing the result of EDX of the particles obtained under condition 2
- FIG. 13C is a graph showing the results of EDX of the particles obtained under condition 3.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure and magnetism of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram for explaining the crystal structure and magnetism of the positive electrode active material of the conventional example.
- 16A and 16B are cross-sectional views of the active material layer when a graphene compound is used as the conductive material.
- 17A and 17B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 18A, 18B, 18C, 18D, and 18E are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 19A is a perspective view of the secondary battery
- FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional perspective view thereof
- FIG. 19C is a schematic cross-sectional view during charging.
- 20A is a perspective view of a secondary battery
- FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional perspective view thereof
- FIG. 19C is a schematic cross-sectional view during charging.
- FIG. 20B is a sectional perspective view thereof
- FIG. 20C is a perspective view of a battery pack including a plurality of secondary batteries
- FIG. 20D is a top view thereof.
- 21A and 21B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 22A and 22B are diagrams illustrating a laminated secondary battery.
- 23A, 23B, 23C, 23D, and 23E are perspective views showing electronic devices.
- FIG. 24A is a STEM photograph of the particles obtained in the comparative example
- FIG. 24B is a diagram showing the result of EDX in the comparative example.
- 25A and 25B are graphs showing the discharge characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 26 is a graph showing the rate characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 27A and 27B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 28A and 28B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- 29A and 29B are graphs showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 30 is a graph showing the cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material produced in Example 1.
- homogeneity refers to a phenomenon in which a certain element (for example, A) is distributed in a specific region with the same characteristics in a solid composed of a plurality of elements (for example, A, B, C). It is sufficient that the concentrations of the elements in the specific regions are substantially the same. For example, the difference in element concentration between specific regions may be within 10%.
- Specific areas include, for example, surfaces, protrusions, recesses, interiors and the like.
- the layered rock salt type crystal structure of the composite oxide containing lithium and the transition metal has a rock salt type ion arrangement in which cations and anions are alternately arranged, and the transition metal and lithium are present.
- a crystal structure capable of two-dimensional diffusion of lithium because it is regularly arranged to form a two-dimensional plane.
- the layered rock salt crystal structure may have a distorted lattice of rock salt crystals.
- the rock salt type crystal structure means a structure in which cations and anions are alternately arranged. There may be a cation or anion deficiency.
- charging means moving electrons from a positive electrode to a negative electrode in an external circuit.
- the release of lithium ions is called charging.
- a positive electrode active material having a charging depth of 0.74 or more and 0.9 or less, more specifically, a positive electrode active material having a charging depth of 0.8 or more and 0.83 or less is defined as a positive electrode active material charged at a high voltage. Therefore, for example, if LiCoO 2 is charged at 219.2 mAh / g, it is a positive electrode active material charged at a high voltage. Further, in LiCoO 2 , a constant current charge is performed in an environment of 25 ° C.
- the positive electrode active material after being charged at a constant voltage from 1/5 to 1/100 of the above is also referred to as a positive electrode active material charged at a high voltage.
- discharge refers to the transfer of electrons from the negative electrode to the positive electrode in an external circuit.
- the positive electrode active material inserting lithium ions is called electric discharge.
- a positive electrode active material having a charging depth of 0.06 or less, or a positive electrode active material in which a capacity of 90% or more of the charging capacity is discharged from a state of being charged at a high voltage is defined as a sufficiently discharged positive electrode active material. ..
- the charging capacity is 219.2 mAh / g, it is in a state of being charged at a high voltage, and the positive electrode active material after discharging 197.3 mAh / g or more, which is 90% of the charging capacity, is sufficient.
- the positive electrode active material discharged to. Further, in LiCoO 2 , the positive electrode active material after being discharged at a constant current until the battery voltage becomes 3 V or less (in the case of counterpolar lithium) in an environment of 25 ° C. is also defined as a sufficiently discharged positive electrode active material.
- an example in which a lithium metal is used as a counter electrode may be shown as a secondary battery using the positive electrode and the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention.
- Other materials such as graphite and lithium titanate may be used for the negative electrode.
- the properties of the positive electrode and the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention such as the crystal structure being less likely to collapse even after repeated charging and discharging, and good cycle characteristics being obtained, are not affected by the material of the negative electrode.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention may be charged / discharged at a relatively high voltage such as a charging voltage of 4.6 V with counter electrode lithium, but may be charged / discharged at a lower voltage. When charging / discharging at a lower voltage, it is expected that the cycle characteristics will be further improved as compared with those shown in the present specification and the like.
- Embodiment 1 An example of a method for producing the LiMO 2 (M is two or more kinds of metals containing Co, and the substitution position of the metal is not particularly limited) will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4.
- a positive electrode active material having Mg as a metal element other than Co contained in LiMO 2 will be described as an example.
- lithium oxide 901 As a material of lithium oxide 901, a composite oxide having lithium, a transition metal and oxygen is used.
- a composite oxide having lithium, a transition metal and oxygen can be synthesized by heating a lithium source or a transition metal source in an oxygen atmosphere.
- the transition metal source it is preferable to use a metal capable of forming a layered rock salt type composite oxide belonging to the space group R-3m together with lithium.
- at least one of manganese, cobalt and nickel can be used. That is, only the cobalt source may be used as the transition metal source, only the nickel source may be used, two types of the cobalt source and the manganese source, or two types of the cobalt source and the nickel source may be used. Three types of cobalt source, manganese source, and nickel source may be used.
- the heating temperature at this time is preferably a temperature higher than that in step S16 described later. For example, it can be carried out at 1000 ° C. This heating step may be called firing.
- the main components of the composite oxide having lithium, transition metal and oxygen, and the positive electrode active material are lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum and oxygen, and elements other than the above main components are impurities.
- the total impurity concentration is preferably 10,000 ppmw (parts per million weight) or less, and more preferably 5000 ppmw or less.
- the total impurity concentration of the transition metal such as titanium and arsenic is preferably 3000 ppmw or less, and more preferably 1500 ppmw or less.
- lithium cobalt oxide particles (trade name: CellSeed C-10N) manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. can be used. This has an average particle size (D50) of about 12 ⁇ m, and in impurity analysis by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS), magnesium concentration and fluorine concentration are 50 ppmw or less, calcium concentration, aluminum concentration and silicon concentration are 100 ppmw or less.
- Lithium cobaltate having a nickel concentration of 150 ppmw or less, a sulfur concentration of 500 ppmw or less, an arsenic concentration of 1100 ppmw or less, and other element concentrations other than lithium, cobalt and oxygen of 150 ppmw or less.
- the lithium oxide 901 in step S11 preferably has a layered rock salt type crystal structure with few defects and strains. Therefore, it is preferable that the composite oxide has few impurities. If the composite oxide containing lithium, transition metals and oxygen contains a large amount of impurities, it is likely that the crystal structure will have many defects or strains.
- Fluoride 902 of step S12 is prepared.
- Fluoride includes lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), titanium fluoride (TiF 4 ), cobalt fluoride (CoF 2 , CoF 3 ), and nickel fluoride.
- the fluoride 902 may be any as long as it functions as a fluorine source.
- fluorine F 2
- carbon fluoride sulfur fluoride
- oxygen fluoride OF 2 , O 2 F 2 , O 3 F 2 , O 4 F 2).
- O 2 F oxygen fluoride
- lithium fluoride is prepared as the fluoride 902.
- LiF is preferable because it has a cation in common with LiCoO 2. Further, LiF is preferable because it has a relatively low melting point of 848 ° C. and is easily melted in the annealing step described later. Further, in addition to LiF, a material having magnesium such as MgF 2 may be used. When the fluoride 902 has magnesium, magnesium can be arranged in a high concentration near the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- another element source may be mixed with the fluoride 902.
- a titanium source, an aluminum source, a nickel source, a vanadium source, a manganese source, an iron source, a chromium source, a niobium source, a zinc source, a zirconium source and the like can be mixed.
- step S11 and step S12 may come first.
- step S13 mixing and pulverization are performed.
- Mixing can be done dry or wet, but wet is preferred as it can be pulverized to a smaller size.
- a solvent a ketone such as acetone, an alcohol such as ethanol and isopropanol, ether, dioxane, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the like can be used. It is more preferable to use an aprotic solvent that does not easily react with lithium. In this embodiment, acetone is used.
- a ball mill, a bead mill or the like can be used for mixing.
- a ball mill it is preferable to use zirconia balls as a medium, for example. It is preferable that the mixing and pulverization steps are sufficiently performed to pulverize the mixture 903.
- step S14 in FIG. 4 The material mixed and pulverized above is recovered (step S14 in FIG. 4) to obtain a mixture 903 (step S15 in FIG. 4).
- D50 is preferably 600 nm or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- annealing also includes the case of heating the mixture 903, or at least heating the heating furnace in which the mixture 903 is arranged.
- a heating furnace is a facility used to heat-treat (anneal) a substance or mixture, and has a heater section, an atmosphere containing fluoride, and an inner wall that can withstand at least 600 ° C.
- the heating furnace may be equipped with a pump having at least one of the functions of depressurizing and pressurizing inside the heating furnace. For example, pressurization may be performed during the annealing of S16.
- the annealing temperature of S16 needs to be higher than the temperature at which the reaction between the lithium oxide 901 and the fluoride 902 proceeds.
- the temperature at which the reaction proceeds here may be any temperature at which mutual diffusion of the elements of the lithium oxide 901 and the fluoride 902 occurs. Therefore, it may be lower than the melting temperature of these materials.
- solid phase diffusion occurs from 0.757 times the melting temperature T m (Tanman temperature T d). Therefore, for example, it may be 500 ° C. or higher.
- the temperature is higher than the temperature at which at least a part of the mixture 903 is melted because the reaction proceeds more easily. Therefore, the annealing temperature is preferably equal to or higher than the co-melting point of fluoride 902.
- the co-melting point P of LiF and MgF 2 is around 742 ° C. (T1) as shown in FIG. 1 (quoted from Non-Patent Document 1, FIG. 1471-A). Therefore, it is preferable that the annealing temperature of S16 is 742 ° C. or higher.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 742 ° C. or higher, more preferably 830 ° C. or higher. Further, the temperature may be 800 ° C. (T2 in FIG. 1) or higher, which is between these.
- the degree of weight loss after heating was 2% at 700 ° C., 8% at 800 ° C., and 26% at 900 ° C. As described above, it was clarified that the evaporation or sublimation of fluoride 902 rapidly progressed from around 800 ° C.
- the annealing temperature must be equal to or lower than the decomposition temperature of LiCoO 2 (1130 ° C.). Further, the decomposition temperature of LiCoO 2 is 1130 ° C., but at a temperature in the vicinity thereof, there is a concern that LiCoO 2 may be decomposed, albeit in a small amount. Therefore, the annealing temperature is preferably 1130 ° C. or lower, more preferably 1000 ° C. or lower, further preferably 950 ° C. (T4) or lower, and even more preferably 900 ° C. (T3) or lower.
