WO2015107790A1 - 電界発光素子 - Google Patents
電界発光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015107790A1 WO2015107790A1 PCT/JP2014/081886 JP2014081886W WO2015107790A1 WO 2015107790 A1 WO2015107790 A1 WO 2015107790A1 JP 2014081886 W JP2014081886 W JP 2014081886W WO 2015107790 A1 WO2015107790 A1 WO 2015107790A1
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- ring
- quantum dot
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- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000025 triisopropylsilyl group Chemical group C(C)(C)[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- RMZAYIKUYWXQPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctylphosphane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCP(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC RMZAYIKUYWXQPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006617 triphenylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
- H10K50/115—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers comprising active inorganic nanostructures, e.g. luminescent quantum dots
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electroluminescent element.
- organic electroluminescence elements using organic substances among electroluminescence elements are promising for use as solid light-emitting inexpensive large-area full-color display elements and writing light source arrays. Research and development is actively underway.
- An organic EL element is a thin film composed of a functional layer (single layer portion or multilayer portion) having a thickness of only about 0.1 ⁇ m containing an organic light emitting substance between a pair of anode and cathode formed on a film.
- Type all-solid-state device is a functional layer (single layer portion or multilayer portion) having a thickness of only about 0.1 ⁇ m containing an organic light emitting substance between a pair of anode and cathode formed on a film.
- a white light emitting panel for lighting is required to have high efficiency and long life.
- an organic EL element when used, its performance is low with respect to fluorescent lamps and white LEDs for long life.
- the quantum dot material is an inorganic light emitting material as a light emitting material.
- the quantum dot material is an inorganic substance, so that it has good durability and is soluble in various solvents, so that it can be applied to a coating process.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electroluminescence element in which a quantum dot material is contained in a light emitting layer.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an organic electroluminescence element in which a phosphorescent light emitting dopant is contained in a light emitting layer, and a quantum dot material is doped in the light emitting layer or its adjacent layer.
- Patent Document 1 it is necessary to stack a plurality of light emitting layers in order to manufacture an element that emits white light required for lighting applications and the like, and thus the manufacturing method is complicated. In addition, the selection of the solvent used for forming each light emitting layer becomes complicated. In addition, since the emission spectrum is sharp, the color rendering is reduced. Further, according to the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2, since a phosphorescent material is used, the deterioration rate of the element is high, and there is a problem in durability. Strictly speaking, the technology disclosed in Patent Document 2 does not have a sufficient lifetime as an element that emits white light, and there is room for improvement in this regard.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems and circumstances, and the solution to the problem is to provide an electroluminescent device having excellent color rendering properties and a long lifetime as a device that emits white light, that is, high durability. It is to be.
- An electroluminescent device having a first electrode, a functional layer including at least one light emitting layer, and a second electrode on a substrate, wherein the at least one light emitting layer includes a quantum dot material,
- the quantum dot material satisfies d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 3 nm, where d10 (nm) represents a cumulative particle size of 10% in a volume-based cumulative particle size distribution and d90 (nm) represents a particle size of 90% cumulative.
- the quantum dot material satisfies t / (d90 ⁇ d10)> 0.5 when the half-value width of the maximum peak in the volume-based particle size distribution is t (nm).
- the electroluminescent device as described in 1.
- an electroluminescent device that has excellent color rendering properties and a long lifetime as an element that emits white light, that is, high durability.
- (A)-(e) is a graph of the particle size distribution of the quantum dot material used for the electroluminescent element which concerns on embodiment of this invention.
- ⁇ is used to mean that the numerical values described before and after it are included as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- an electroluminescent element 100 As shown in FIG. 1, an electroluminescent element 100 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention has a flexible substrate (substrate) 1. An anode (first electrode) 2 is formed on the flexible substrate 1, a functional layer 20 is formed on the anode 2, and a cathode (second electrode) 8 is formed on the functional layer 20.
- the functional layer 20 refers to each layer constituting the electroluminescent device 100 provided between the anode 2 and the cathode 8.
- the functional layer 20 includes, for example, a hole injection layer 3, a hole transport layer 4, a light emitting layer 5, an electron transport layer 6, and an electron injection layer 7, and further includes a hole block layer and an electron block layer. May be.
- the anode 2, the functional layer 20, and the cathode 8 on the flexible substrate 1 are sealed with a flexible sealing member 10 through a sealing adhesive 9.
- the electroluminescent device 100 may have a layer structure of (i) to (viii).
- the injection layer can be provided as necessary.
- the injection layer includes an electron injection layer and a hole injection layer, and may be present between the anode and the light emitting layer or the hole transport layer and between the cathode and the light emitting layer or the electron transport layer as described above.
- the injection layer referred to in the present invention is a layer provided between the electrode and the functional layer for lowering the driving voltage and improving the light emission luminance.
- Injection materials include triazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives and pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, arylamine derivatives, amino-substituted chalcone derivatives, oxazole derivatives, styrylanthracene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives.
- the details of the electron injection layer are described in, for example, JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, and JP-A-10-74586, and specific examples thereof include strontium and aluminum.
- the buffer layer (injection layer) is desirably a very thin film, and potassium fluoride and sodium fluoride are preferable.
- the film thickness is about 0.1 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 100 nm, more preferably 0.5 to 10 nm, and most preferably 0.5 to 4 nm.
- Hole transport layer 4 As the hole transport material constituting the hole transport layer, the same compounds as those applied in the hole injection layer can be used, and further, porphyrin compounds, aromatic tertiary amine compounds, and styryl. It is preferable to use an amine compound, particularly an aromatic tertiary amine compound.
- aromatic tertiary amine compounds and styrylamine compounds include N, N, N ′, N′-tetraphenyl-4,4′-diaminophenyl; N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′— Bis (3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl] -4,4′-diamine (TPD); 2,2-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) propane; 1,1-bis (4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane; N, N, N ′, N′-tetra-p-tolyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl; 1,1-bis (4-di-p-tolyl) Aminophenyl) -4-phenylcyclohexane; bis (4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl) phenylmethane; bis (4-di-p-tolylaminoph
- inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC can also be used as the hole injection material and the hole transport material.
- the hole transport layer is formed by thinning the hole transport material by a known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, or an LB method. Can do.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the hole transport layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- n described in the above exemplary compounds represents the degree of polymerization and represents an integer having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 50,000 to 200,000. If the weight average molecular weight is less than this range, there is a concern of mixing with other layers during film formation due to the high solubility in the solvent. Even if a film can be formed, the light emission efficiency does not increase at a low molecular weight. When the weight average molecular weight is larger than this range, problems arise due to difficulty in synthesis and purification. As the molecular weight distribution increases and the residual amount of impurities also increases, the light emission efficiency, voltage, and life of the electroluminescent element deteriorate. These polymer compounds are disclosed in Makromol. Chem. , Pages 193, 909 (1992) and the like.
- Electron transport layer 6 The electron transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons, and in a broad sense, an electron injection layer and a hole blocking layer are also included in the electron transport layer.
- the electron transport layer can be provided as a single layer or a plurality of layers. Conventionally, in the case of a single electron transport layer and a plurality of layers, an electron transport material (also serving as a hole blocking material) used for an electron transport layer adjacent to the cathode side with respect to the light emitting layer is injected from the cathode. As long as it has a function of transmitting electrons to the light-emitting layer, any material can be selected and used from among conventionally known compounds.
- fluorene derivatives for example, fluorene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, azacarbazole And metal complexes such as derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, silole derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, 8-quinolinol derivatives, and the like.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine, or those having terminal ends substituted with an alkyl group or a sulfonic acid group can be preferably used as the electron transporting material.
- a carbazole derivative, an azacarbazole derivative, a pyridine derivative, and the like are preferable in the present invention, and an azacarbazole derivative is more preferable.
- the electron transport layer can be formed by thinning the electron transport material by a known method such as a spin coating method, a casting method, a printing method including an ink jet method, an LB method, and the like, preferably It can be formed by a wet process using a coating liquid containing an electron transport material and a fluorinated alcohol solvent.
- the thickness of the electron transport layer is not particularly limited, but is usually about 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the electron transport layer may have a single layer structure composed of one or more of the above materials.
- an electron transport layer with high n property doped with impurities as a guest material can be used.
- examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J.A. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- the electron transport layer in the present invention preferably contains an organic alkali metal salt.
- organic substance but formate, acetate, propionic acid, butyrate, valerate, caproate, enanthate, caprylate, oxalate, malonate, succinate Benzoate, phthalate, isophthalate, terephthalate, salicylate, pyruvate, lactate, malate, adipate, mesylate, tosylate, benzenesulfonate ,
- the type of alkali metal of the alkali metal salt of the organic substance is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include Na, K, and Cs, preferably K, Cs, and more preferably Cs.
- Examples of the alkali metal salt of the organic substance include a combination of the organic substance and the alkali metal, preferably, formic acid Li, formic acid K, formic acid Na, formic acid Cs, acetic acid Li, acetic acid K, Na acetate, acetic acid Cs, propionic acid Li, Propionic acid Na, propionic acid K, propionic acid Cs, oxalic acid Li, oxalic acid Na, oxalic acid K, oxalic acid Cs, malonic acid Li, malonic acid Na, malonic acid K, malonic acid Cs, succinic acid Li, succinic acid Na, succinic acid K, succinic acid Cs, benzoic acid Li, benzoic acid Na, benzoic acid K, benzoic acid Li,
- the light-emitting layer constituting the electroluminescent device of the present invention is a layer that emits light by recombination of electrons and holes injected from the electrode, the electron transport layer, or the hole transport layer, and the light-emitting portion of the light-emitting layer It may be in the layer or the interface between the light emitting layer and the adjacent layer.
- the light emitting layer according to the present invention is not particularly limited in its configuration as long as the light emitting material contained satisfies the requirements defined by the present invention. Moreover, there may be a plurality of layers having the same emission spectrum and emission maximum wavelength. It is preferable to have a non-light emitting intermediate layer between each light emitting layer.
- the total thickness of the light emitting layers in the present invention is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 nm, and more preferably 50 nm or less because a lower driving voltage can be obtained.
- the sum total of the film thickness of the light emitting layer as used in this invention is a film thickness also including the said intermediate
- the film thickness of each light emitting layer is preferably adjusted in the range of 1 to 50 nm.
- Each light emitting layer may emit light of each color of blue, green, and red, and the relationship between the film thicknesses of each light emitting layer is not particularly limited.