- the annealing temperature is preferably 850 ° C. ⁇ 100 ° C. (750 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower) as shown in M1 of FIG. 3, and 850 ° C. ⁇ 75 ° C. (775 ° C. or higher and 925 ° C. or lower) as shown in M2. More preferably, as shown in M3, 850 ° C. ⁇ 50 ° C. (800 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower) is most preferable.
- 500 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower is preferable, 500 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower is more preferable, 500 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower is further preferable, and 500 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- 742 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower is preferable, 742 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower is more preferable, 742 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower is further preferable, and 742 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- 800 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower is more preferable, 800 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower is further preferable, and 800 ° C. (T2) or higher and 900 ° C. (T3) or lower (range L) is most preferable. ..
- 830 ° C. or higher and 1130 ° C. or lower is preferable, 830 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower is more preferable, 830 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower is further preferable, and 830 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- LiF is used as the fluoride 902, the lid is closed, and S16 is annealed to prepare a positive electrode active material 904 having good cycle characteristics and the like. Further, when LiF and MgF 2 are used as the fluoride 902, it is considered that the reaction with LiCoO 2 is promoted and LiMO 2 is produced.
- LiF which is a fluoride
- the volume inside the heating furnace is larger than the volume of the container and lighter than oxygen, it is expected that the formation of LiMO 2 will be suppressed when LiF volatilizes and the LiF in the mixture 903 decreases. Therefore, it is necessary to heat while suppressing the volatilization of LiF. Even if LiF is not used, Li and F on the surface of lithium oxide 901 may react to generate LiF and volatilize. Therefore, even if a fluoride having a melting point higher than that of LiF is used, it is necessary to suppress volatilization in the same manner.
- the annealing temperature is set to the decomposition temperature of LiCoO 2 (1130 ° C.) or lower, specifically 742 ° C. or higher. The temperature can be lowered to 1000 ° C. or lower, and the production of LiMO 2 can proceed efficiently. Therefore, a positive electrode active material having good characteristics can be produced, and the annealing time can be shortened.
- the heating furnace 120 shown in FIG. 5 has a space inside the heating furnace 102, a hot plate 104, a heater unit 106, and a heat insulating material 108. It is more preferable to arrange the lid 118 on the container 116 and anneal it. With this configuration, the space 119 composed of the container 116 and the lid 118 can have an atmosphere containing fluoride. During annealing, if the state is maintained by covering the space 119 so that the concentration of gasified fluoride is not constant or reduced, fluorine and magnesium can be contained in the vicinity of the particle surface. Since the space 119 has a smaller volume than the space 102 in the heating furnace, a small amount of fluoride volatilizes to create an atmosphere containing fluoride.
- the reaction system can have a fluoride-containing atmosphere without significantly impairing the amount of fluoride contained in the mixture 903. Therefore, LiMO 2 can efficiently generate production. Further, by using the lid 118, the mixture 903 can be easily and inexpensively annealed in an atmosphere containing fluoride.
- the valence of Co (cobalt) in LiMO 2 produced by one aspect of the present invention is approximately trivalent.
- Cobalt can be divalent and trivalent. Therefore, in order to suppress the reduction of cobalt, the atmosphere of the heating furnace space 102 preferably contains oxygen, and the ratio of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere of the heating furnace space 102 is more preferably equal to or higher than the atmosphere atmosphere, and heating is performed. It is more preferable that the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere of the furnace space 102 is equal to or higher than the atmosphere atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce an atmosphere containing oxygen into the space inside the heating furnace.
- all cobalt atoms do not have to be trivalent because a cobalt atom having a magnesium atom nearby may be more stable if it is divalent.
- the step of making the heating furnace space 102 into an atmosphere containing oxygen and the step of installing the container 116 containing the mixture 903 in the heating furnace space 102 are performed before heating.
- the mixture 903 can be annealed in an atmosphere containing oxygen and fluoride.
- the method of creating an atmosphere containing oxygen in the heating furnace space 102 is not particularly limited, but as an example, a method of introducing a gas containing oxygen such as oxygen gas or dry air after exhausting the heating furnace space 102, oxygen gas. Alternatively, a method of inflowing a gas containing oxygen such as dry air for a certain period of time can be mentioned. Above all, it is preferable to introduce oxygen gas (oxygen substitution) after exhausting the space 102 in the heating furnace.
- the atmosphere in the heating furnace space 102 may be regarded as an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- fluoride or the like adhering to the inner walls of the container 116 and the lid 118 may re-fly by heating and adhere to the mixture 903.
- the step of heating the heating furnace 120 is not particularly limited. It may be heated by using the heating mechanism provided in the heating furnace 120.
- the mixture 903 when it is put into the container 116, but in other words, as shown in FIG. 5, the upper surface of the mixture 903 is flat with respect to the bottom surface of the container 116. It is preferable to arrange the mixture 903 so that the height of the upper surface of the mixture 903 is uniform.
- the annealing in step S16 is preferably performed at an appropriate temperature and time.
- the appropriate temperature and time vary depending on conditions such as the particle size and composition of the lithium oxide 901 in step S11. Smaller particles may be more preferred at lower temperatures or shorter times than larger particles. It has a step of removing the lid after annealing S16.
- the annealing time is preferably, for example, 3 hours or more, and more preferably 10 hours or more.
- the annealing time is preferably, for example, 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less, and more preferably about 2 hours.
- the temperature lowering time after annealing is preferably, for example, 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less.
- step S17 in FIG. 4 The material annealed above is recovered (step S17 in FIG. 4) to obtain a positive electrode active material 904 (step S18 in FIG. 4).
- FIG. 6A is an example of a cross-sectional photograph obtained by STEM for one of the positive electrode active material particles by annealing with a lid.
- FIG. 6B is an example of a cross-sectional photograph obtained by STEM for one of the positive electrode active material particles by annealing without a lid.
- the area around the positive electrode active material particles is made of resin, and STEM observation is performed after forming the protective film.
- FIG. 7A is an enlarged view of a part of the obtained photograph FIG. 6A. Further, an enlarged view of a part of FIG. 6B, which is a comparative example, is shown in FIG. 7B. It can be determined that the particle surface of FIG. 7A is smoother, smoother or glossier than that of FIG. 7B.
- FIG. 8A is the same as FIG. 6A.
- An enlarged and cropped image of the area surrounded by the dotted line in FIG. 8A is shown in FIG. 8B.
- the region surrounded by the dotted line is trimmed as a region for obtaining the roughness of the particles.
- the upper part of the image of FIG. 8B is the resin of the protective film formed for STEM observation, the lower part of the image is the positive electrode active material particles, and the interface shows the outermost shell on the particle surface.
- the image after binarization is shown in FIG. 8C.
- FIG. 8D is obtained.
- the image processing software that performs noise processing, interface extraction, etc. is not particularly limited, but for example, "ImageJ" can be used.
- the spreadsheet software and the like are not particularly limited, but for example, Microsoft Office Excel can be used.
- the roughness which is an index of roughness
- the surface is modified by covering and heating to obtain a positive electrode active material having an RMS of less than 3 nm, preferably less than 1 nm, and more preferably less than 0.5 nm. It will be easy.
- FIG. 9A is the same as FIG. 6B, and the image data obtained by trimming the area surrounded by the dotted line in FIG. 9A is shown in FIG. 9B.
- FIG. 9C can be obtained.
- the roughness (RMS) which is an index of roughness, can be determined to be 3.3 nm.
- Lithium cobalt oxide is prepared as lithium oxide 901. More specifically, CellSeed C-10N manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd. is prepared (step S11).
- Lithium oxide 901 and fluoride 902 are mixed and recovered to give the mixture 903.
- the annealing temperature may vary depending on the weight of the mixture 903, but is preferably 742 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower.
- the "annealing temperature” is the temperature at which the annealing is performed
- the "annealing time” is the time during which the annealing temperature is maintained.
- the temperature rise is 200 ° C./h, and the temperature is lowered over 10 hours or more.
- the annealing temperature is 850 ° C., 60 hours, and the inside of the heating furnace is set to an oxygen atmosphere.
- the lid may be removed during heating to cool the surface. After cooling, the lid is removed, and the obtained positive electrode active material 904 is used to prepare each positive electrode.
- a positive electrode is obtained by the above steps.
- the amount supported by the positive electrode is approximately 7 mg / cm 2 , and the density of the positive electrode active material is> 3.8 g / cc.
- a CR2032 type (diameter 20 mm, height 3.2 mm) coin-shaped battery cell is manufactured.
- Lithium metal is used as the counter electrode.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- Polypropylene having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m is used for the separator.
- the positive electrode can and the negative electrode can, those made of stainless steel (SUS) are used.
- a cell of a secondary battery can be manufactured.
- FIG. 10A shows the same condition 1 as the above-mentioned manufacturing method, and since it is the same as FIG. 5, the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 5 are used.
- condition 2 four lids are used as shown in FIG. 10B.
- condition 3 as shown in FIG. 10C, a container and a lid are used, respectively, to make a triple.
- the same material is used for the lid and the container, specifically ceramic material.
- the lid is larger than the opening of the container and can be placed by its own weight. It is preferable that there is as little gap between the lid and the container as possible, but there is a gap so that the inside of the container is not sealed by the lid.
- Condition 1, condition 2, and condition 3 all have the same procedure and conditions except for the difference in the conditions shown in FIG.
- condition 1 is FIG. 12A
- condition 2 is FIG. 12B
- condition 3 is FIG. 12C.
- Fluorine is important for flatness, that is, to prevent the surface from being uneven, and by covering it with a lid to prevent fluorine from being released to the outside as a gas, a clean bond is formed on the particle surface. Further, by including fluorine in the vicinity of the surface, not only fluorine but also magnesium can be arranged in the vicinity of the surface at a high concentration.
- FIG. 13A The horizontal axis of FIG. 13A indicates the depth direction (Distance). Since it can be determined that the position near the detection position of cobalt is the position of the outermost shell of the particle, the peak of magnesium can be confirmed near the surface of the particle.
- the EDX measurement result of a part of the particles of FIG. 12B is shown in FIG. 13B.
- the EDX measurement result of a part of the particles of FIG. 12C is shown in FIG. 13C.
- the uneven distribution of magnesium can be confirmed on the surface of the positive electrode active material particles.
- Magnesium near the surface of these particles has a function of maintaining a crystal structure (layered rock salt type crystal structure) even if Li is desorbed during discharge.
- a magnesium peak can be confirmed only on the surface, but of course, magnesium is contained inside the particles.
- the deviation of the CoO 2 layer can be reduced in the repeated charging and discharging of the high voltage.
- the change in volume can be reduced by repeating charging and discharging. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material having such characteristics are significantly improved.
- FIG. 11 shows the cycle characteristics of the battery cells under conditions 1, 2, and 3.
- the cycle characteristics were evaluated at 25 ° C. with CCCV (0.5C, 4.6V, termination current 0.05C) for charging and CC (0.5C, 2.5V) for discharging. The result is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 shows the cycle characteristics when a battery cell is manufactured under the condition without a lid under the same conditions as the condition 1 and other manufacturing procedures.