- a light emitting material or a host compound which will be described later, is formed by forming a film by a known thinning method such as a vacuum deposition method, a spin coating method, a casting method, an LB method, an ink jet method, or the like. it can.
- the light emitting layer preferably contains a host compound and a quantum dot material and emits light from the quantum dot material.
- (4.1) Host compound As a host compound contained in the light emitting layer of the electroluminescent element of the present invention, a compound having a phosphorescence quantum yield of phosphorescence emission at room temperature (25 ° C) of less than 0.1 is preferable. More preferably, the phosphorescence quantum yield is less than 0.01. Moreover, it is preferable that the volume ratio in the layer is 50% or more among the compounds contained in a light emitting layer.
- known host compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more. By using a plurality of types of host compounds, it is possible to adjust the movement of charges, and the efficiency of the electroluminescent element can be improved. Moreover, it becomes possible to mix different light emission by using multiple types of luminescent material mentioned later, and can thereby obtain arbitrary luminescent colors.
- the light emitting host used in the present invention may be a conventionally known low molecular compound or a high molecular compound having a repeating unit, and a low molecular compound having a polymerizable group such as a vinyl group or an epoxy group (polymerizable light emission).
- a high molecular weight material when used, a phenomenon in which the compound is likely to be difficult to escape, such as swelling or gelation, due to the compound taking in the solvent is likely to occur.
- the known host compound a compound having a hole transporting ability and an electron transporting ability, preventing an increase in the wavelength of light emission, and having a high Tg (glass transition temperature) is preferable.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is a value determined by a method based on JIS-K-7121 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).
- Specific examples of known host compounds include compounds described in the following documents. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos.
- the host compound used in the present invention is preferably a carbazole derivative.
- the host compound is preferably a compound represented by the general formula (1).
- X represents NR ′, O, S, CR′R ′′ or SiR′R ′′.
- R ′ and R ′′ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- Ar represents an aromatic ring.
- N represents an integer of 0 to 8.
- the substituents represented by R ′ and R ′′ are alkyl groups (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, t-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group).
- cycloalkyl group eg cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group etc.
- alkenyl group eg vinyl group, allyl group etc.
- alkynyl group eg Ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon ring group also called aromatic carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc.
- phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, Anthryl, azulenyl, acenaphthenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, indenyl, pyrenyl Group, biphenylyl group, etc.
- aromatic heterocyclic group for example, pyri
- X is preferably NR ′ or O
- R ′ is an aromatic hydrocarbon group (also referred to as an aromatic carbocyclic group, an aryl group, etc., for example, a phenyl group, a p-chlorophenyl group, a mesityl group, A tolyl group, a xylyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, an azulenyl group, an acenaphthenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, an indenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a biphenylyl group), or an aromatic heterocyclic group (for example, a furyl group, a thienyl group, a pyridyl group) Group, pyridazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyrazinyl group, triazinyl group, imidazolyl group,
- aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group may each have a substituent represented by R ′ or R ′′ in X of the general formula (1).
- examples of the aromatic ring represented by Ar include an aromatic hydrocarbon ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
- the aromatic ring may be a single ring or a condensed ring, and may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent represented by R ′ or R ′′ in X of the general formula (1).
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by Ar include a benzene ring, biphenyl ring, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m-terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, fluorene ring, fluoranthrene ring, naphthacene ring, pentacene ring, perylene ring, pentaphen ring, picene ring, pyrene ring, Examples include a pyranthrene ring and anthraanthrene ring. These rings may further have substituents each represented by R ′ and R ′′ in X of the partial structure represented by the
- examples of the aromatic heterocycle represented by Ar include a furan ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a thiophene ring, an oxazole ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, and a pyrimidine ring.
- These rings may further have substituents represented by R ′ and R ′′ in the general formula (1).
- the aromatic ring represented by Ar is preferably a carbazole ring, a carboline ring, a dibenzofuran ring, or a benzene ring, and more preferably a carbazole ring, A carboline ring and a benzene ring, more preferably a benzene ring having a substituent, and particularly preferably a benzene ring having a carbazolyl group.
- the aromatic ring represented by Ar is preferably a condensed ring of three or more rings, and the aromatic hydrocarbon condensed ring condensed with three or more rings is specifically exemplified.
- aromatic heterocycle condensed with three or more rings include an acridine ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a carbazole ring, a carboline ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a carboline ring, a cyclazine ring, Kindin ring, tepenidine ring, quinindrin ring, triphenodithiazine ring, triphenodioxazine ring, phenanthrazine ring, anthrazine ring, perimidine ring, diazacarbazole ring (any one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring is a nitrogen atom Phenanthroline ring, dibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, naphthofuran ring, naphthothiophene ring, benzodifuran ring, benzod
- n represents an integer of 0 to 8, preferably 0 to 2, particularly preferably 1 to 2 when X is O or S.
- a host compound having both a dibenzofuran ring and a carbazole ring is particularly preferable.
- the light emitting layer 5 of the electroluminescent element 100 of the present invention contains the quantum dot material 11, that is, the light emitting layer 5 is doped with the quantum dot material 11.
- the quantum dot material is a fine particle having a particle diameter of several nanometers to several tens of nanometers, which is composed of a crystal of a semiconductor material, and can obtain the quantum dot effect shown below.
- the particle diameter of the quantum dot material is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the “particle size distribution” described later, but is, for example, 1 to 20 nm, preferably 1 to 10 nm.
- Such an energy level E of the fine particles is generally represented by the formula (I) where the Planck constant is “h”, the effective mass of the electrons is “m”, and the radius of the fine particles is “R”. E ⁇ h 2 / mR 2 (I)
- the band gap of the fine particles increases in proportion to “R ⁇ 2 ”, and a so-called quantum dot effect is obtained.
- the band gap value of a quantum dot can be controlled by controlling and defining the particle diameter of the quantum dot. That is, by controlling and defining the particle diameter of the fine particles, it is possible to provide diversity not found in ordinary atoms. For this reason, electrical energy is converted into light of the desired wavelength by exciting electrons and applying voltage to electroluminescent devices including quantum dots to confine electrons and holes in the quantum dots and recombine them. Can be emitted.
- Such a luminescent quantum dot material is also referred to as a “quantum dot luminescent material”.
- the addition amount of the quantum dot material is preferably 0.01 to 50% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 25% by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of all the constituent substances of the added layer. Most preferably, it is 1 to 20% by mass. If the concentration is lower than this, white light emission with sufficient luminance efficiency and good color rendering cannot be obtained, and if the concentration is higher than this, the distance between the quantum dot particles is too close, and the quantum size effect cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- Examples of the constituent material of the quantum dot material include a simple group 14 element of the periodic table such as carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin, a simple group 15 element of the periodic table such as phosphorus (black phosphorus), selenium, tellurium, and the like.
- a simple substance of Group 16 element of the periodic table a compound comprising a plurality of Group 14 elements of the periodic table such as silicon carbide (SiC), tin oxide (IV) (SnO 2 ), tin sulfide (II, IV) (Sn (II)) Sn (IV) S 3 ), tin sulfide (IV) (SnS 2 ), tin sulfide (II) (SnS), tin selenide (II) (SnSe), tin telluride (II) (SnTe), lead sulfide ( II) (PbS), lead selenide (II) (PbSe), lead telluride (II) (PbTe) periodic table group 14 element and periodic table group 16 element compound, boron nitride (BN), Boron phosphide (BP), boron arsenide (BAs), aluminum nitride (AlN), phosphide
- III-V group compound semiconductors aluminum sulfide ( Al 2 S 3 ), aluminum selenide (Al 2 Se 3 ), gallium sulfide (Ga 2 S 3 ), gallium selenide (Ga 2 Se 3 ), gallium telluride (Ga 2 Te 3 ), indium oxide (In 2) O 3), indium sulfide (In 2 S 3), indium selenide In 2 Se 3), compounds of tellurium indium (In 2 Te 3) periodic table group 13 elements and the periodic table group 16 element such as, thallium chloride (I) (TlCl), thallium bromide (I) ( Compounds of group 13 elements of the periodic table and elements of group 17 of the periodic table such as TlBr), thallium iodide (I) (TlI), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), Zinc telluride (ZnTe), cadmium oxide (CdO),
- a compound of a group 13 element of the periodic table and a group 16 element of the periodic table, a group II-VI compound semiconductor such as ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, As 2 O 3 , As 2 S 3 , As 2 Se 3 , As 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 Se 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 S 3 , A compound of a periodic table group 15 element such as Bi 2 Se 3 or Bi 2 Te 3 and a group 16 element of the periodic table, a compound of periodic table group 2 element such as MgS or MgSe, and a group 16 element of the periodic table Preferably, among others, Si, Ge, GaN, GaP, InN, InP, Ga 2 O 3 , Ga 2 S 3 , In 2 O 3 ,
- CdSe, ZnSe, and CdS are preferable in terms of light emission stability.
- ZnO and ZnS quantum dots are preferable.
- said material may be used by 1 type and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the above-described quantum dot material can be doped with a small amount of various elements as impurities as necessary. By adding such a doping substance, the emission characteristics can be greatly improved.
- the quantum dot material is preferably coated with an inert inorganic coating layer or a coating composed of an organic ligand. That is, the quantum dot material has a core region (core) composed of quantum dots and a shell region (shell) composed of an inert inorganic coating layer or an organic ligand. Is preferred.
- the core / shell structure is preferably formed of at least two kinds of compounds, and a gradient structure may be formed of two or more kinds of compounds. This effectively prevents aggregation of the quantum dots in the coating liquid, improves the dispersibility of the quantum dots, improves the luminance efficiency, and prevents color shifts that occur when driven continuously. Can be suppressed. Further, the light emission characteristics can be stably obtained due to the presence of the shell structure.
- the quantum dot material has a core / shell structure
- a surface modifier as described later can be reliably supported near the surface of the quantum dot material.
- the thickness of the shell is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 10 nm, and more preferably 0.1 to 5 nm.
- the thickness of the shell is less than one quantum dot from the thickness corresponding to several atoms.
- the quantum dots can be filled with high density, and a sufficient amount of light emission can be obtained.
- the presence of the shell can suppress the transfer of non-emissive electron energy due to the defects existing on the surface of the core particles and the electron traps on the dangling bonds, thereby suppressing the decrease in quantum efficiency.
- the quantum dot material used in the present invention has a 10% cumulative particle size of d10 (nm) and a 90% cumulative particle size of 90% in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution. nm), d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 3 nm is satisfied, and d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 5 nm is preferably satisfied.