- the SEM photograph of the particle of the comparative example is shown in FIG. 24A.
- the particle surface of the comparative example gives an impression of a rough appearance. A large number of fine protrusions can be visually recognized on the surface, which is significantly different from the results of conditions 1, 2, and 3.
- the EDX measurement results of some of the particles of FIG. 24A are shown in FIG. 24B.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 24B is the distance. Under the condition without a lid in the comparative example, no magnesium peak is observed.
- a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) has a high discharge capacity and is known to be excellent as a cathode active material for a secondary battery.
- Examples of the material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure include a composite oxide represented by LiMO 2.
- the element M one or more selected from Co, Ni, and Mn can be mentioned.
- the element M in addition to one or more selected from Co, Ni, and Mn, one or more selected from Al and Mg can be mentioned.
- the positive electrode active material will be described with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15.
- 14 and 15 show a case where cobalt is used as the transition metal contained in the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 15 is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) to which halogen and magnesium are not added.
- the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide shown in FIG. 15 changes depending on the charging depth.
- lithium cobalt oxide having a charging depth of 0 (discharged state) has a region having a crystal structure of the space group R-3 m, and three CoO 2 layers are present in the unit cell. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O3 type crystal structure.
- the CoO 2 layer is a structure in which an octahedral structure in which oxygen is coordinated to cobalt is continuous with a plane in a state of sharing a ridge.
- the space group P-3m1 has a crystal structure, and one CoO 2 layer exists in the unit cell. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O1 type crystal structure.
- Lithium cobalt oxide when the charging depth is about 0.88 has a crystal structure of the space group R-3 m.
- This structure can be said to be a structure in which a structure of CoO 2 such as P-3m1 (O1) and a structure of LiCoO 2 such as R-3m (O3) are alternately laminated. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an H1-3 type crystal structure.
- the number of cobalt atoms per unit cell is twice that of other structures.
- the c-axis of the H1-3 type crystal structure is shown in a diagram in which the c-axis is halved of the unit cell.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are set to Co (0, 0, 0.42150 ⁇ 0.00016) and O 1 (0, 0, 0.27671 ⁇ 0.00045). , O 2 (0, 0, 0.11535 ⁇ 0.00045).
- O 1 and O 2 are oxygen atoms, respectively.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure is represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and two oxygens.
- the O3'type crystal structure of one aspect of the present invention is preferably represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and one oxygen.
- the O3'type crystal structure has an O3 structure compared to the H1-3 type structure. Indicates that the change from is small. It is more preferable to use which unit cell to represent the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material. For example, in the Rietveld analysis of XRD, the GOF (goodness of fit) value should be selected to be smaller. Just do it.
- the difference in volume is also large.
- the difference in volume between the H1-3 type crystal structure and the discharged O3 type crystal structure is 3.0% or more.
- the structure of the H1-3 type crystal structure in which two CoO layers are continuous such as P-3m1 (O1), is likely to be unstable.
- the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide collapses when high voltage charging and discharging are repeated.
- the collapse of the crystal structure causes deterioration of the cycle characteristics. It is considered that this is because the crystal structure collapses, the number of sites where lithium can exist stably decreases, and it becomes difficult to insert and remove lithium.
- the positive electrode active material produced according to one aspect of the present invention can reduce the deviation of the CoO 2 layer in repeated charging and discharging of a high voltage. Furthermore, the change in volume can be reduced. Therefore, the positive electrode active material can realize excellent cycle characteristics.
- the compound can have a stable crystal structure in a high voltage charging state. Therefore, the compound may not easily cause a short circuit when the high voltage charge state is maintained. In such a case, safety is further improved, which is preferable.
- the difference in volume between the fully discharged state and the charged state with a high voltage is small when compared with the change in crystal structure and the same number of transition metal atoms.
- FIG. 14 shows the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention before and after charging and discharging.
- the positive electrode active material 904 is a composite oxide having lithium, cobalt as a transition metal, and oxygen.
- a halogen such as fluorine or chlorine as an additive element.
- the crystal structure at a charge depth of 0 (discharged state) in FIG. 14 is R-3 m (O3), which is the same as in FIG.
- the positive electrode active material 904 has a crystal having a structure different from that of the H1-3 type crystal structure when the charging depth is sufficiently charged.
- this structure is a space group R-3m and is not a spinel-type crystal structure, ions such as cobalt and magnesium occupy the oxygen 6-coordination position, and the cation arrangement has symmetry similar to that of the spinel-type.
- the symmetry of CoO 2 layers of this structure is the same as type O3. Therefore, this structure is referred to as an O3'type crystal structure or a pseudo-spinel type crystal structure in the present specification and the like.
- the O3'type crystal structure may be paraphrased as a pseudo-spinel type crystal structure.
- the display of lithium is omitted in order to explain the symmetry of the cobalt atom and the symmetry of the oxygen atom, but in reality, the CoO 2 layer In between, for example, lithium of 20 atomic% or less is present with respect to cobalt.
- the CoO 2 layer In between, for example, lithium of 20 atomic% or less is present with respect to cobalt.
- magnesium is dilutely present between the CoO 2 layers, that is, in the lithium site.
- halogen such as fluorine is randomly and dilutely present at the oxygen site.
- light elements such as lithium may occupy the oxygen 4-coordination position, and in this case as well, the ion arrangement has symmetry similar to that of the spinel type.
- the O3'type crystal structure is a crystal structure similar to the CdCl 2 type crystal structure, although Li is randomly provided between the layers.
- This crystal structure similar to CdCl type 2 is similar to the crystal structure when lithium nickel oxide is charged to a charging depth of 0.94 (Li 0.06 NiO 2 ), but contains a large amount of pure lithium cobalt oxide or cobalt. It is known that the layered rock salt type positive electrode active material usually does not have this crystal structure.
- the change in the crystal structure when a large amount of lithium is released by charging at a high voltage is suppressed as compared with the conventional positive electrode active material. For example, as indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 14, there is little deviation of CoO 2 layers in these crystal structures.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention has high structural stability even when the charging voltage is high.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention has the above 4.
- the crystal structure of R-3m (O3) can be maintained even at a charging voltage of about 6V.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention can have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention can have an O3'type crystal structure. There is.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention can maintain the crystal structure of R-3m (O3).
- the O3'type crystal structure can be obtained even in a region where the charging voltage is further increased, for example, when the voltage of the secondary battery exceeds 4.5 V and is 4.6 V or less.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the crystal structure does not easily collapse even if charging and discharging are repeated at a high voltage.
- the difference in volume per unit cell between the O3 type crystal structure having a charging depth of 0 and the O3'type crystal structure having a charging depth of 0.88 is 2.5% or less, more specifically 2.2. % Or less.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are within the range of Co (0,0,0.5), O (0,0,x), 0.20 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25. Can be indicated by.
- Additive elements such as magnesium which are randomly and dilutely present between the two CoO layers, that is, at the lithium site, have an effect of suppressing the displacement of the two CoO layers. Therefore , if magnesium is present between the two layers of CoO, it tends to have an O3'type crystal structure. Therefore, magnesium is preferably distributed over the entire particles of the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention. Further, in order to distribute magnesium throughout the particles, it is preferable to perform heat treatment in the step of producing the positive electrode active material 904 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- a halogen compound such as a fluorine compound
- lithium cobalt oxide before the heat treatment for distributing magnesium throughout the particles.
- a halogen compound causes the melting point depression of lithium cobalt oxide. By lowering the melting point, it becomes easy to distribute magnesium throughout the particles at a temperature at which cationic mixing is unlikely to occur. Further, if a fluorine compound is present, it can be expected that the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid generated by the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the magnesium concentration is higher than the desired value, the effect on stabilizing the crystal structure may be reduced. It is thought that magnesium enters cobalt sites in addition to lithium sites.
- the number of atoms of magnesium contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is preferably 0.001 times or more and 0.1 times or less, more preferably more than 0.01 times and less than 0.04 times the number of atoms of the transition metal. , About 0.02 times is more preferable.
- the magnesium concentration shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- One or more metals selected from, for example, nickel, aluminum, manganese, titanium, vanadium and chromium may be added to lithium cobaltate as metals (additive elements) other than cobalt, and in particular, one or more of nickel and aluminum are added. Is preferable.
- Manganese, titanium, vanadium and chromium may be stable and easily take tetravalent, and may have a high contribution to structural stability. By adding an additive element, the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention may become more stable, for example, in a state of being charged at a high voltage.
- the additive element is added at a concentration that does not significantly change the crystallinity of lithium cobalt oxide.
- the amount is preferably such that the above-mentioned Jahn-Teller effect and the like are not exhibited.
- transition metals such as nickel and manganese and aluminum are preferably present at cobalt sites, but some may be present at lithium sites.
- Magnesium is preferably present at lithium sites.
- Oxygen may be partially replaced with fluorine.
- the capacity of the positive electrode active material may decrease as the magnesium concentration of the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention increases. As a factor, for example, it is considered that the amount of lithium contributing to charge / discharge may decrease due to the inclusion of magnesium in the lithium site. In addition, excess magnesium may produce magnesium compounds that do not contribute to charging and discharging.
- nickel as an additive element in addition to magnesium
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention may be able to increase the capacity per weight and per volume.
- the capacity per weight and per volume may be increased.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has nickel and aluminum in addition to magnesium, it may be possible to increase the capacity per weight and per volume.
- the concentration of an element such as magnesium contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is expressed using the number of atoms.
- the number of nickel atoms contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is preferably 10% or less, more preferably 7.5% or less, still more preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less, and 0. .1% or more and 2% or less is particularly preferable.
- the nickel concentration shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- the transition metal may be eluted from the positive electrode active material into the electrolytic solution, and the crystal structure may be destroyed.
- nickel in the above ratio elution of the transition metal from the positive electrode active material 904 may be suppressed.
- the number of aluminum atoms contained in the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less, and more preferably 0.1% or more and 2% or less of the atomic number of cobalt.
- the concentration of aluminum shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention preferably has an additive element X, and it is preferable to use phosphorus as the additive element X. Moreover, it is more preferable that the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a compound containing phosphorus and oxygen.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention has a compound containing the additive element X, it may be difficult for a short circuit to occur when a high voltage charging state is maintained.
- hydrogen fluoride generated by decomposition of the electrolytic solution may react with phosphorus to reduce the hydrogen fluoride concentration in the electrolytic solution.
- hydrogen fluoride When the electrolytic solution has LiPF 6 , hydrogen fluoride may be generated by hydrolysis. Further, hydrogen fluoride may be generated by the reaction between PVDF used as a component of the positive electrode and an alkali. By reducing the hydrogen fluoride concentration in the electrolytic solution, corrosion of the current collector and / or peeling of the coating film may be suppressed. In addition, it may be possible to suppress a decrease in adhesiveness due to gelation and / or insolubilization of PVDF.
- the stability in a high voltage charging state is extremely high.
- the additive element X is phosphorus
- the number of atoms of phosphorus is preferably 1% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 2% or more and 10% or less, and further preferably 3% or more and 8% or less, in addition.
- the atomic number of magnesium is preferably 0.1% or more and 10% or less, more preferably 0.5% or more and 5% or less, and more preferably 0.7% or more and 4% or less of the atomic number of cobalt.
- concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium shown here may be values obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using, for example, ICP-MS or the like, or the blending of the raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based on a value.
- the progress of the cracks may be suppressed by the presence of phosphorus, more specifically, for example, a compound containing phosphorus and oxygen inside the cracks.
- the symmetry of the oxygen atom is slightly different between the O3 type crystal structure and the O3'type crystal structure. Specifically, in the O3 type crystal structure, the oxygen atoms are aligned along the (-102) plane shown by the dotted line, whereas in the O3'type crystal structure, the oxygen atoms are in the (-102) plane. Not strictly aligned with. This is because in the O3'type crystal structure, tetravalent cobalt increases as lithium decreases, the Jahn-Teller strain increases, and the octahedral structure of CoO 6 is distorted. In addition, the repulsion between oxygen in the CoO 2 layer became stronger as the amount of lithium decreased.
- Magnesium is preferably distributed over the entire particles of the positive electrode active material 904 according to one aspect of the present invention, but in addition, the magnesium concentration in the surface layer portion is preferably higher than the average of the entire particles.
- the magnesium concentration of the surface layer measured by XPS or the like is higher than the average magnesium concentration of the entire particles measured by ICP-MS or the like.
- the concentration of the metal in the surface layer portion is determined by the particles. It is preferably higher than the overall average. For example, it is preferable that the concentration of an element other than cobalt on the surface layer measured by XPS or the like is higher than the average concentration of the element in the entire particle measured by ICP-MS or the like.
- the particle surface is, so to speak, a crystal defect, and lithium is released from the surface during charging, so the lithium concentration tends to be lower than that inside. Therefore, it is a part where the crystal structure is liable to collapse because it tends to be unstable. If the magnesium concentration in the surface layer is high, changes in the crystal structure can be suppressed more effectively. Further, when the magnesium concentration in the surface layer portion is high, it can be expected that the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid generated by the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is improved.
- the concentration of the surface layer portion of the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention is higher than the average of all the particles.
- the presence of halogen in the surface layer portion, which is a region in contact with the electrolytic solution, can effectively improve the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid.
- the surface layer portion of the positive electrode active material 904 preferably has a higher concentration of additive elements such as magnesium and fluorine than the inside, and has a composition different from that of the inside. Further, it is preferable that the composition has a stable crystal structure at room temperature. Therefore, the surface layer portion may have a crystal structure different from that of the inside. For example, at least a part of the surface layer portion of the positive electrode active material 904 according to one aspect of the present invention may have a rock salt type crystal structure. When the surface layer portion and the inside have different crystal structures, it is preferable that the orientations of the surface layer portion and the internal crystals are substantially the same.
- Layered rock salt crystals and anions of rock salt crystals have a cubic closest packed structure (face-centered cubic lattice structure). It is presumed that the anion also has a cubic closest packed structure in the O3'type crystal. When they come into contact, there is a crystal plane in which the cubic close-packed structure composed of anions is oriented in the same direction.
- the space group of layered rock salt type crystals and O3'type crystals is R-3m
- the space group of rock salt type crystals Fm-3m (space group of general rock salt type crystals) and Fd-3m (the simplest symmetry).
- the mirror index of the crystal plane satisfying the above conditions is different between the layered rock salt type crystal and the O3'type crystal and the rock salt type crystal.
- the orientations of the crystals are substantially the same when the orientations of the cubic closest packed structures composed of anions are aligned. is there.
- the crystal orientations of the crystals in the two regions are roughly the same means that the TEM (transmission electron microscope) image, STEM (scanning transmission electron microscope) image, HAADF-STEM (high-angle scattering annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope) image, and ABF-STEM. (Circular bright-field scanning transmission electron microscope) It can be judged from an image or the like. X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction, neutron diffraction and the like can also be used as judgment materials.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the difference in the direction of the rows in which the cations and anions are arranged alternately in a straight line is 5 degrees or less, more preferably 2.5 degrees or less in the TEM image or the like. Can be observed.
- light elements such as oxygen and fluorine cannot be clearly observed in the TEM image or the like, but in that case, the alignment of the metal elements can be used to determine the alignment.
- the surface layer portion must have at least cobalt, also lithium in the discharged state, and have a path for inserting and removing lithium. Further, it is preferable that the concentration of cobalt is higher than that of magnesium.
- the additive element X is preferably located on the surface layer portion of the particles of the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention may be covered with a film having an additive element X.
- the additive element X contained in the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention may be randomly and dilutely present inside, but it is more preferable that a part of the additive element X is segregated at the grain boundaries.
- the concentration of the additive element X at the grain boundary of the positive electrode active material 904 of one aspect of the present invention and its vicinity is also higher than that of other regions inside.
- the grain boundaries are also surface defects. Therefore, it tends to be unstable and the crystal structure tends to change. Therefore, if the concentration of the additive element X in and near the grain boundary is high, the change in the crystal structure can be suppressed more effectively.
- the concentration of the additive element X in the grain boundary and its vicinity is high, even if a crack occurs along the grain boundary of the particles of the positive electrode active material 904 according to the present invention, in the vicinity of the surface generated by the crack.
- the concentration of the additive element X increases. Therefore, the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid can be enhanced even in the positive electrode active material after cracks have occurred.
- the vicinity of the grain boundary means a region from the grain boundary to about 10 nm.
- the average particle size (D50: also referred to as median diameter) is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- a positive electrode active material exhibits an O3'-type crystal structure when charged at a high voltage is determined by XRD, electron diffraction, neutron diffraction, electron spin resonance (ESR), and electron spin resonance (ESR). It can be judged by analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or the like.
- XRD can analyze the symmetry of transition metals such as cobalt contained in the positive electrode active material with high resolution, compare the height of crystallinity and the orientation of crystals, and analyze the periodic strain and crystallite size of the lattice. It is preferable in that it is possible to obtain sufficient accuracy even if the positive electrode obtained by disassembling the secondary battery is measured as it is.
- the positive electrode active material 904 is characterized in that the crystal structure does not change much between the state of being charged at a high voltage and the state of being discharged.
- a material in which a crystal structure occupying 50 wt% or more in a state of being charged with a high voltage and having a large change from the state of being discharged is not preferable because it cannot withstand the charging and discharging of a high voltage. It should be noted that the desired crystal structure may not be obtained simply by adding the additive element.
- the O3'type crystal structure becomes 60 wt% or more when charged at a high voltage, and the H1-3 type crystal structure becomes 50 wt% or more. There are cases where it occupies. Further, at a predetermined voltage, the O3'type crystal structure becomes approximately 100 wt%, and when the predetermined voltage is further increased, an H1-3 type crystal structure may occur. Therefore, in order to determine whether or not the cathode active material 904 is one aspect of the present invention, it is necessary to analyze the crystal structure including XRD.
- the positive electrode active material in the state of being charged or discharged at a high voltage may change its crystal structure when it comes into contact with the atmosphere.
- the O3'type crystal structure may change to the H1-3 type crystal structure. Therefore, it is preferable to handle all the samples in an inert atmosphere such as an argon atmosphere.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer has a positive electrode active material, and may have a conductive material and a binder.
- As the positive electrode active material a positive electrode active material prepared by using the manufacturing method described in the previous embodiment is used.
- a cross-sectional configuration example in the case where a graphene compound is used as the conductive material in the active material layer 200 will be described.
- FIG. 16A shows a vertical cross-sectional view of the active material layer 200.
- the active material layer 200 includes a granular positive electrode active material 101, a graphene compound 201 as a conductive material, and a binder (not shown).
- the graphene compound 201 refers to graphene, multi-layer graphene, multi-graphene, graphene oxide (GO), multi-layer graphene oxide, multi-graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), reduced multi-layer graphene oxide, reduction. Includes graphene multi-oxide, graphene quantum dots, etc.
- the graphene compound has carbon, has a flat plate shape, a sheet shape, or the like, and has a two-dimensional structure formed by a carbon 6-membered ring. The two-dimensional structure formed by the carbon 6-membered ring may be called a carbon sheet.
- the graphene compound may have a functional group. Further, the graphene compound preferably has a bent shape. The graphene compound may also be curled up into carbon nanofibers.
- Graphene compounds may have excellent electrical properties such as high conductivity and excellent physical properties such as high flexibility and high mechanical strength.
- graphene oxide refers to a graphene oxide having carbon and oxygen, having a sheet-like shape, and having a functional group, particularly an epoxy group, a carboxy group or a hydroxy group.
- reduced graphene oxide refers to graphene oxide having carbon and oxygen, having a sheet-like shape, and having a two-dimensional structure formed by a carbon 6-membered ring. It may be called a carbon sheet. Although one reduced graphene oxide functions, a plurality of reduced graphene oxides may be laminated.
- the reduced graphene oxide preferably has a portion having a carbon concentration of more than 80 atomic% and an oxygen concentration of 2 atomic% or more and 15 atomic% or less. By setting such carbon concentration and oxygen concentration, it is possible to function as a highly conductive conductive material even in a small amount.
- the reduced graphene oxide preferably has an intensity ratio G / D of G band and D band of 1 or more in the Raman spectrum.
- the reduced graphene oxide having such a strength ratio can function as a highly conductive conductive material even in a small amount.
- the sheet-shaped graphene compound 201 is dispersed substantially uniformly inside the active material layer 200.
- the graphene compound 201 is schematically represented by a thick line in FIG. 16B, it is actually a thin film having a thickness of a single layer or multiple layers of carbon molecules. Since the plurality of graphene compounds 201 are formed so as to partially cover the plurality of granular positive electrode active materials 101 or to stick to the surface of the plurality of granular positive electrode active materials 101, they are in surface contact with each other. .. Therefore, the contact area between the active material and the conductive material can be increased.
- a network-like graphene compound sheet (hereinafter referred to as graphene compound net or graphene net) can be formed by binding a plurality of graphene compounds to each other.
- the graphene net can also function as a binder for binding the active materials to each other. Therefore, since the amount of the binder can be reduced or not used, the ratio of the active material to the electrode volume or the electrode weight can be improved. That is, the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased.
- graphene oxide as the graphene compound 201, mix it with the active material to form a layer to be the active material layer 200, and then reduce the layer. That is, it is preferable that the active material layer after completion has reduced graphene oxide.
- the graphene compound 201 can be dispersed substantially uniformly inside the active material layer 200.
- the graphene compound 201 remaining in the active material layer 200 partially overlaps and is dispersed to such an extent that it comes into surface contact with each other. By doing so, a three-dimensional conductive path can be formed.
- the graphene oxide may be reduced, for example, by heat treatment or by using a reducing agent.