- the particle diameter (d10) having a cumulative degree of 10% is specifically 10% in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution curve (horizontal axis: particle diameter ( ⁇ m), vertical axis: cumulative frequency (%)).
- the particle diameter indicates the cumulative frequency
- the 90% cumulative particle diameter (d90) is the particle diameter indicating the 90% cumulative frequency in the cumulative particle size distribution curve.
- the state in which the quantum dot material satisfies d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 3 nm is a case where the particle size distribution is represented by a curve (horizontal axis: particle diameter ( ⁇ m), vertical axis: abundance ratio (%)) as shown in FIG. Furthermore, it is a state as shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D in which the distance between d90 and d10 is wide to some extent. Further, the state in which the quantum dot material satisfies d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 5 nm is a state as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B in which the distance between d90 and d10 is considerably wide.
- the quantum dot material used in the present invention is not a quantum dot material having a uniform particle diameter, but includes quantum dot materials having various particle diameters, that is, quantum dot materials having various emission peaks. .
- quantum dot materials having various emission peaks when the electroluminescent device emits light, the emission spectrum becomes broad, and a white color with good color rendering properties (a white color close to natural light) can be emitted. .
- the quantum dot material used in the present invention preferably satisfies t / (d90 ⁇ d10)> 0.5, where t (nm) is the half width of the maximum peak in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- the half-value width (t) is an index indicating the extent of the mountain-shaped function. Specifically, in the volume-based particle size distribution curve as shown in FIG. 2, the abundance ratio is half of the maximum peak value. It is the width of the particle diameter showing the value (full width at half maximum).
- the state in which the quantum dot material satisfies t / (d90-d10)> 0.5 is the distance between d90 and d10 (d90-d10) when the particle size distribution is represented by a curve as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 2A shows a state in which the half width (t) is larger than the half value.
- the quantum dot material used in the present invention preferably exhibits a gentle mountain shape, for example, a substantially trapezoidal shape as shown in FIG. 2A, rather than a mountain shape having a sharp particle size distribution curve.
- the particle size distribution curve of the quantum dot material exhibits a gentle mountain shape (substantially trapezoidal), so that when the electroluminescent device emits light, the emission spectrum becomes broader and the color rendering property is very excellent. (White color close to natural light) can be emitted.
- the particle size distribution of the quantum dot material in the one light emitting layer satisfies the above specification when a single light emitting layer is provided.
- the state in which all of the quantum dot materials of the plurality of light emitting layers are added together may satisfy the above-mentioned definition of the particle size distribution of the quantum dot materials.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the number average particle size of the particle size distribution is obtained therefrom, or the particle size distribution of the quantum dots is measured by a dynamic light scattering method.
- examples thereof include a method for obtaining the number average particle size and a method for deriving the particle size distribution from the spectrum obtained by the X-ray small angle scattering method using the particle size distribution simulation calculation of the quantum dots.
- the surface modifier has adhered to the surface vicinity of the quantum dot in the coating liquid. Thereby, especially the dispersibility of the quantum dot in a coating liquid can be made excellent. Also, by attaching a surface modifier to the surface of the quantum dots during the manufacture of the quantum dots, the shape of the formed quantum dots has a high sphericity, and the particle size distribution of the quantum dots can be kept narrow. Therefore, for example, it can be made particularly excellent.
- These functional surface modifiers may be directly attached to the core surface of the quantum dot, or those attached via a shell (the surface modifier is directly attached to the shell, and is attached to the quantum dot core. May not be in contact).
- the surface modifier include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, and polyoxyethylene oleyl ether; tripropylphosphine, tributylphosphine, trihexylphosphine, trioctylphosphine, and the like.
- Trialkylphosphines polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene n-octylphenyl ether and polyoxyethylene n-nonylphenyl ether; tri (n-hexyl) amine, tri (n-octyl) amine, tri ( tertiary amines such as n-decyl) amine; tripropylphosphine oxide, tributylphosphine oxide, trihexylphosphine oxide, trioctylphosphine oxide
- Organic phosphorus compounds such as tridecylphosphine oxide; polyethylene glycol diesters such as polyethylene glycol dilaurate and polyethylene glycol distearate; organic nitrogen compounds such as nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds such as pyridine, lutidine, collidine and quinolines; hexylamine and octyl Aminoalkanes such as amine, decylamine, dode
- the surface modifier is coordinated to the fine particles in the high-temperature liquid phase.
- trialkylphosphines, organic phosphorus compounds, aminoalkanes, tertiary amines, organic nitrogen compounds, dialkyl sulfides, dialkyl sulfoxides, organic sulfur compounds Higher fatty acids and alcohols are preferred.
- the dispersibility of the quantum dots in the coating solution can be made particularly excellent.
- the shape of the quantum dot formed at the time of manufacture of a quantum dot can be made into a higher sphericity, and the particle size distribution of a quantum dot can be made sharper.
- the manufacturing method of the quantum dot material examples include the following conventional manufacturing methods of the quantum dot material, but are not limited thereto and are publicly known. Any method can be used.
- the process under high vacuum includes molecular beam epitaxy, CVD, and the like.
- the raw material aqueous solution is reversely mixed in a nonpolar organic solvent such as alkanes such as n-heptane, n-octane and isooctane, or aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene.
- the hot soap method in which a thermally decomposable raw material is injected into a high-temperature liquid-phase organic medium, and the crystal is grown.
- examples thereof include a solution reaction method that involves crystal growth at a relatively low temperature using an acid-base reaction as a driving force, and a high-frequency sputtering method.
- a high-frequency sputtering method in which the particle size can be controlled relatively easily, that is, the particle size distribution can be controlled. Specifically, it can be manufactured through the following manufacturing process.
- Step (1) Using silicon and silica as target materials, an amorphous silicon oxide thin film is produced on a substrate by high frequency sputtering.
- Step (2) The amorphous silicon oxide thin film is subjected to heat treatment to form a quantum dot material (core portion) in the amorphous silicon oxide thin film.
- Step (3) After the heat treatment, the amorphous silicon oxide thin film is treated with hydrofluoric acid to expose the quantum dot material.
- the particle size can be controlled by the sputtering conditions and the heat treatment conditions.
- Step (4) The substrate on which the quantum dot material is exposed is immersed in a solvent, whereby the quantum dot material is separated from the substrate to obtain a solution in which the quantum dot material is dispersed.
- Process (5) The surface of the quantum dot material is naturally oxidized in an oxygen atmosphere or thermally oxidized by heating to form a shell layer made of silicon oxide around the core.
- Step (6) The above quantum dot material is reacted in hydrogen peroxide water to hydroxylate the crystal surface. By the hydroxylation, the reaction with the silane coupling agent or the like can easily proceed.
- the definition of the particle size distribution of the quantum dot material of the present invention is preferably achieved by controlling the processing such as high-frequency sputtering in step (1), etc., but a plurality of quantum dot materials having different particle sizes are combined. May be achieved.
- an electrode material made of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound and a mixture thereof having a high work function (4 eV or more) is preferably used.
- electrode materials include metals such as Au, and conductive transparent materials such as CuI, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- conductive transparent materials such as CuI, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- an amorphous material such as IDIXO (In 2 O 3 —ZnO) capable of forming a transparent conductive film may be used.
- these electrode materials may be formed into a thin film by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering, and a desired shape pattern may be formed by a photolithography method, or when pattern accuracy is not so high (about 100 ⁇ m or more)
- a pattern may be formed through a mask having a desired shape at the time of vapor deposition or sputtering of the electrode material.
- wet film-forming methods such as a printing system and a coating system, can also be used.
- the transmittance be greater than 10%, and the sheet resistance as the anode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less.
- the film thickness depends on the material, it is usually in the range of 10 to 1000 nm, preferably in the range of 10 to 200 nm.
- a material having a low work function (4 eV or less) metal referred to as an electron injecting metal
- an alloy referred to as an electrically conductive compound
- Specific examples of such electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, rare earth metals and the like.
- a mixture of an electron injecting metal and a second metal which is a stable metal having a larger work function than this for example, a magnesium / silver mixture, Magnesium / aluminum mixtures, magnesium / indium mixtures, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixtures, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum and the like are preferred.
- the cathode can be produced by forming a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the cathode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the film thickness is advantageously improved.
- a transparent or translucent cathode can be produced by forming the above metal on the cathode with a film thickness of 1 to 20 nm and then forming the conductive transparent material mentioned in the description of the anode thereon. By applying this, an electroluminescent element in which both the anode and the cathode are transmissive can be manufactured.
- a substrate (hereinafter also referred to as a base, a substrate, a substrate, a support, a support substrate, etc.) that can be used in the electroluminescent element of the present invention, there is no particular limitation on the type of glass, plastic, etc., and it is transparent. It may be opaque. When extracting light from the substrate side, the substrate is preferably transparent. Examples of the transparent substrate preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film. In a substrate that is more flexible than a rigid substrate, the effect of suppressing high-temperature storage stability and chromaticity variation is significant, so a particularly preferable substrate has flexibility that can give flexibility to an electroluminescent element. It is a resin film.
- polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), Cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate (TAC) and cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones Cycloolefin resins such as polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic or polyarylate, Arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or Appel (
- an inorganic film, an organic film or a hybrid film of both may be formed on the surface of the resin film.
- the film is preferably a high-barrier film having a degree of 10 ⁇ 3 cm 3 / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less and a water vapor permeability of 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- the degree is 10 ⁇ 5 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- the material for forming the barrier film may be any material that has a function of suppressing the intrusion of factors such as moisture and oxygen that cause deterioration of the electroluminescent element.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like is used. Can do.
- the method for forming the barrier film is not particularly limited.
- a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, and the like can be used, but an atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization method as described in JP-A-2004-68143 is particularly preferable.
- the opaque substrate examples include a metal plate such as aluminum and stainless steel, a film, an opaque resin substrate, a ceramic substrate, and the like.
- the external extraction efficiency at room temperature for light emission is preferably 1% or more, more preferably 5% or more.
- the external extraction quantum efficiency (%) the number of photons emitted to the outside of the electroluminescent element / the number of electrons flowed to the electroluminescent element ⁇ 100.
- a sealing means applicable to the electroluminescent element of the present invention for example, a method of adhering a sealing member, an electrode, and a substrate with an adhesive can be mentioned.
- the sealing member may be disposed so as to cover the display area of the electroluminescent element, and may be concave or flat. Further, transparency and electrical insulation are not particularly limited. Specific examples include a glass plate, a polymer plate / film, and a metal plate / film. Examples of the glass plate include soda-lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- polymer plate examples include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- metal plate examples include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicone, germanium, and tantalum.
- a polymer film and a metal film can be preferably used because the element can be thinned.
- the polymer film has an oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 cm 3 / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less, and conforms to JIS K 7129-1992.
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) measured by the above method is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- sandblasting, chemical etching, or the like is used for processing the sealing member into a concave shape.
- the adhesive include photocuring and thermosetting adhesives having reactive vinyl groups of acrylic acid oligomers and methacrylic acid oligomers, and moisture curing adhesives such as 2-cyanoacrylates. Can be mentioned. Moreover, heat
- coating of the adhesive agent to a sealing part may use commercially available dispenser, and may print like screen printing.
- an inorganic or organic layer as a sealing film by covering the electrode and the functional layer on the outer side of the electrode facing the substrate with the functional layer interposed therebetween, and in contact with the substrate.
- the material for forming the film may be any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of elements that cause deterioration of elements such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used. it can.
- vacuum deposition sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam method, ion plating method, plasma polymerization method, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a polymerization method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, an inert gas such as fluorinated hydrocarbon or silicon oil is used. It is preferable to inject a liquid. A vacuum is also possible.
- a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside. Examples of the hygroscopic compound include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide) and sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate).
- metal halides eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.
- perchloric acids eg perchloric acid Barium, magnesium perchlorate, and the like
- anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides, and perchloric acids.
- Sealing includes casing type sealing (can sealing) and close contact type sealing (solid sealing), but solid sealing is preferable from the viewpoint of thinning.
- the sealing member is also required to be flexible, solid sealing is preferable.
- thermosetting adhesive such as an epoxy resin, an acrylic resin, or a silicone resin, more preferably moisture resistant.
- a thermosetting adhesive such as an epoxy resin, an acrylic resin, or a silicone resin, more preferably moisture resistant.
- It is an epoxy thermosetting adhesive resin that is excellent in water resistance and water resistance and has little shrinkage during curing.
- the water content of the sealing adhesive according to the present invention is preferably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 0.01 to 200 ppm, and most preferably 0.01 to 100 ppm.
- the moisture content referred to in the present invention may be measured by any method.
- a volumetric moisture meter Karl Fischer
- an infrared moisture meter a microwave transmission moisture meter
- a heat-dry weight method GC / MS , IR, DSC (differential scanning calorimeter), TDS (temperature programmed desorption analysis).
- a precision moisture meter AVM-3000 Omnitech
- moisture can be measured from a pressure increase caused by evaporation of moisture, and moisture content of a film or a solid film can be measured.
- the moisture content of the sealing adhesive can be adjusted by, for example, placing it in a nitrogen atmosphere with a dew point temperature of ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower and an oxygen concentration of 0.8 ppm, and changing the time.
- the sealing adhesive can be dried in a vacuum state of 100 Pa or less while changing the time.
- the sealing adhesive can be dried only with an adhesive, but can also be placed in advance on the sealing member and dried.
- the sealing member for example, a 50 ⁇ m thick PET (polyethylene terephthalate) laminated with an aluminum foil (30 ⁇ m thick) is used.
- a sealing adhesive is placed in advance, the resin substrate 1 and the sealing member 5 are aligned, and both are pressure-bonded ( 0.1-3 MPa) and a temperature of 80-180 ° C. for close contact / bonding (adhesion), and close sealing (solid sealing).
- Heating or pressure bonding time varies depending on the type, amount, and area of the adhesive, but temporary bonding is performed at a pressure of 0.1 to 3 MPa, and heat curing time is in the range of 5 seconds to 10 minutes at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C. Just choose.
- the use of a heated crimping roll is preferred because it allows simultaneous crimping (temporary bonding) and heating, and eliminates internal voids at the same time.
- a coating method such as roll coating, spin coating, screen printing, or spray coating, or a printing method can be used depending on the material.
- solid sealing is a form in which there is no space between the sealing member and the electroluminescent element substrate and the resin is covered with a cured resin.
- the sealing member include metals such as stainless steel, aluminum and magnesium alloys, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, nylon, plastics such as polyvinyl chloride, and composites thereof, glass, and the like.
- a laminate of gas barrier layers such as aluminum, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride can be used as in the case of a resin substrate.
- the gas barrier layer can be formed by sputtering, vapor deposition or the like on both surfaces or one surface of the sealing member before molding the sealing member, or may be formed on both surfaces or one surface of the sealing member after sealing by a similar method.
- the oxygen permeability is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm) or less
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) is 1 ⁇ It is preferably 10 ⁇ 3 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 h) or less.
- the sealing member may be a film laminated with a metal foil such as aluminum.
- a generally used laminating machine can be used.
- the adhesive polyurethane-based, polyester-based, epoxy-based, acrylic-based adhesives and the like can be used. You may use a hardening
- a hot melt lamination method, an extrusion lamination method and a coextrusion lamination method can also be used, but a dry lamination method is preferred.
- the metal foil is formed by sputtering or vapor deposition and is formed from a fluid electrode material such as a conductive paste, it may be created by a method of forming a metal foil on a polymer film as a base. Good.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided outside the sealing film on the side facing the substrate with the functional layer interposed therebetween or on the outer side of the sealing film.
- the mechanical strength is not necessarily high, and thus it is preferable to provide such a protective film and a protective plate.
- the same glass plate, polymer plate / film, metal plate / film, etc. used for the sealing can be used, but the polymer film is light and thin. Is preferably used.
- a light extraction member between the flexible substrate and the anode or at any location on the light emission side from the flexible substrate.
- the light extraction member include a prism sheet, a lens sheet, and a diffusion sheet.
- a diffraction grating or a diffusion structure introduced into an interface or any medium that causes total reflection can be used.
- an electroluminescent device that emits light from a substrate, a problem arises in that part of the light emitted from the light emitting layer undergoes total reflection at the interface between the substrate and air, resulting in loss of light.
- prismatic or lens-like processing is applied to the surface of the substrate, or prism sheets, lens sheets, and diffusion sheets are affixed to the surface of the substrate, thereby suppressing total reflection and light extraction efficiency.
- prismatic or lens-like processing is applied to the surface of the substrate, or prism sheets, lens sheets, and diffusion sheets are affixed to the surface of the substrate, thereby suppressing total reflection and light extraction efficiency.
- a method of introducing a diffraction grating or a method of introducing a diffusion structure in an interface or any medium that causes total reflection is known.
- Electroluminescent Device 100 As an example of the method for producing an electroluminescent device of the present invention, a method for producing an electroluminescent device comprising an anode / hole injection layer / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer / cathode will be described.
- a desired electrode material for example, a thin film made of an anode material is formed on a suitable substrate by a thin film forming method such as vapor deposition or sputtering so as to have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 to 200 nm.
- An anode is produced.
- a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and a functional layer (compound thin film) of the electron injection layer, which are electroluminescent element materials, are formed thereon.
- the process of forming the functional layer is mainly (I) a step of applying and laminating the coating liquid constituting the functional layer on the anode of the substrate; (Ii) a step of drying the coating solution after coating and lamination; Consists of.
- a vapor deposition method for example, spin coating method, casting method, die coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, ink jet method, printing method, spray coating).
- Method, curtain coating method, LB method Liangmuir Brodgett method and the like can be used
- at least the layer containing the quantum dot material is preferably formed using a wet process.
- a wet process is preferable in the present invention because a homogeneous film is easily obtained and pinholes are hardly generated.
- Film formation by a coating method such as a die coating method, a blade coating method, a roll coating method or an ink jet method is preferred.
- the liquid medium for dissolving or dispersing the EL material according to the present invention include ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, Aromatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexylbenzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, decalin, and dodecane, and organic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be used.
- ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone
- fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate
- halogenated hydrocarbons
- dispersion method it can disperse
- preparation process for dissolving or dispersing the EL material according to the present invention and the coating process until the EL material is coated on the substrate are preferably in an inert gas atmosphere, but depending on the material used, Even if it is not performed, film formation can be performed without degrading the performance of the electroluminescent element, and thus it may not always be performed in an inert gas atmosphere. In this case, the manufacturing cost can be suppressed, which is more preferable.
- the coated / laminated functional layer is dried.
- drying refers to a reduction to 0.2% or less when the solvent content of the film immediately after coating is 100%.
- those generally used can be used, and examples thereof include reduced pressure or pressure drying, heat drying, air drying, IR drying, and electromagnetic wave drying.
- heat drying is preferable, and the temperature is equal to or higher than the boiling point of the solvent having the lowest boiling point in the functional layer coating solvent, and is maintained at a temperature lower than (Tg + 20) ° C. of the material having the lowest Tg among the Tg of the functional layer material. Most preferably. In the present invention, more specifically, it is preferable to hold and dry at 80 ° C.
- the atmosphere when drying the coating liquid after coating / lamination is preferably an atmosphere having a volume concentration of a gas other than the inert gas of 200 ppm or less, but it is not necessarily in an inert gas atmosphere as in the liquid preparation coating process. It may not be necessary. In this case, the manufacturing cost can be suppressed, which is more preferable.
- the inert gas is preferably a rare gas such as nitrogen gas and argon gas, and most preferably nitrogen gas in terms of production cost.
- the coating / laminating and drying steps of these layers may be single wafer manufacturing or line manufacturing. Further, the drying process may be performed while being conveyed on the line, but from the viewpoint of productivity, it may be deposited or rolled in a non-contact manner in a roll form.
- a thin film made of a cathode material is formed thereon by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering so as to have a film thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably in the range of 50 nm to 200 nm.
- a desired electroluminescent element can be obtained.
- An electroluminescent element can be manufactured by adhering the adhesive seal or the sealing member to the electrode and the substrate with an adhesive after the heat treatment.
- the electroluminescent element of the present invention can be used as a display device, a display, and various light sources.
- light sources include home lighting, interior lighting, clock and liquid crystal backlights, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, light sources for optical communication processors, and light sources for optical sensors.
- it can be used in a wide range of applications such as general household appliances that require a display device, but it can be used effectively as a backlight for a liquid crystal display device combined with a color filter, and as a light source for illumination. it can.
- patterning may be performed by a metal mask, an ink jet printing method, or the like, as necessary, during film formation.
- patterning only the electrode may be patterned, the electrode and the light emitting layer may be patterned, or the entire layer of the element may be patterned.