- the graphene compound 201 enables surface contact with low contact resistance, so that the amount of granular positive electrode activity is smaller than that of a normal conductive material.
- the electrical conductivity between the substance 101 and the graphene compound 201 can be improved. Therefore, the ratio of the positive electrode active material 101 in the active material layer 200 can be increased. As a result, the discharge capacity of the secondary battery can be increased.
- a spray-drying device in advance, it is possible to cover the entire surface of the active material to form a graphene compound as a conductive material as a film, and further to form a conductive path between the active materials with the graphene compound.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer has a negative electrode active material, and may have a conductive material and a binder.
- Negative electrode active material for example, an alloy-based material, a carbon-based material, or the like can be used.
- an element capable of performing a charge / discharge reaction by an alloying / dealloying reaction with lithium can be used.
- a material containing at least one of silicon, tin, gallium, aluminum, germanium, lead, antimony, bismuth, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium and the like can be used.
- Such elements have a larger capacity than carbon, and silicon in particular has a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh / g. Therefore, it is preferable to use silicon as the negative electrode active material. Moreover, you may use the compound which has these elements.
- an element capable of performing a charge / discharge reaction by an alloying / dealloying reaction with lithium, a compound having the element, and the like may be referred to as an alloy-based material.
- SiO refers to, for example, silicon monoxide.
- SiO can also be expressed as SiO x.
- x preferably has a value in the vicinity of 1.
- x is preferably 0.2 or more and 1.5 or less, and more preferably 0.3 or more and 1.2 or less.
- carbon-based material graphite, easily graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black and the like may be used.
- Examples of graphite include artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- Examples of the artificial graphite include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), coke-based artificial graphite, pitch-based artificial graphite and the like.
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- the artificial graphite spheroidal graphite having a spherical shape can be used.
- MCMB may have a spherical shape, which is preferable.
- MCMB is relatively easy to reduce its surface area and may be preferable.
- Examples of natural graphite include scaly graphite and spheroidized natural graphite.
- Graphite exhibits a potential as low as lithium metal when lithium ions are inserted into graphite (during the formation of a lithium-graphite intercalation compound) (0.05 V or more and 0.3 V or less vs. Li / Li +). As a result, the lithium ion secondary battery can exhibit a high operating voltage. Further, graphite is preferable because it has advantages such as relatively high capacity per unit volume, relatively small volume expansion, low cost, and high safety as compared with lithium metal.
- titanium dioxide TiO 2
- lithium titanium oxide Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- lithium-graphite interlayer compound Li x C 6
- niobium pentoxide Nb 2 O 5
- Oxides such as tungsten (WO 2 ) and molybdenum oxide (MoO 2 ) can be used.
- Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N 3 shows a large charge / discharge capacity (900 mAh / g, 1890 mAh / cm 3 ) and is preferable.
- lithium ions are contained in the negative electrode active material, so that it can be combined with materials such as V 2 O 5 and Cr 3 O 8 which do not contain lithium ions as the positive electrode active material, which is preferable. .. Even when a material containing lithium ions is used as the positive electrode active material, a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal can be used as the negative electrode active material by desorbing the lithium ions contained in the positive electrode active material in advance.
- a material that causes a conversion reaction can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- a transition metal oxide that does not form an alloy with lithium such as cobalt oxide (CoO), nickel oxide (NiO), and iron oxide (FeO)
- Materials that cause a conversion reaction include oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, Cu 2 O, RuO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , sulfides such as CoS 0.89 , NiS, and CuS, and Zn 3 N 2. , Cu 3 N, Ge 3 N 4 and other nitrides, NiP 2 , FeP 2 and CoP 3 and other phosphates, and FeF 3 and BiF 3 and other fluorides.
- the same material as the conductive material and the binder that the positive electrode active material layer can have can be used.
- the same material as the positive electrode current collector can be used for the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector preferably uses a material that does not alloy with carrier ions such as lithium.
- the electrolytic solution has a solvent and an electrolyte.
- the solvent of the electrolytic solution is preferably an aproton organic solvent, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butylolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, dimethyl carbonate.
- DMC diethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- methyl formate methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -Use one of dioxane, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl ether, methyl diglime, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, sulton, etc., or two or more of them in any combination and ratio. be able to.
- Ionic liquids consist of cations and anions, including organic cations and anions.
- organic cation used in the electrolytic solution include aliphatic onium cations such as quaternary ammonium cations, tertiary sulfonium cations, and quaternary phosphonium cations, and aromatic cations such as imidazolium cations and pyridinium cations.
- monovalent amide anion monovalent methide anion, fluorosulfonic anion, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anion, tetrafluoroborate anion, perfluoroalkyl borate anion, hexafluorophosphate anion. , Or perfluoroalkyl phosphate anion and the like.
- the electrolytic solution used for the secondary battery it is preferable to use a highly purified electrolytic solution having a small content of elements other than granular dust or constituent elements of the electrolytic solution (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “impurities”).
- the weight ratio of impurities to the electrolytic solution is preferably 1% or less, preferably 0.1% or less, and more preferably 0.01% or less.
- the electrolytic solution includes vinylene carbonate, propane sultone (PS), tert-butylbenzene (TBB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium bis (oxalate) borate (LiBOB), and dinitrile compounds such as succinonitrile and adiponitrile.
- Additives may be added.
- the concentration of the material to be added may be, for example, 0.1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less with respect to the entire solvent.
- a polymer gel electrolyte obtained by swelling the polymer with an electrolytic solution may be used.
- the secondary battery can be made thinner and lighter.
- silicone gel acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, polyethylene oxide gel, polypropylene oxide gel, fluorine polymer gel and the like can be used.
- polymer for example, a polymer having a polyalkylene oxide structure such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF, polyacrylonitrile, and a copolymer containing them can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PVDF-HFP which is a copolymer of PVDF and hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
- the polymer to be formed may have a porous shape.
- a solid electrolyte having an inorganic material such as a sulfide type or an oxide type, or a solid electrolyte having a polymer material such as PEO (polyethylene oxide) type can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- the secondary battery preferably has a separator.
- a separator for example, paper, non-woven fabric, glass fiber, ceramics, or one formed of nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol-based fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, synthetic fiber using polyurethane, etc. shall be used. Can be done. It is preferable that the separator is processed into an envelope shape and arranged so as to wrap either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the separator may have a multi-layer structure.
- an organic material film such as polypropylene or polyethylene can be coated with a ceramic material, a fluorine material, a polyamide material, or a mixture thereof.
- the ceramic material for example, aluminum oxide particles, silicon oxide particles and the like can be used.
- the fluorine-based material for example, PVDF, polytetrafluoroethylene and the like can be used.
- the polyamide-based material for example, nylon, aramid (meth-based aramid, para-based aramid) and the like can be used.
- the oxidation resistance is improved by coating with a ceramic material, deterioration of the separator during high voltage charging / discharging can be suppressed, and the reliability of the secondary battery can be improved. Further, when a fluorine-based material is coated, the separator and the electrode are easily brought into close contact with each other, and the output characteristics can be improved. Coating a polyamide-based material, particularly aramid, improves heat resistance and thus can improve the safety of the secondary battery.
- a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid may be coated on both sides of a polypropylene film.
- the surface of the polypropylene film in contact with the positive electrode may be coated with a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid, and the surface in contact with the negative electrode may be coated with a fluorine-based material.
- the safety of the secondary battery can be maintained even if the thickness of the entire separator is thin, so that the capacity per volume of the secondary battery can be increased.
- the exterior body of the secondary battery for example, a metal material such as aluminum or a resin material can be used. Further, a film-like exterior body can also be used. As the film, for example, a metal thin film having excellent flexibility such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and nickel is provided on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, and polyamide, and an exterior is further formed on the metal thin film. A film having a three-layer structure provided with an insulating synthetic resin film such as a polyamide resin or a polyester resin can be used as the outer surface of the body.
- the secondary battery 400 of one aspect of the present invention has a positive electrode 410, a solid electrolyte layer 420, and a negative electrode 430.
- the positive electrode 410 has a positive electrode current collector 413 and a positive electrode active material layer 414.
- the positive electrode active material layer 414 has a positive electrode active material 411 and a solid electrolyte 421.
- As the positive electrode active material 411 a positive electrode active material prepared by using the manufacturing method described in the previous embodiment is used. Further, the positive electrode active material layer 414 may have a conductive material and a binder.
- the solid electrolyte layer 420 has a solid electrolyte 421.
- the solid electrolyte layer 420 is located between the positive electrode 410 and the negative electrode 430, and is a region having neither the positive electrode active material 411 nor the negative electrode active material 431.
- the negative electrode 430 has a negative electrode current collector 433 and a negative electrode active material layer 434.
- the negative electrode active material layer 434 has a negative electrode active material 431 and a solid electrolyte 421. Further, the negative electrode active material layer 434 may have a conductive material and a binder.
- metallic lithium is used for the negative electrode 430, the negative electrode 430 does not have the solid electrolyte 421 as shown in FIG. 17B. It is preferable to use metallic lithium for the negative electrode 430 because the energy density of the secondary battery 400 can be improved.
- solid electrolyte 421 of the solid electrolyte layer 420 for example, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a halide-based solid electrolyte, or the like can be used.
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes include thiosilicon- based (Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4, etc.) and sulfide glass (70Li 2 S / 30P 2 S 5 , 30 Li). 2 S ⁇ 26B 2 S 3 ⁇ 44LiI, 63Li 2 S ⁇ 38SiS 2 ⁇ 1Li 3 PO 4, 57Li 2 S ⁇ 38SiS 2 ⁇ 5Li 4 SiO 4, 50Li 2 S ⁇ 50GeS 2 , etc.), sulfide crystallized glass (Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3.25 P 0.95 S 4 etc.) are included. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes have advantages such as having a material having high conductivity, being able to be synthesized at a low temperature, and being relatively soft so that the conductive path can be easily maintained even after charging and discharging.
- Oxide-based solid electrolytes include materials having a perovskite-type crystal structure (La 2 / 3-x Li 3x TIO 3, etc.) and materials having a NASICON-type crystal structure (Li 1 + X Al X Ti 2-X (PO 4 ) 3 ).
- Oxide-based solid electrolytes have the advantage of being stable in the atmosphere.
- the halide-based solid electrolyte includes LiAlCl 4 , Li 3 InBr 6 , LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI and the like. Further, a composite material in which the pores of porous aluminum oxide or porous silica are filled with these halide-based solid electrolytes can also be used as the solid electrolyte.
- Li 1 + x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) (hereinafter referred to as LATP) having a NASICON type crystal structure is a secondary battery 400 of one aspect of the present invention, which is aluminum and titanium. Since the positive electrode active material used in the above contains an element that may be contained, a synergistic effect can be expected for improving the cycle characteristics, which is preferable. In addition, productivity can be expected to improve by reducing the number of processes.
- the NASICON type crystal structure is a compound represented by M 2 (XO 4 ) 3 (M: transition metal, X: S, P, As, Mo, W, etc.), and is MO 6 It refers to having an octahedral and XO 4 tetrahedra are arranged three-dimensionally share vertices structure.
- the exterior body of the secondary battery 400 As the exterior body of the secondary battery 400 according to one aspect of the present invention, various materials and shapes can be used, but it is preferable that the exterior body has a function of pressurizing the positive electrode, the solid electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode.
- FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C are examples of cells for evaluating the material of an all-solid-state battery.
- FIG. 18A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the evaluation cell.
- the evaluation cell has a lower member 761, an upper member 762, a fixing screw for fixing them, and a wing nut 764, and is used for an electrode by rotating a pressing screw 763.
- the evaluation material is fixed by pressing the plate 753.
- An insulator 766 is provided between the lower member 761 made of a stainless steel material and the upper member 762. Further, an O-ring 765 for sealing is provided between the upper member 762 and the pressing screw 763.
- FIG. 18B is an enlarged perspective view of the periphery of the evaluation material.
- FIG. 18C As an evaluation material, an example of laminating a positive electrode 750a, a solid electrolyte layer 750b, and a negative electrode 750c is shown, and a cross-sectional view is shown in FIG. 18C.
- FIG. 18A, FIG. 18B, and FIG. 18C the same reference numerals are used for the same parts.
- the electrode plate 751 and the lower member 761 electrically connected to the positive electrode 750a correspond to the positive electrode terminals. It can be said that the electrode plate 753 and the upper member 762 that are electrically connected to the negative electrode 750c correspond to the negative electrode terminals.
- the electrical resistance and the like can be measured while pressing the evaluation material through the electrode plate 751 and the electrode plate 753.
- a package having excellent airtightness for the exterior body of the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention For example, a ceramic package or a resin package can be used. Further, when sealing the exterior body, it is preferable to shut off the outside air and perform it in a closed atmosphere, for example, in a glove box.
- FIG. 18D shows a perspective view of a secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention having an exterior body and shape different from those of FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C.
- the secondary battery of FIG. 18D has external electrodes 771 and 772, and is sealed with an exterior body having a plurality of package members.
- FIG. 18E An example of a cross section cut by a dashed line in FIG. 18D is shown in FIG. 18E.
- the laminate having a positive electrode 750a, a solid electrolyte layer 750b, and a negative electrode 750c is a package member 770a having an electrode layer 773a provided on a flat plate, a frame-shaped package member 770b, and a package member 770c provided with an electrode layer 773b on a flat plate. It has a sealed structure surrounded by. Insulating materials such as resin materials or ceramics can be used for the package members 770a, 770b and 770c.
- the external electrode 771 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 750a via the electrode layer 773a and functions as a positive electrode terminal. Further, the external electrode 772 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 750c via the electrode layer 773b and functions as a negative electrode terminal.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 19A is an external view of a coin-type (single-layer flat type) secondary battery
- FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view thereof.
- a positive electrode can 301 that also serves as a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode can 302 that also serves as a negative electrode terminal are insulated and sealed with a gasket 303 that is made of polypropylene or the like.
- the positive electrode 304 is formed by a positive electrode current collector 305 and a positive electrode active material layer 306 provided in contact with the positive electrode current collector 305.
- the negative electrode 307 is formed by a negative electrode current collector 308 and a negative electrode active material layer 309 provided in contact with the negative electrode current collector 308.
- the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307 used in the coin-type secondary battery 300 may have an active material layer formed on only one side thereof.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 a metal such as nickel, aluminum, or titanium having corrosion resistance to an electrolytic solution, an alloy thereof, or an alloy between these and another metal (for example, stainless steel) shall be used. Can be done. Further, in order to prevent corrosion by the electrolytic solution, it is preferable to coat with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the positive electrode can 301 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 304, and the negative electrode can 302 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 307.
- the electrolyte is impregnated with the negative electrode 307, the positive electrode 304, and the separator 310, and as shown in FIG. 9B, the positive electrode 304, the separator 310, the negative electrode 307, and the negative electrode can 302 are laminated in this order with the positive electrode can 301 facing down, and the positive electrode can The 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are crimped via the gasket 303 to manufacture a coin-shaped secondary battery 300.
- the flow of current during charging of the secondary battery will be described with reference to FIG. 19C.
- a secondary battery using lithium is regarded as one closed circuit, the movement of lithium ions and the flow of current are in the same direction.
- the anode (anode) and the cathode (cathode) are exchanged by charging and discharging, and the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction are exchanged. Therefore, an electrode having a high reaction potential is called a positive electrode.
- An electrode having a low reaction potential is called a negative electrode. Therefore, in the present specification, the positive electrode is the "positive electrode” or “positive electrode” regardless of whether the battery is being charged, discharged, a reverse pulse current is applied, or a charging current is applied.
- the negative electrode is referred to as "positive electrode” and the negative electrode is referred to as "negative electrode” or "-pole (negative electrode)".
- the use of the terms anode and cathode associated with oxidation and reduction reactions can be confusing when charging and discharging. Therefore, the terms anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) are not used herein. If the terms anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) are used, specify whether they are charging or discharging, and also indicate whether they correspond to the positive electrode (positive electrode) or the negative electrode (negative electrode). To do.
- a charger is connected to the two terminals shown in FIG. 19C, and the secondary battery 300 is charged. As the charging of the secondary battery 300 progresses, the potential difference between the electrodes increases.
- the cylindrical secondary battery 600 has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the upper surface and a battery can (outer can) 602 on the side surface and the bottom surface.
- the positive electrode cap 601 and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610.
- FIG. 20B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- a battery element in which a strip-shaped positive electrode 604 and a negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 sandwiched between them is provided.
- the battery element is wound around the center pin.
- One end of the battery can 602 is closed and the other end is open.
- metals such as nickel, aluminum, and titanium, which are corrosion resistant to the electrolytic solution, alloys thereof, or alloys of these and other metals (for example, stainless steel) can be used. .. Further, in order to prevent corrosion by the electrolytic solution, it is preferable to coat with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 608 and 609 facing each other. Further, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution (not shown) is injected into the inside of the battery can 602 provided with the battery element.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution the same one as that of a coin-type secondary battery can be used.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive electrode current collecting lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604, and a negative electrode terminal (negative electrode current collecting lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606.
- a metal material such as aluminum can be used for both the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607.
- the positive electrode terminal 603 is resistance welded to the safety valve mechanism 612, and the negative electrode terminal 607 is resistance welded to the bottom of the battery can 602.
- the safety valve mechanism 612 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 611.
- the safety valve mechanism 612 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
- the PTC element 611 is a heat-sensitive resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and the amount of current is limited by the increase in resistance to prevent abnormal heat generation.
- Barium titanate (BaTIO 3 ) -based semiconductor ceramics or the like can be used as the PTC element.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 600 may be sandwiched between the conductive plate 613 and the conductive plate 614 to form the module 615.
- the plurality of secondary batteries 600 may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in parallel and then further connected in series.
- FIG. 20D is a top view of the module 615.
- the conductive plate 613 is shown by a dotted line for clarity.
- the module 615 may have conductors 616 that electrically connect a plurality of secondary batteries 600.
- a conductive plate can be superposed on the conducting wire 616.
- the temperature control device 617 may be provided between the plurality of secondary batteries 600. When the secondary battery 600 is overheated, it can be cooled by the temperature control device 617, and when the secondary battery 600 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device 617. Therefore, the performance of the module 615 is less affected by the outside air temperature.
- FIG. 21A shows the structure of the wound body 950.
- the wound body 950 has a negative electrode 931, a positive electrode 932, and a separator 933.
- the wound body 950 is a wound body in which the negative electrode 931 and the positive electrode 932 are overlapped and laminated with the separator 933 interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound.
- a plurality of layers of the negative electrode 931, the positive electrode 932, and the separator 933 may be further laminated.
- the secondary battery 913 shown in FIG. 21B has a winding body 950 in which terminals 951 and 952 are provided inside the housing 930.
- the wound body 950 is impregnated with the electrolytic solution inside the housing 930.
- the terminal 952 is in contact with the housing 930, and the terminal 951 is not in contact with the housing 930 by using an insulating material or the like.
- the housing 930 is shown separately for convenience, but in reality, the winding body 950 is covered with the housing 930, and the terminals 951 and 952 extend outside the housing 930.
- a metal material for example, aluminum
- a resin material can be used as the housing 930.
- FIG. 22A shows an example of an external view of the laminated secondary battery 500. Further, FIG. 22B shows another example of the external view of the laminated secondary battery 500.
- 22A and 22B have a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, an exterior body 509, a positive electrode lead electrode 510, and a negative electrode lead electrode 511.
- the laminated secondary battery 500 has a plurality of wound or strip-shaped positive electrodes 503, separators 507, and negative electrodes 506.
- the wound body has a negative electrode 506, a positive electrode 503, and a separator 507.
- the wound body has a negative electrode 506 and a positive electrode 503 sandwiching the separator 507, similarly to the wound body described with reference to FIG. 21A.
- the laminated sheets are overlapped and laminated, and the laminated sheets are wound.
- a secondary battery may have a plurality of strip-shaped positive electrodes 503, separators 507, and negative electrodes 506 in a space formed by a film serving as an exterior body 509.
- a method for manufacturing a secondary battery having a plurality of strip-shaped positive electrodes 503, separator 507, and negative electrode 506 is shown below.
- the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 are laminated.
- an example in which 5 sets of negative electrodes and 4 sets of positive electrodes are used is shown.
- the tab regions of the positive electrode 503 are joined to each other, and the positive electrode lead electrode 510 is joined to the tab region of the positive electrode on the outermost surface.
- bonding for example, ultrasonic welding or the like may be used.
- the tab regions of the negative electrode 506 are bonded to each other, and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 is bonded to the tab region of the negative electrode on the outermost surface.
- the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 are arranged on the exterior body 509.
- a metal thin film having excellent flexibility such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and nickel is provided on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, or polyamide, and further on the metal thin film.
- a three-layered laminated film provided with an insulating synthetic resin film such as a polyamide resin or a polyester resin can be used as the outer surface of the exterior body.
- the exterior body 509 is bent and the laminate is sandwiched between them. After that, the outer peripheral portion of the exterior body 509 is joined. For example, thermocompression bonding may be used for joining. At the time of this joining, a region (hereinafter, referred to as an introduction port) that is not joined is provided in a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 so that the electrolytic solution can be put in later.
- an introduction port a region that is not joined is provided in a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 so that the electrolytic solution can be put in later.
- the electrolytic solution is introduced into the exterior body 509 from the introduction port provided in the exterior body 509.
- the electrolytic solution is preferably introduced in a reduced pressure atmosphere or an inert atmosphere.
- the inlet is joined. In this way, the laminated type secondary battery 500 can be manufactured.
- the secondary battery 500 with less deterioration and high safety can be obtained.
- FIGS. 23A to 23E show examples of mounting the secondary battery described in a part of the previous embodiment in an electronic device.