- a conventionally known method is used. Can do.
- the quantum dot material included in the light emitting layer satisfies d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 3 nm, it is not a quantum dot material with uniform particle diameters but quantum particles with various particle diameters. It includes a dot material, that is, a quantum dot material having various emission peaks. As a result, when the electroluminescent element is caused to emit light, the emission spectrum becomes broad, and white with good color rendering (white close to natural light) can be emitted.
- the electroluminescent element since the quantum dot material is used as the light emission center (light emitting material), the deterioration rate is slow compared to the case of using the phosphorescent light emitting material, The device life can be extended.
- the electroluminescent device according to the embodiment of the present invention when the quantum dot material in one light emitting layer satisfies d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 3 nm, white light emission can be realized with one light emitting layer. . Therefore, the light emitting layer can be formed by a single film formation operation, which can contribute to simplification of the manufacturing method.
- the electroluminescent device uses the quantum dot material as the light emission center (light emitting material) and does not use the organic phosphorescent light emitting dopant.
- the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2 is characterized in that a phosphorescent light-emitting dopant is used as a light emission center (light-emitting material) and a quantum dot material is used (see claim 1 of Patent Document 2).
- the material is used for roles such as conversion of emission color. That is, since the role assumed for the quantum dot material is different between the electroluminescent element according to the embodiment of the present invention and the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2, the emission center (light emitting material) is different, and the light emission is performed. The principle itself is also different.
- the quantum dot material included in the light emitting layer satisfies d90 ⁇ d10 ⁇ 5 nm, when the electroluminescent device is caused to emit light, the emission spectrum becomes broader. A white color with better color rendering can be emitted.
- the electroluminescent element since the quantum dot material included in the light emitting layer satisfies t / (d90 ⁇ d10)> 0.5, the particle size distribution of the quantum dot material is as shown in FIG. A substantially trapezoidal shape as shown in a) will be exhibited. As a result, when the electroluminescent element is caused to emit light, the emission spectrum becomes broader, and white having very excellent color rendering can be emitted.
- the quantum dot material included in the light emitting layer is composed of a core and a shell (Core / Shell structure), in the step of laminating the light emitting layer, aggregates are formed. Can be suppressed, and the occurrence of self-quenching (self-quenching) can be suppressed. As a result, the effect of improving the light emission efficiency and extending the life of the light emitting element can be exhibited.
- the quantum dot material contained in the light emitting layer is surface-modified with the surface modifier, the formation of the aggregate is more reliably performed in the step of laminating the light emitting layer.
- the occurrence of self-quenching (self-quenching) can be further suppressed.
- the effect of improving the light emission efficiency and, in turn, extending the life of the light emitting element can be further ensured.
- the electroluminescent device according to the embodiment of the present invention is as described above. However, other configurations that are not clearly described may be conventionally known as long as the effects obtained by the configuration are exhibited. However, it goes without saying that it is not limited.
- the following multiple types of quantum dot materials were prepared.
- the volume-based particle size distribution of the quantum dot material used for each sample had various particle size distributions as shown in FIGS. 2 (a) to 2 (e).
- the volume-based particle size distribution and d10 and d90 were measured with a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring apparatus (manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.).
- Q3 CdSSe / ZnS
- Samples 1 to 16 were produced as follows.
- a polyethylene naphthalate film (a film made by Teijin DuPont Co., Ltd., hereinafter abbreviated as PEN) is formed on the entire surface on the side where the first electrode is formed.
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate film
- an inorganic gas barrier film made of SiOx is continuously formed on a flexible film so as to have a thickness of 500 nm, thereby allowing oxygen permeation.
- the patterned ITO substrate was ultrasonically cleaned with isopropyl alcohol, dried with dry nitrogen gas, and subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 5 minutes.
- a solution of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -polystyrene sulfonate (abbreviated as PEDOT / PSS, manufactured by Bayer, Baytron P Al 4083) diluted to 70% with pure water at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds.
- PEDOT / PSS poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) -polystyrene sulfonate
- a light emitting layer composition having the following composition and a composition diluted twice with the same solvent were each formed by spin coating at 1500 rpm for 30 seconds, and then held at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes. A 40 nm light emitting layer was formed.
- Samples 1 to 3, 5 to 12, and 14 The light emitting layer compositions of Samples 1 to 3, 5 to 12, and 14 are as follows. ⁇ Light emitting layer composition> Illustrative compound a-38 14.00 parts by mass Quantum dot material (material shown in Table 1) 0.74 parts by mass Toluene 2,000 parts by mass
- Sample 4 The light emitting layer composition of Sample 4 is as follows. ⁇ Light emitting layer composition> Illustrative Compound a-38 14.25 parts by mass of quantum dot material (material shown in Table 1: median value 2 nm) 0.20 parts by mass of quantum dot material (material shown in Table 1: median value 3.5 nm) 0.20 parts by mass Quantum dot material (material shown in Table 1: median value 5 nm) 0.20 parts by mass Toluene 2,000 parts by mass
- the light emitting layer composition of Sample 13 is as follows. ⁇ Light emitting layer composition> Illustrative compound a-38 14.25 parts by mass Illustrative compound D-66 2.45 parts by mass Illustrative compound D-67 0.025 parts by mass Illustrative compound D-80 0.025 parts by mass Quantum dot material (materials shown in Table 1) 0.30 parts by mass Toluene 2,000 parts by mass
- Sample 15 has three light emitting layers, and the following light emitting layer composition 1 is provided on the side close to the first electrode, and light emitting layer composition 3 is provided on the side close to the second electrode.
- the light emitting layer composition of sample 16 is as follows. ⁇ Light emitting layer composition> Illustrative compound a-38 14.25 parts by mass Illustrative compound D-66 2.45 parts by mass Illustrative compound D-67 0.025 parts by mass Illustrative compound D-80 0.025 parts by mass Toluene 2,000 parts by mass
- the substrate was attached to a vacuum deposition apparatus without being exposed to the atmosphere.
- a molybdenum resistance heating boat containing sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride is attached to a vacuum deposition apparatus, and after the vacuum chamber is depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa, the boat is energized and heated to heat the boat.
- a thin film having a thickness of 1 nm is formed on the electron transport layer at a rate of 0.02 nm / second with sodium fluoride, and then an electron with a thickness of 1.5 nm on the sodium fluoride at a rate of 0.02 nm / second in the same manner.
- An injection layer was formed.
- 100 nm of aluminum was deposited to form a cathode.
- a sealing member was adhered using a commercially available roll laminating apparatus to produce Samples 1 to 13 (electroluminescent elements).
- a flexible aluminum foil manufactured by Toyo Aluminum Co., Ltd.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- Adhesive Adhesive laminated (adhesive layer thickness 1.5 ⁇ m) was used.
- thermosetting adhesive As a sealing adhesive, a thermosetting adhesive was uniformly applied to the aluminum surface with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m along the adhesive surface (shiny surface) of the aluminum foil using a dispenser. This was dried under a vacuum of 100 Pa or less for 12 hours. Furthermore, it moved to a nitrogen atmosphere with a dew point temperature of ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower and an oxygen concentration of 0.8 ppm, dried for 12 hours or longer, and adjusted the water content of the sealing adhesive to 100 ppm or lower.
- thermosetting adhesive an epoxy adhesive mixed with the following (A) to (C) was used.
- DGEBA Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- DIY Dicyandiamide
- C Epoxy adduct curing accelerator
- the sealing substrate is closely attached and arranged so as to cover the joint portion between the extraction electrode and the electrode lead so as to be in the form shown in FIG.
- Samples 1 to 13 electroactive devices
- Samples 1 to 13 were manufactured by tightly sealing at a temperature of 120 ° C., a pressure of 0.5 MPa, and an apparatus speed of 0.3 m / min.
- the criteria for evaluating the lifetime of an element that emits white light is as follows. 1: LT50 / LT50 reference value ⁇ 1.0 2: 1.0 ⁇ LT50 / LT50 reference value ⁇ 1.5 3: 1.5 ⁇ LT50 / LT50 reference value ⁇ 2.0 4: 2.0 ⁇ LT50 / LT50 reference value ⁇ 2.5 5: 2.5 ⁇ LT50 / LT50 standard value In the above standard, “5” was the best result, and “5”, “4”, and “3” were judged to be acceptable. For samples that do not emit white light, the lifetime evaluation is impossible, and therefore, “-” (no result) was determined.
- the criteria for evaluating the luminous efficiency are as follows. 1: 0% ⁇ EQ ⁇ 3% 2: 3% ⁇ EQ ⁇ 5% 3: 5% ⁇ EQE ⁇ 8% 4: 8% ⁇ EQE ⁇ 12% 5: 12% ⁇ EQE In the above criteria, “5” was the best result, and “5”, “4”, and “3” were judged to be acceptable.
- Table 1 below shows “sample composition” and “sample evaluation”.
- the notation of the item “shape of particle size distribution” in Table 1 corresponds to (a) to (e) of FIG. ing.
- QDs is an abbreviation for “quantum dot material”
- P is an abbreviation for “phosphorescent material”.
- sample 13 contained a phosphorescent light emitting material as the light emitting material, “life evaluation as an element emitting white light” was rejected. In addition, “color rendering property evaluation” was also rejected. Sample 14 had a d90-d10 of 2.0 nm, which resulted in a color rendering evaluation failure. Furthermore, sample 14 emitted light only in a single color (blue), and “life evaluation as an element emitting white light” was “ ⁇ ” (no result).
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Abstract
Description
有機EL素子は、フィルム上に形成された1対の陽極と陰極との間に、有機発光物質を含有する厚さ僅か0.1μm程度の機能層(単層部又は多層部)で構成する薄膜型の全固体素子である。このような有機EL素子に2~20V程度の比較的低い電圧を印加すると、有機化合物層に陰極から電子が注入され、陽極から正孔が注入される。この電子と正孔とが発光層において再結合し、エネルギー準位が伝導帯から価電子帯に戻る際にエネルギーを光として放出することにより発光が得られることが知られており、次世代の平面ディスプレイや照明として期待されている技術である。
量子ドット材料はシャープな発光スペクトルに加え、無機物であるために耐久性が良く、また各種溶媒に可溶である特徴を持つことから塗布プロセスに適用可能である。
また、特許文献2では、発光層にリン光発光ドーパントを含有させ、発光層またはその隣接層に量子ドット材料をドープしている有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子が開示されている。
また、特許文献2に開示された技術によると、リン光発光材料を用いているため、素子の劣化速度が速く、耐久性に問題がある。厳密には、特許文献2に開示された技術は、白色に発光する素子としての寿命は十分でなく、この点について改善の余地が存在する。
<電界発光素子の構成(概要)>
図1に示すとおり、本発明の好ましい実施形態にかかる電界発光素子100は、可撓性基板(基板)1を有している。可撓性基板1上には陽極(第一電極)2が形成され、陽極2上には機能層20が形成され、機能層20上には陰極(第二電極)8が形成されている。
機能層20とは、陽極2と陰極8との間に設けられている電界発光素子100を構成する各層をいう。
機能層20には、例えば、正孔注入層3、正孔輸送層4、発光層5、電子輸送層6、電子注入層7が含まれ、そのほかに正孔ブロック層や電子ブロック層等が含まれてもよい。
可撓性基板1上の陽極2、機能層20、陰極8は封止接着剤9を介して可撓性封止部材10によって封止されている。
(i)可撓性基板/陽極/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極/熱伝導層/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(ii)可撓性基板/陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極/熱伝導層/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(iii)可撓性基板/陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔ブロック層/電子輸送層/陰極/熱伝導層/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(iv)可撓性基板/陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔ブロック層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極/熱伝導層/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(v)可撓性基板/陽極/陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔ブロック層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極/熱伝導層/封止用接着剤/封止部材
(vi)ガラス支持体/陽極/正孔注入層/発光層/電子注入層/陰極/封止部材
(vii)ガラス支持体/陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子注入層/陰極/封止部材
(viii)ガラス支持体/陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極/封止部材
次いで、本発明の電界発光素子を構成する機能層の詳細について説明する。
(1)注入層:正孔注入層3、電子注入層7
本発明の電界発光素子においては、注入層は必要に応じて設けることができる。注入層としては電子注入層と正孔注入層があり、上記の如く陽極と発光層または正孔輸送層の間、及び陰極と発光層または電子輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
本発明でいう注入層とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために電極と機能層間に設けられる層で、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されており、正孔注入層と電子注入層とがある。
正孔注入層は、例えば、特開平9-45479号公報、同9-260062号公報、同8-288069号公報等にもその詳細が記載されており、正孔注入層に適用可能な正孔注入材料としては、トリアゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体及びピラゾロン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、アリールアミン誘導体、アミノ置換カルコン誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、スチリルアントラセン誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、シラザン誘導体等を含むポリマーやアニリン系共重合体、ポリアリールアルカン誘導体、または導電性ポリマーが挙げられ、好ましくはポリチオフェン誘導体、ポリアニリン誘導体、ポリピロール誘導体であり、さらに好ましくはポリチオフェン誘導体である。
電子注入層は、例えば、特開平6-325871号公報、同9-17574号公報、同10-74586号公報等にもその詳細が記載されており、具体的には、ストロンチウムやアルミニウム等に代表される金属バッファー層、フッ化リチウムに代表されるアルカリ金属化合物バッファー層、フッ化マグネシウムに代表されるアルカリ土類金属化合物バッファー層、酸化アルミニウムに代表される酸化物バッファー層等が挙げられる。本発明においては、上記バッファー層(注入層)はごく薄い膜であることが望ましく、フッ化カリウム、フッ化ナトリウムが好ましい。その膜厚は0.1nm~5μm程度、好ましくは0.1~100nm、さらに好ましくは0.5~10nm、最も好ましくは0.5~4nmである。
正孔輸送層を構成する正孔輸送材料としては、上記正孔注入層で適用するのと同様の化合物を使用することができるが、さらには、ポルフィリン化合物、芳香族第3級アミン化合物及びスチリルアミン化合物、特に芳香族第3級アミン化合物を用いることが好ましい。
芳香族第3級アミン化合物及びスチリルアミン化合物の代表例としては、N,N,N′,N′-テトラフェニル-4,4′-ジアミノフェニル;N,N′-ジフェニル-N,N′-ビス(3-メチルフェニル)-〔1,1′-ビフェニル〕-4,4′-ジアミン(TPD);2,2-ビス(4-ジ-p-トリルアミノフェニル)プロパン;1,1-ビス(4-ジ-p-トリルアミノフェニル)シクロヘキサン;N,N,N′,N′-テトラ-p-トリル-4,4′-ジアミノビフェニル;1,1-ビス(4-ジ-p-トリルアミノフェニル)-4-フェニルシクロヘキサン;ビス(4-ジメチルアミノ-2-メチルフェニル)フェニルメタン;ビス(4-ジ-p-トリルアミノフェニル)フェニルメタン;N,N′-ジフェニル-N,N′-ジ(4-メトキシフェニル)-4,4′-ジアミノビフェニル;N,N,N′,N′-テトラフェニル-4,4′-ジアミノジフェニルエーテル;4,4′-ビス(ジフェニルアミノ)クオードリフェニル;N,N,N-トリ(p-トリル)アミン;4-(ジ-p-トリルアミノ)-4′-〔4-(ジ-p-トリルアミノ)スチリル〕スチルベン;4-N,N-ジフェニルアミノ-(2-ジフェニルビニル)ベンゼン;3-メトキシ-4′-N,N-ジフェニルアミノスチルベンゼン;N-フェニルカルバゾール、さらには、米国特許第5,061,569号明細書に記載されている2個の縮合芳香族環を分子内に有するもの、例えば、4,4′-ビス〔N-(1-ナフチル)-N-フェニルアミノ〕ビフェニル(NPD)、特開平4-308688号公報に記載されているトリフェニルアミンユニットが3つスターバースト型に連結された4,4′,4″-トリス〔N-(3-メチルフェニル)-N-フェニルアミノ〕トリフェニルアミン(MTDATA)等が挙げられる。
さらに、これらの材料を高分子鎖に導入した、またはこれらの材料を高分子の主鎖とした高分子材料を用いることもできる。また、p型-Si、p型-SiC等の無機化合物も正孔注入材料、正孔輸送材料として使用することができる。
また、特開平4-297076号公報、特開2000-196140号公報、特開2001-102175号公報、J.Appl.Phys.,95,5773(2004)、特開平11-251067号公報、J.Huang et.al.著文献(Applied Physics Letters 80(2002),p.139)、特表2003-519432号公報に記載されているような、いわゆるp型半導体的性質を有するとされる正孔輸送材料を用いることもできる。
正孔輸送層は、上記正孔輸送材料を、例えば、真空蒸着法、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法を含む印刷法、LB法等の公知の方法により、薄膜化することにより形成することができる。正孔輸送層の膜厚については、特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μm程度、好ましくは5~200nmである。この正孔輸送層は上記材料の1種または2種以上からなる一層構造であってもよい。
これらの高分子化合物は、Makromol.Chem.,193,909頁(1992)等に記載の公知の方法で合成することができる。
電子輸送層とは電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔ブロック層も電子輸送層に含まれる。電子輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
従来、単層の電子輸送層、及び複数層とする場合は発光層に対して陰極側に隣接する電子輸送層に用いられる電子輸送材料(正孔ブロック材料を兼ねる)としては、陰極より注入された電子を発光層に伝達する機能を有していればよく、その材料としては従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができ、例えば、フルオレン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、アザカルバゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、シロール誘導体、ピリジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、8-キノリノール誘導体等の金属錯体等が挙げられる。
その他、メタルフリーもしくはメタルフタロシアニン、またはそれらの末端がアルキル基やスルホン酸基等で置換されているものも、電子輸送材料として好ましく用いることができる。
これらの中でもカルバゾール誘導体、アザカルバゾール誘導体、ピリジン誘導体等が本発明では好ましく、アザカルバゾール誘導体であることがより好ましい。
電子輸送層は、上記電子輸送材料を、例えば、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法を含む印刷法、LB法等の公知の方法により、薄膜化することにより形成することができ、好ましくは上記電子輸送材料、フッ化アルコール溶剤を含有する塗布液を用いたウェットプロセスにより形成することができる。
電子輸送層の膜厚については特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μm程度、好ましくは5~200nmである。電子輸送層は上記材料の1種または2種以上からなる一層構造であってもよい。
本発明における電子輸送層には、有機物のアルカリ金属塩を含有することが好ましい。有機物の種類としては特に制限はないが、ギ酸塩、酢酸塩、プロピオン酸、酪酸塩、吉草酸塩、カプロン酸塩、エナント酸塩、カプリル酸塩、シュウ酸塩、マロン酸塩、コハク酸塩、安息香酸塩、フタル酸塩、イソフタル酸塩、テレフタル酸塩、サリチル酸塩、ピルビン酸塩、乳酸塩、リンゴ酸塩、アジピン酸塩、メシル酸塩、トシル酸塩、ベンゼンスルホン酸塩が挙げられ、好ましくはギ酸塩、酢酸塩、プロピオン酸塩、酪酸塩、吉草酸塩、カプロン酸塩、エナント酸塩、カプリル酸塩、シュウ酸塩、マロン酸塩、コハク酸塩、安息香酸塩、より好ましくはギ酸塩、酢酸塩、プロピオン酸塩、酪酸塩等の脂肪族カルボン酸のアルカリ金属塩が好ましく、脂肪族カルボン酸の炭素数が4以下であることが好ましい。最も好ましくは酢酸塩である。