- Electronic devices to which a bendable secondary battery is applied include, for example, television devices (also called televisions or television receivers), monitors for computers, digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, mobile phones. (Also referred to as a mobile phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game machine, a mobile information terminal, a sound reproduction device, a large game machine such as a pachinko machine, and the like.
- a secondary battery can be applied to a moving body, typically an automobile.
- automobiles include next-generation clean energy vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), and secondary batteries are used as one of the power sources to be installed in the vehicles.
- HEVs hybrid electric vehicles
- EVs electric vehicles
- PHEVs plug-in hybrid vehicles
- secondary batteries are used as one of the power sources to be installed in the vehicles.
- Mobiles are not limited to automobiles.
- examples of moving objects include trains, monorails, ships, flying objects (helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), airplanes, rockets), electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, and the like.
- the secondary battery of the embodiment can be applied.
- the secondary battery of the present embodiment may be applied to a ground-mounted charging device provided in a house or a charging station provided in a commercial facility.
- FIG. 23A shows an example of a mobile phone.
- the mobile phone 2100 includes an operation button 2103, an external connection port 2104, a speaker 2105, a microphone 2106, and the like, in addition to the display unit 2102 incorporated in the housing 2101.
- the mobile phone 2100 has a secondary battery 2107.
- the mobile phone 2100 can execute various applications such as mobile phones, e-mails, text viewing and creation, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the operation button 2103 can have various functions such as power on / off operation, wireless communication on / off operation, manner mode execution / cancellation, and power saving mode execution / cancellation. ..
- the function of the operation button 2103 can be freely set by the operating system incorporated in the mobile phone 2100.
- the mobile phone 2100 can execute short-range wireless communication standardized for communication. For example, by communicating with a headset capable of wireless communication, it is possible to make a hands-free call.
- the mobile phone 2100 is provided with an external connection port 2104, and data can be directly exchanged with another information terminal via a connector. It can also be charged via the external connection port 2104. The charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without going through the external connection port 2104.
- the mobile phone 2100 preferably has a sensor.
- a human body sensor such as a fingerprint sensor, a pulse sensor, or a body temperature sensor, a touch sensor, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, or the like is preferably mounted.
- FIG. 23B is an unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 with a plurality of rotors 2302.
- the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 is sometimes called a drone.
- the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 has a secondary battery 2301, a camera 2303, and an antenna (not shown), which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 can be remotely controlled via an antenna. Since the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has high safety, it can be used safely for a long period of time, and is suitable as a secondary battery to be mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300.
- the secondary battery 2602 having a plurality of secondary batteries 2601 of one aspect of the present invention can be used as a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), an electric vehicle (EV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), or other electronic devices. It may be mounted on a device.
- HEV hybrid electric vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- FIG. 23D shows an example of a vehicle equipped with a secondary battery 2602.
- the vehicle 2603 is an electric vehicle that uses an electric motor as a power source for traveling. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle in which an electric motor and an engine can be appropriately selected and used as a power source for traveling.
- the vehicle 2603 using an electric motor has a plurality of ECUs (Electronic Control Units), and the ECU controls the engine and the like.
- the ECU includes a microcomputer.
- the ECU is connected to a CAN (Control Area Network) provided in the electric vehicle.
- CAN is one of the serial communication standards used as an in-vehicle LAN.
- the secondary battery can not only drive an electric motor (not shown), but also power a light emitting device such as a headlight or a room light.
- the secondary battery can supply electric power to display devices such as speedometers, tachometers, and navigation systems, and semiconductor devices included in the vehicle 2603.
- the vehicle 2603 can be charged by receiving power supplied from an external charging facility by a plug-in method, a non-contact power supply method, or the like to the secondary battery of the secondary battery 2602.
- FIG. 23E shows a state in which the vehicle 2603 is being charged from the ground-mounted charging device 2604 via a cable.
- the charging method, connector specifications, etc. may be appropriately performed by a predetermined method such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or combo.
- the plug-in technology can charge the secondary battery 2602 mounted on the vehicle 2603 by supplying electric power from the outside. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a conversion device such as an ACDC converter.
- the charging device 2604 may be provided in a house as shown in FIG. 23E, or may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility.
- the power receiving device on the vehicle and supply electric power from the ground power transmission device in a non-contact manner to charge the vehicle.
- this non-contact power supply system by incorporating a power transmission device on the road or the outer wall, charging can be performed not only while the vehicle is stopped but also while the vehicle is running.
- the non-contact power feeding method may be used to transmit and receive electric power between vehicles.
- a solar cell may be provided on the exterior of the vehicle to charge the secondary battery when the vehicle is stopped or running.
- An electromagnetic induction method or a magnetic field resonance method can be used for such non-contact power supply.
- the house shown in FIG. 23E has a power storage system 2612 having a secondary battery and a solar panel 2610, which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the power storage system 2612 is electrically connected to the solar panel 2610 via wiring 2611 and the like. Further, the power storage system 2612 and the ground-mounted charging device 2604 may be electrically connected.
- the electric power obtained by the solar panel 2610 can be charged to the power storage system 2612. Further, the electric power stored in the power storage system 2612 can be charged to the secondary battery 2602 of the vehicle 2603 via the charging device 2604.
- the electric power stored in the power storage system 2612 can also supply electric power to other electronic devices in the house. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the electronic device can be used by using the power storage system 2612 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the characteristics of the positive electrode active material prepared by the production method of the first embodiment were evaluated.
- lithium oxide 901 Lithium fluoride and magnesium fluoride were used as the fluoride 902. Further, aluminum hydroxide as an aluminum source and nickel hydroxide as a nickel source were mixed with fluoride 902.
- the number of atoms of cobalt contained in lithium oxide 901 is 100
- the number of molecules of lithium fluoride is 0.33
- the number of molecules of magnesium fluoride is 1
- the number of molecules of aluminum hydroxide is 0.5
- the number of molecules is hydroxylated. Mixing was performed so that the number of molecules of nickel was 0.5.
- a mixture 903 was prepared by mixing lithium oxide 901 with fluoride 902 having an aluminum source and a nickel source in the same manner as in steps 13 to S15 of FIG.
- the mixture 903 was placed in an alumina container, covered and placed in a muffle furnace.
- the mixture 903 was heated in the same manner as in step S16.
- the heating conditions were 900 ° C., 20 hours, and an oxygen atmosphere.
- the positive electrode active material thus prepared was used as sample 1.
- lithium cobalt oxide (C-10N) to which fluoride 902 or the like was not added and not heated was used as sample 2 (comparative example).
- Table 1 shows the preparation conditions for Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3.
- a secondary battery was prepared using the positive electrode active materials of Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3.
- a positive electrode was obtained by the above steps.
- the amount of the positive electrode supported was approximately 7 mg / cm 2 .
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer in which the positive electrode active material, AB and PVDF was mixed was 3.987 g / cc for sample 1 and 3.415 g / cc for sample 3.
- a CR2032 type (diameter 20 mm, height 3.2 mm) coin-shaped battery cell was manufactured.
- Lithium metal was used as the counter electrode.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- Polypropylene having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- the positive electrode can and the negative electrode are those made of stainless steel (SUS) were used.
- FIGS. 25A and 25B The discharge characteristics of the secondary battery using Samples 1 and 3 are shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B.
- FIG. 25A shows the discharge capacity per weight
- FIG. 25B shows the discharge capacity per volume of the positive electrode active material layer. It was measured at 25 ° C. Charging was CC / CV (0.5C, 4.6V, 0.05Cut), discharging was CC (0.5C, 2.5Vcut), and a 10-minute rest period was provided before the next charging. In this example and the like, 1C was set to 200 mA / g.
- the discharge capacity of Sample 1 was 215.8 mAh / g per weight and 860.5 mAh / cm 3 per volume.
- the discharge capacity of sample 3 was 200.7 mAh / g per weight and 685.2 mAh / cm 3 per volume.
- the energy density per volume of sample 1 was about 1.3 times that of sample 3.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is a positive electrode active material having a high energy density.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention as a battery for an electric vehicle (EV), it is possible to reduce the number of batteries (the number of series or parallel batteries) used for the EV battery. Become.
- the discharge rate is a relative ratio of the current at the time of discharge to the battery capacity, and is expressed in the unit C.
- the current corresponding to 1C is X (A).
- X (A) When discharged with a current of 2X (A), it is said to be discharged at 2C, and when discharged with a current of X / 5 (A), it is said to be discharged at 0.2C.
- the charging rate is also the same.
- When charged with a current of 2X (A) it is said to be charged with 2C, and when charged with a current of X / 5 (A), it is charged with 0.2C. It is said that
- Constant current charging refers to, for example, a method of charging with a constant charging rate.
- Constant voltage charging refers to, for example, a method of charging by keeping the voltage constant when the charging reaches the upper limit voltage.
- the constant current discharge refers to, for example, a method of discharging with a constant discharge rate.
- the charging voltage of sample 1 was 4.60V. Since Sample 2 cannot withstand high-voltage charging, the charging voltage was set to 4.2 V, which enables stable operation. It was measured at 25 ° C. Charging is CC / CV (0.2C, 4.20V or 4.60V, 0.02Cut), discharging is CC (0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, or 5C, 2.5V). A 10-minute rest period was provided before the next charge.
- Table 2 shows each rate ratio (%) when 0.2C is 100%.
- Sample 1 showed extremely good rate characteristics as compared with Sample 2. In addition, the decrease in discharge capacity at high rates was small.
- Sample 1, Sample 2 and Sample 3 were prepared in the same manner as above except that the amount of the positive electrode active material layer supported was approximately 8 mg / cm 2 and the density of the positive electrode active material layer was 3.8 g / cc or more.
- the cycle characteristics of the next battery are shown in FIGS. 27 to 29.
- 27A was measured at 25 ° C.
- FIG. 27B was measured at 45 ° C.
- FIG. 28A was measured at 50 ° C.
- FIG. 28B was measured at 55 ° C.
- FIG. 29A was measured at 65 ° C.
- FIG. 29B was measured at 85 ° C.
- Other charge / discharge conditions were the same as those for measuring the discharge capacity.
- Table 2 shows the capacity retention rate of sample 1 after 50 cycles at each measurement temperature.
- the sample 1 which is the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention is compared with the sample 2 which is lithium cobalt oxide which is less deteriorated at 25 ° C. to 50 ° C. and is not added or heated. It showed extremely good high temperature characteristics.
- the high temperature characteristics were comparable to those of Sample 3, which is NCM523.
- the sample 1 which is the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention exhibits sufficiently excellent characteristics in a cycle test up to 45 ° C., which is mainly required as a secondary battery mounted on a mobile electronic device. It was.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- a secondary battery containing 1 wt% of LiBOB as an additive was used as a secondary battery with an additive, and a secondary battery without an additive was used without adding LiBOB.
- Cycle characteristics were measured at 45 ° C. Charging was CCCV (0.5C, 4.5V, termination current 0.2C), and discharging was CC (0.5C, 3.0V).