有機物のアルカリ金属塩のアルカリ金属の種類としては特に制限はないが、Na、K、Csが挙げられ、好ましくはK、Cs、さらに好ましくはCsである。有機物のアルカリ金属塩としては、前記有機物とアルカリ金属の組み合わせが挙げられ、好ましくは、ギ酸Li、ギ酸K、ギ酸Na、ギ酸Cs、酢酸Li、酢酸K、酢酸Na、酢酸Cs、プロピオン酸Li、プロピオン酸Na、プロピオン酸K、プロピオン酸Cs、シュウ酸Li、シュウ酸Na、シュウ酸K、シュウ酸Cs、マロン酸Li、マロン酸Na、マロン酸K、マロン酸Cs、コハク酸Li、コハク酸Na、コハク酸K、コハク酸Cs、安息香酸Li、安息香酸Na、安息香酸K、安息香酸Cs、より好ましくは酢酸Li、酢酸K、酢酸Na、酢酸Cs、最も好ましくは酢酸Csである。
これらドープ材の含有量は、添加する電子輸送層に対し、好ましくは1.5~35質量%であり、より好ましくは3~25質量%であり、最も好ましくは5~15質量%である。
本発明の電界発光素子を構成する発光層は、電極または電子輸送層、正孔輸送層から注入されてくる電子及び正孔が再結合して発光する層であり、発光する部分は発光層の層内であっても発光層と隣接層との界面であってもよい。
本発明に係る発光層は、含まれる発光材料が本発明の規定する要件を満たしていれば、その構成には特に制限はない。
また、同一の発光スペクトルや発光極大波長を有する層が複数層あってもよい。各発光層間には非発光性の中間層を有していることが好ましい。
本発明における発光層の膜厚の総和は1~100nmの範囲にあることが好ましく、さらに好ましくは、より低い駆動電圧を得ることができることから50nm以下である。なお、本発明でいう発光層の膜厚の総和とは、発光層間に非発光性の中間層が存在する場合には、当該中間層も含む膜厚である。
個々の発光層の膜厚としては1~50nmの範囲に調整することが好ましい。
個々の発光層は青、緑、赤の各色発光を示しても良く、各発光層の膜厚の関係については、特に制限はない。
発光層の作製には、後述する発光材料やホスト化合物を、例えば、真空蒸着法、スピンコート法、キャスト法、LB法、インクジェット法等の公知の薄膜化法により製膜して形成することができる。
本発明においては、発光層の構成として、ホスト化合物、量子ドット材料を含有し、量子ドット材料より発光させることが好ましい。
本発明の電界発光素子の発光層に含有されるホスト化合物としては、室温(25℃)におけるリン光発光のリン光量子収率が0.1未満の化合物が好ましい。さらに好ましくはリン光量子収率が0.01未満である。また、発光層に含有される化合物の中で、その層中での体積比が50%以上であることが好ましい。
ホスト化合物としては、公知のホスト化合物を単独で用いてもよく、または複数種併用して用いてもよい。ホスト化合物を複数種用いることで、電荷の移動を調整することが可能であり、電界発光素子を高効率化することができる。また、後述する発光材料を複数種用いることで異なる発光を混ぜることが可能となり、これにより任意の発光色を得ることができる。
公知のホスト化合物の具体例としては、以下の文献に記載されている化合物が挙げられる。例えば、特開2001-257076号公報、同2002-308855号公報、同2001-313179号公報、同2002-319491号公報、同2001-357977号公報、同2002-334786号公報、同2002-8860号公報、同2002-334787号公報、同2002-15871号公報、同2002-334788号公報、同2002-43056号公報、同2002-334789号公報、同2002-75645号公報、同2002-338579号公報、同2002-105445号公報、同2002-343568号公報、同2002-141173号公報、同2002-352957号公報、同2002-203683号公報、同2002-363227号公報、同2002-231453号公報、同2003-3165号公報、同2002-234888号公報、同2003-27048号公報、同2002-255934号公報、同2002-260861号公報、同2002-280183号公報、同2002-299060号公報、同2002-302516号公報、同2002-305083号公報、同2002-305084号公報、同2002-308837号公報等が挙げられる。
本発明に用いられるホスト化合物は、カルバゾール誘導体であることが好ましい。
本発明の電界発光素子100の発光層5は、量子ドット材料11を含有している、つまり、発光層5には量子ドット材料11がドープされている。
そして、量子ドット材料とは、半導体材料の結晶で構成され、その粒子径が数nm~数十nm程度の微粒子であり、下記に示す量子ドット効果が得られるものを言う。
なお、量子ドット材料の粒子径は、後述する「粒度分布」を満たせば特に限定されないが、例えば1~20nmであり、好ましくは1~10nmである。
このような微粒子のエネルギー準位Eは、一般に、プランク定数を「h」と、電子の有効質量を「m」と、微粒子の半径を「R」としたとき、式(I)で表わされる。
E∝h2/mR2・・・(I)
コア/シェル構造は少なくとも2種類の化合物で形成さていることが好ましく、2種類以上の化合物でグラジエント構造を形成していても良い。これにより、塗布液中における量子ドットの凝集を効果的に防止することができ、量子ドットの分散性を向上させることができるとともに、輝度効率が向上し、連続駆動させた場合に生じる色ズレを抑制することができる。また、シェル構造の存在により安定的に発光特性が得られる。
シェルの厚さは、特に限定されないが、0.1~10nmであるのが好ましく、0.1~5nmであるのがより好ましい。一般に、量子ドットのサイズにより発光色が制御でき、被膜の厚さが前記範囲内の値であると、シェルの厚みが原子数個分に相当する厚さから量子ドット1個に満たない厚さであり、量子ドットを高密度で充填することができ、十分な発光量が得られる。また、シェルの存在によりお互いのコア粒子の粒子表面に存在する欠陥、ダングリングボンドへの電子トラップによる非発光の電子エネルギーの転移を抑制でき、量子効率の低下を抑えることができる。
本発明に用いられる量子ドット材料は、体積基準の累積粒度分布における累積度10%粒子径をd10(nm)、累積度90%の粒子径をd90(nm)としたときに、d90-d10≧3nmを満たすことを特徴とし、d90-d10≧5nmを満たすのが好ましい。
なお、累積度10%の粒子径(d10)とは、詳細には、体積基準の累積粒度分布曲線(横軸:粒子径(μm)、縦軸:累積頻度(%))において、10%の累積頻度を示す粒子径であり、累積度90%の粒子径(d90)とは、累積粒度分布曲線において、90%の累積頻度を示す粒子径である。
また、量子ドット材料がd90-d10≧5nmを満たす状態とは、d90とd10との間隔が、かなり広い状態となっている図2(a)、(b)のような状態である。
このように、様々な発光ピークを有する量子ドット材料を含むことにより、電界発光素子を発光させた際、発光スペクトルがブロードになり、演色性の良い白色(自然光に近い白色)を発することができる。
なお、半値幅(t)とは、山形の関数の広がりの程度を示す指標であり、詳細には、図2に示すような体積基準の粒度分布曲線において、存在比率が最大ピーク値の半分の値を示す粒子径の幅(半値全幅)である。
このように、量子ドット材料の粒度分布曲線が、なだらかな山形(略台形)を呈することにより、電界発光素子を発光させた際、発光スペクトルが更にブロードになり、演色性の非常に優れた白色(自然光に近い白色)を発することができる。
たとえば、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)により量子ドットの粒子観察を行い、そこから粒子径分布の数平均粒子径として求める方法や、動的光散乱法により量子ドットの粒子径分布を測定し、その数平均粒子径として求める方法、X線小角散乱法により得られたスペクトルから量子ドットの粒子径分布シミュレーション計算を用いて粒子径分布を導出する方法などが挙げられる。
塗布液中において量子ドットの表面付近には、表面修飾剤が付着しているのが好ましい。これにより、塗布液中における量子ドットの分散性を特に優れたものとすることができる。また、量子ドットの製造時において量子ドットの表面に表面修飾剤を付着させることにより、形成される量子ドットの形状が真球度の高いものとなり、また、量子ドットの粒子径分布を狭く抑えられるため、例えば、特に優れたものとすることができる。
表面修飾剤としては、例えば、ポリオキシエチレンラウリルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンステアリルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンオレイルエーテル等のポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル類;トリプロピルホスフィン、トリブチルホスフィン、トリヘキシルホスフィン、トリオクチルホスフィン等のトリアルキルホスフィン類;ポリオキシエチレンn-オクチルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンn-ノニルフェニルエーテル等のポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル類;トリ(n-ヘキシル)アミン、トリ(n-オクチル)アミン、トリ(n-デシル)アミン等の第3級アミン類;トリプロピルホスフィンオキシド、トリブチルホスフィンオキシド、トリヘキシルホスフィンオキシド、トリオクチルホスフィンオキシド、トリデシルホスフィンオキシド等の有機リン化合物;ポリエチレングリコールジラウレート、ポリエチレングリコールジステアレート等のポリエチレングリコールジエステル類;ピリジン、ルチジン、コリジン、キノリン類の含窒素芳香族化合物等の有機窒素化合物;ヘキシルアミン、オクチルアミン、デシルアミン、ドデシルアミン、テトラデシルアミン、ヘキサデシルアミン、オクタデシルアミン等のアミノアルカン類;ジブチルスルフィド等のジアルキルスルフィド類;ジメチルスルホキシドやジブチルスルホキシド等のジアルキルスルホキシド類;チオフェン等の含硫黄芳香族化合物等の有機硫黄化合物;パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、オレイン酸等の高級脂肪酸;アルコール類;ソルビタン脂肪酸エステル類;脂肪酸変性ポリエステル類;3級アミン変性ポリウレタン類;ポリエチレンイミン類等が挙げられるが、量子ドットが後述するような方法で調製されるものである場合、表面修飾剤は、高温液相において微粒子に配位して安定化する物質であるのが好ましく、具体的には、トリアルキルホスフィン類、有機リン化合物、アミノアルカン類、第3級アミン類、有機窒素化合物、ジアルキルスルフィド類、ジアルキルスルホキシド類、有機硫黄化合物、高級脂肪酸、アルコール類が好ましい。このような表面修飾剤を用いることにより、塗布液中における量子ドットの分散性を特に優れたものとすることができる。また、量子ドットの製造時において形成される量子ドットの形状をより真球度の高いものとし、量子ドットの粒度分布をよりシャープなものとすることができる。
量子ドット材料の製造方法としては、従来行われている下記のような量子ドット材料の製造方法等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではなく公知の任意の方法を用いることができる。
例えば、高真空下のプロセスとしては、分子ビームエピタキシー法、CVD法等が挙げられる。また、液相製造方法としては、原料水溶液を、例えば、n-ヘプタン、n-オクタン、イソオクタン等のアルカン類、又はベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素等の非極性有機溶媒中の逆ミセルとして存在させ、この逆ミセル相中にて結晶成長させる逆ミセル法、熱分解性原料を高温の液相有機媒体に注入して結晶成長させるホットソープ法、さらに、ホットソープ法と同様に、酸塩基反応を駆動力として比較的低い温度で結晶成長を伴う溶液反応法、高周波スパッタリング法等が挙げられる。
これらの中でも、特に粒子径のサイズを比較的容易に制御することができる、つまり、所望の粒度分布となるように制御することができる高周波スパッタリング法を採用することが好ましい。
具体的には、下記の製造工程を経て製造することができる。
工程(7):上記水酸化した量子ドット材料を熱水により洗浄する。
工程(8):必要に応じて、量子ドット材料の表面を表面修飾剤により表面修飾を行う。
電界発光素子を構成する陽極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、Au等の金属、CuI、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性透明材料が挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3-ZnO)等非晶質で透明導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。陽極は、これらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させ、フォトリソグラフィー法で所望の形状パターンを形成してもよく、あるいはパターン精度をあまり必要としない場合(100μm以上程度)は、上記電極物質の蒸着やスパッタリング時に所望の形状のマスクを介してパターンを形成してもよい。あるいは、有機導電性化合物のように塗布可能な物質を用いる場合には、印刷方式、コーティング方式等湿式成膜法を用いることもできる。この陽極より発光を取り出す場合には、透過率を10%より大きくすることが望ましく、また陽極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましい。さらに膜厚は材料にもよるが、通常は、10~1000nmの範囲であり、好ましくは10~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。