- 101 Positive electrode active material
- 102 Space in the heating furnace
- 104 Hot plate
- 106 Heater part
- 108 Insulation material
- 116 Container
- 118 Lid
- 119 Space
- 120 Heating furnace
- 901 Lithium oxide
- 902 Fluoride
- 904 Positive electrode active material
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Abstract
Description
図2はDSC分析の結果を説明する図である。
図3はフッ化物を加熱したときの重量減少率を示すグラフである。
図4は本発明の一態様を示すフローの一例を示す図である。
図5は本発明の一態様を示す工程断面図の一例である。
図6Aは本発明の一態様を示す活物質粒子のSTEM写真であり、図6Bは比較例を示すSTEM写真である。
図7Aは本発明の一態様を示す活物質粒子のSTEM写真であり、図7Bは比較例を示すSTEM写真である。
図8Aは本発明の一態様を示す活物質粒子のSTEM写真であり、図8Bは一部を拡大して切り取った画像であり、図8Cは二値化処理後の画像データであり、図8Dは境界を検出した画像データであり、図8Eは抽出した境界から座標データを読み取り、グラフにプロットしたグラフであり、図8Fは傾き、うねりを除去して粗さ成分のみを抽出したグラフである。
図9Aは比較例を示す活物質粒子のSTEM写真であり、図9Bは一部を拡大して切り取った画像であり、図9Cは、粗さ成分のみを抽出したグラフである。
図10Aは、条件1を示しており、図10Bは条件2を示しており、図10Cは、条件3を示し、図10Dは比較例を示す図である。
図11は二次電池のサイクル特性を示す図である。
図12Aは、条件1で得られた粒子のSTEM写真であり、図12Bは、条件2で得られた粒子のSTEM写真であり、図12Cは条件3で得られた粒子のSTEM写真である。
図13Aは条件1で得られた粒子のEDXの結果を示すグラフであり、図13Bは条件2で得られた粒子のEDXの結果を示すグラフであり、図13Cは条件3で得られた粒子のEDXの結果を示すグラフである。
図14は正極活物質の結晶構造と磁性を説明する図である。
図15は従来例の正極活物質の結晶構造と磁性を説明する図である。
図16A、図16Bは導電材としてグラフェン化合物を用いた場合の活物質層の断面図である。
図17A、図17Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図18A、図18B、図18C、図18D、図18Eは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図19Aは二次電池の斜視図であり、図19Bはその断面斜視図であり、図19Cは充電時の断面模式図である。
図20Aは二次電池の斜視図であり、図20Bはその断面斜視図であり、図20Cは複数の二次電池を含む電池パックの斜視図であり、図20Dはその上面図である。
図21A、図21Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図22A、図22Bはラミネート型の二次電池を説明する図である。
図23A、図23B、図23C、図23D、図23Eは、電子機器を示す斜視図である。
図24Aは比較例で得られた粒子のSTEM写真であり、図24Bは比較例のEDXの結果を示す図である。
図25Aおよび図25Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質の放電特性を示すグラフである。
図26は実施例1で作製した正極活物質のレート特性を示すグラフである。
図27Aおよび図27Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図28Aおよび図28Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図29Aおよび図29Bは実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図30は実施例1で作製した正極活物質のサイクル特性を示すグラフである。
図1乃至図4を用いて該LiMO2(MはCoを含む2種以上の金属であり、該金属の置換位置に特に限定はない)の作製方法の一例について説明する。以下ではLiMO2が有するCo以外の金属元素としてMgを有する正極活物質を例にして説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の作製方法によって作製したLiMO2を用いて電池セルを作製する例を示す。なお、共通する部分が多いため、作製方法は図4を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の作製方法によって作製された正極活物質の構造の一例について説明する。
コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)などの層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有する材料は、放電容量が高く、二次電池の正極活物質として優れることが知られている。層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有する材料として例えば、LiMO2で表される複合酸化物が挙げられる。元素Mの一例としてCo、Ni、Mnより選ばれる一以上が挙げられる。また、元素Mの一例としてCo、Ni、Mnより選ばれる一以上に加えて、AlおよびMgより選ばれる一以上が挙げられる。
図15に示す正極活物質は、ハロゲン及びマグネシウムが添加されないコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)である。図15に示すコバルト酸リチウムは、充電深度によって結晶構造が変化する。
本発明の一態様で作製される正極活物質は、高電圧の充放電の繰り返しにおいて、CoO2層のずれを小さくすることができる。さらに、体積の変化を小さくすることができる。よって、該正極活物質は、優れたサイクル特性を実現することができる。また、該化合物は、高電圧の充電状態において安定な結晶構造を取り得る。よって、該化合物は、高電圧の充電状態を保持した場合において、ショートが生じづらい場合がある。そのような場合には安全性がより向上するため、好ましい。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質904が有する添加元素Xは、内部にランダムかつ希薄に存在していてもよいが、一部は粒界に偏析していることがより好ましい。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質904の粒径は、大きすぎるとリチウムの拡散が難しくなる、集電体に塗工したときに活物質層の表面が粗くなりすぎる、等の問題がある。一方、小さすぎると、集電体への塗工時に活物質層を担持しにくくなる、電解液との反応が過剰に進む等の問題点も生じる。そのため、平均粒子径(D50:メディアン径ともいう。)が、1μm以上100μm以下が好ましく、2μm以上40μm以下であることがより好ましく、5μm以上30μm以下がさらに好ましい。
ある正極活物質が、高電圧で充電されたときO3’型結晶構造を示す否かは、高電圧で充電された正極を、XRD、電子線回折、中性子線回折、電子スピン共鳴(ESR)、核磁気共鳴(NMR)等を用いて解析することで判断できる。特にXRDは、正極活物質が有するコバルト等の遷移金属の対称性を高分解能で解析できる、結晶性の高さおよび結晶の配向性を比較できる、格子の周期性歪みおよび結晶子サイズの解析ができる、二次電池を解体して得た正極をそのまま測定しても十分な精度を得られる、等の点で好ましい。
本実施の形態では、図16乃至図19用いて本発明の一態様の二次電池の例について説明する。
以下に、正極、負極および電解液が、外装体に包まれている二次電池を例にとって説明する。
正極は、正極活物質層および正極集電体を有する。正極活物質層は正極活物質を有し、導電材およびバインダを有していてもよい。正極活物質には、先の実施の形態で説明した作製方法を用いて作製した正極活物質を用いる。以下に一例として、活物質層200に導電材としてグラフェン化合物を用いる場合の断面構成例を説明する。
負極は、負極活物質層および負極集電体を有する。負極活物質層は負極活物質を有し、導電材およびバインダを有していてもよい。
負極活物質としては、例えば合金系材料または炭素系材料等を用いることができる。
負極集電体には、正極集電体と同様の材料を用いることができる。なお負極集電体は、リチウム等のキャリアイオンと合金化しない材料を用いることが好ましい。
電解液は、溶媒と電解質を有する。電解液の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、酪酸メチル、1,3−ジオキサン、1,4−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、スルトン等の1種、又はこれらのうちの2種以上を任意の組み合わせおよび比率で用いることができる。
また二次電池は、セパレータを有することが好ましい。セパレータとしては、例えば、紙、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス、或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタンを用いた合成繊維等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータはエンベロープ状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
二次電池が有する外装体としては、例えばアルミニウムなどの金属材料または樹脂材料を用いることができる。また、フィルム状の外装体を用いることもできる。フィルムとしては、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、ポリアミド等の材料からなる膜上に、アルミニウム、ステンレス、銅、ニッケル等の可撓性に優れた金属薄膜を設け、さらに該金属薄膜上に外装体の外面としてポリアミド系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂等の絶縁性合成樹脂膜を設けた三層構造のフィルムを用いることができる。
以下に、二次電池の構成の一例として、固体電解質層を用いた二次電池の構成について説明する。本明細書においては、固体電解質のみを用いる二次電池だけでなく、ポリマーゲル電解質、微量な電解液、またはこれらを組み合わせて用いる場合も固体電池と呼ぶこととする。
本発明の一態様の二次電池400の外装体には、様々な材料および形状のものを用いることができるが、正極、固体電解質層および負極を加圧する機能を有することが好ましい。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態で説明した作製方法によって作製された正極活物質を正極に具備する二次電池の形状の例について説明する。本実施の形態で説明する二次電池に用いる材料は、先の実施の形態の記載を参酌することができる。
まずコイン型の二次電池の一例について説明する。図19Aはコイン型(単層偏平型)の二次電池の外観図であり、図19Bは、その断面図である。
円筒型の二次電池の例について図20A乃至図20Dを参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池600は、図20Bに示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面および底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。これら正極キャップ601と電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
二次電池の別の構造例について、図21及び図22を用いて説明する。
次に、ラミネート型の二次電池の例について、図22A及び図22Bを参照して説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を電子機器または移動体に実装する例について説明する。
Claims (17)
- リチウム酸化物とフッ化物とが収容された容器を加熱炉内に配置する第1の工程と、
前記加熱炉内を、酸素を含む雰囲気において加熱する第2の工程と、を有し、
前記第2の工程の加熱温度は、750℃以上950℃以下である、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記第2の工程の加熱温度は、775℃以上925℃以下である、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1において、
前記第2の工程の加熱温度は、800℃以上900℃以下である、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項において、
前記加熱する前または前記加熱中に前記容器に蓋をする工程を含み、
前記フッ化物がフッ化リチウムである、正極活物質の作製方法。 - リチウム源と遷移金属源とに第1の加熱をしてリチウム酸化物を作製する第1の工程と、
リチウム酸化物とフッ化物とが収容された容器を加熱炉内に配置する第2の工程と、
前記加熱炉内を、酸素を含む雰囲気において第2の加熱をする第3の工程と、を有し、
前記第2の加熱は、750℃以上950℃以下であり、
前記第1の加熱は、前記第2の加熱よりも高い温度である、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか一項において、
前記リチウム酸化物は、コバルトを含む正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一項において、
前記リチウム酸化物は、マグネシウムを含む正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか一項において、
前記リチウム酸化物は、ニッケルを含む正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項8のいずれか一項において、
前記リチウム酸化物は、アルミニウムを含む正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項9のいずれか一項において、
前記リチウム酸化物は、チタンを含む正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか一項において、
前記リチウム酸化物は、フッ素を含む正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項11のいずれか一項において、
前記第2の工程の前に前記加熱炉内の酸素濃度を高める正極活物質の作製方法。 - 走査透過型電子顕微鏡(STEM)で観察される、フッ素を含むリチウム酸化物の粒子中心に向かって切断した断面において、
表面近傍の粒子表面凹凸情報を測定データより数値化したとき、少なくとも粒子の一部が3nm未満の表面粗さである正極活物質を正極に具備する二次電池。 - 請求項13において、前記表面粗さは、標準偏差を算出した二乗平均平方根表面粗さ(RMS)である正極活物質を正極に具備する二次電池。
- 請求項13または請求項14において、前記正極活物質は少なくとも粒子外周の400nmにおける表面粗さである二次電池。
- 請求項13乃至請求項15に記載の二次電池を有する、携帯情報端末。
- 請求項13乃至請求項15に記載の二次電池を有する、車両。
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