一方、陰極としては仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する)、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。これらの中で、電子注入性及び酸化等に対する耐久性の点から、電子注入性金属とこれより仕事関数の値が大きく安定な金属である第二金属との混合物、例えば、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム等が好適である。陰極はこれらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させることにより、作製することができる。また、陰極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましく、膜厚は通常10nm~5μm、好ましくは50~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。なお、発光した光を透過させるため、電界発光素子の陽極または陰極のいずれか一方が透明または半透明であれば発光輝度が向上し好都合である。
また、陰極に上記金属を1~20nmの膜厚で作製した後に、陽極の説明で挙げた導電性透明材料をその上に形成することで、透明または半透明の陰極を作製することができ、これを応用することで陽極と陰極の両方が透過性を有する電界発光素子を作製することができる。
本発明の電界発光素子に用いることのできる基板(以下、基体、基板、基材、支持体、支持基板等ともいう)としては、ガラス、プラスチック等の種類には特に限定はなく、また透明であっても不透明であってもよい。基板側から光を取り出す場合には、基板は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な基板としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。リジットな基板よりもフレキシブルな基板において、高温保存安定性や色度変動を抑制する効果が大きく現れるため、特に好ましい基板は、電界発光素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能な可撓性を備えた樹脂フィルムである。
樹脂フィルムとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)等のポリエステル、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、セロファン、セルロースジアセテート、セルローストリアセテート、セルロースアセテートブチレート、セルロースアセテートプロピオネート(CAP)、セルロースアセテートフタレート(TAC)、セルロースナイトレート等のセルロースエステル類またはそれらの誘導体、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレンビニルアルコール、シンジオタクティックポリスチレン、ポリカーボネート、ノルボルネン樹脂、ポリメチルペンテン、ポリエーテルケトン、ポリイミド、ポリエーテルスルホン(PES)、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリスルホン類、ポリエーテルイミド、ポリエーテルケトンイミド、ポリアミド、フッ素樹脂、ナイロン、ポリメチルメタクリレート、アクリルあるいはポリアリレート類、アートン(商品名JSR社製)あるいはアペル(商品名三井化学社製)といったシクロオレフィン系樹脂等を挙げられる。
バリア膜を形成する材料としては、水分や酸素等の電界発光素子の劣化を招く因子の浸入を抑制する機能を有する材料であればよく、例えば、酸化珪素、二酸化珪素、窒化珪素等を用いることができる。さらに該膜の脆弱性を改良するために、これら無機層と有機材料からなる層の積層構造を持たせることがより好ましい。無機層と機能層の積層順については特に制限はないが、両者を交互に複数回積層させることが好ましい。
バリア膜の形成方法については、特に限定はなく、例えば、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、反応性スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、クラスタ-イオンビーム法、イオンプレーティング法、プラズマ重合法、大気圧プラズマ重合法、プラズマCVD法、レーザーCVD法、熱CVD法、コーティング法等を用いることができるが、特開2004-68143号公報に記載されているような大気圧プラズマ重合法によるものが特に好ましい。
本発明の電界発光素子において、発光の室温における外部取り出し効率は、1%以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは5%以上である。ここに、外部取り出し量子効率(%)=電界発光素子外部に発光した光子数/電界発光素子に流した電子数×100である。
本発明の電界発光素子に適用可能な封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と電極、基板とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。
封止部材としては、電界発光素子の表示領域を覆うように配置されておればよく、凹板状でも平板状でもよい。また透明性、電気絶縁性は特に問わない。
具体的には、ガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等が挙げられる。ガラス板としては、特にソーダ石灰ガラス、バリウム・ストロンチウム含有ガラス、鉛ガラス、アルミノケイ酸ガラス、ホウケイ酸ガラス、バリウムホウケイ酸ガラス、石英等を挙げることができる。また、ポリマー板としては、ポリカーボネート、アクリル、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエーテルサルファイド、ポリサルフォン等を挙げることができる。金属板としては、ステンレス、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、マグネシウム、ニッケル、亜鉛、クロム、チタン、モリブテン、シリコーン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルからなる群から選ばれる一種以上の金属または合金からなるものが挙げられる。
封止部材を凹状に加工するのは、サンドブラスト加工、化学エッチング加工等が使われる。
なお、電界発光素子が熱処理により劣化する場合があるので、室温から80℃までに接着硬化できるものが好ましい。また、接着剤中に乾燥剤を分散させておいてもよい。封止部分への接着剤の塗布は市販のディスペンサを使ってもよいし、スクリーン印刷のように印刷してもよい。
吸湿性化合物としては、例えば、金属酸化物(例えば、酸化ナトリウム、酸化カリウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化バリウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化アルミニウム等)、硫酸塩(例えば、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸コバルト等)、金属ハロゲン化物(例えば、塩化カルシウム、塩化マグネシウム、フッ化セシウム、フッ化タンタル、臭化セリウム、臭化マグネシウム、沃化バリウム、沃化マグネシウム等)、過塩素酸類(例えば、過塩素酸バリウム、過塩素酸マグネシウム等)等が挙げられ、硫酸塩、金属ハロゲン化物及び過塩素酸類においては無水塩が好適に用いられる。
本発明に係る封止用接着剤には、熱硬化接着剤や紫外線硬化樹脂などを用いることができるが、好ましくはエポキシ系樹脂、アクリル系樹脂、シリコーン樹脂など熱硬化接着剤、より好ましくは耐湿性、耐水性に優れ、硬化時の収縮が少ないエポキシ系熱硬化型接着性樹脂である。
本発明に係る封止用接着剤の含水率は、300ppm以下であることが好ましく、0.01~200ppmであることがより好ましく、0.01~100ppmであることが最も好ましい。
本発明でいう含水率は、いかなる方法により測定しても構わないが、例えば容量法水分計(カールフィッシャ-)、赤外水分計、マイクロ波透過型水分計、加熱乾燥重量法、GC/MS、IR、DSC(示差走査熱量計)、TDS(昇温脱離分析)が挙げられる。また、精密水分計AVM-3000型(オムニテック社製)等を用い、水分の蒸発によって生じる圧力上昇から水分を測定でき、フィルムまた固形フィルム等の水分率の測定を行うことができる。
本発明おいて、封止用接着剤の含水率は、例えば、露点温度が-80℃以下、酸素濃度0.8ppmの窒素雰囲気下に置き時間を変化させることで調整することが出来る。また、100Pa以下の真空状態で置き時間を変化させて乾燥させることもできる。また、封止用接着材は接着剤のみで乾燥させることも出来るが、封止部材へ予め配置し乾燥させることも出来る。
密着封止(固体封止)を行う場合、封止部材としては、例えば、50μm厚のPET(ポリエチレンテレフタレート)にアルミ箔(30μm厚)をラミネートしたものを用いる。これを封止部材として、アルミニウム面にディスペンサを使用して均一に塗布し封止用接着剤を予め配置しておき、樹脂基板1と封止部材5を位置合わせ後、両者を圧着して(0.1~3MPa)、温度80~180℃で密着・接合(接着)して、密着封止(固体封止)する。
接着剤の種類また量、そして面積等によって加熱また圧着時間は変わるが0.1~3MPaの圧力で仮接着、また80~180℃の温度で、熱硬化時間は5秒~10分間の範囲で選べばよい。
加熱した圧着ロールを用いると圧着(仮接着)と加熱が同時にでき、且つ内部の空隙も同時に排除でき好ましい。
また、接着層の形成方法としては、材料に応じて、ディスペンサを用い、ロールコート、スピンコート、スクリーン印刷法、スプレーコートなどのコーティング法、印刷法を用いることができる。
封止部材としては、ステンレス、アルミニウム、マグネシウム合金等の金属、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリスチレン、ナイロン、ポリ塩化ビニル等のプラスチック、およびこれらの複合物、ガラス等が挙げられ、必要に応じて、特に樹脂フィルムの場合には、樹脂基板と同様、アルミニウム、酸化アルミニウム、酸化ケイ素、窒化ケイ素等のガスバリア層を積層したものを用いることができる。
ガスバリア層は、封止部材成形前に封止部材の両面若しくは片面にスパッタリング、蒸着等により形成することもできるし、封止後に封止部材の両面若しくは片面に同様な方法で形成してもよい。これについても、酸素透過度が1×10-3ml/(m2・24h・atm)以下、水蒸気透過度(25±0.5℃、相対湿度(90±2)%RH)が、1×10-3g/(m2・24h)以下のものであることが好ましい。
封止部材としては、アルミニウム等の金属箔をラミネートしたフィルム等でも良い。金属箔の片面にポリマーフィルムを積層する方法としては、一般に使用されているラミネート機を使用することができる。接着剤としてはポリウレタン系、ポリエステル系、エポキシ系、アクリル系等の接着剤を用いることができる。必要に応じて硬化剤を併用してもよい。ホットメルトラミネーション法やエクストルージョンラミネート法および共押出しラミネーション法も使用できるがドライラミネート方式が好ましい。
また、金属箔をスパッタや蒸着等で形成し、導電性ペースト等の流動性電極材料から形成する場合は、逆にポリマーフィルムを基材としてこれに金属箔を成膜する方法で作成してもよい。
機能層を挟み基板と対向する側の封止膜、あるいは封止用フィルムの外側に、電界発光素子の機械的強度を高めるため、保護膜あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に、封止が封止膜により行われている場合には、その機械的強度は必ずしも高くないため、このような保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量かつ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
本発明において、可撓性基板から陽極との間、あるいは可撓性基板から光出射側の何れかの場所に光取出し部材を有することが好ましい。
光取出し部材としては、プリズムシートやレンズシートおよび拡散シートが挙げられる。また、全反射を起こす界面もしくはいずれかの媒質中に導入される回折格子や拡散構造等が挙げられる。
通常、基板から光を放射するような電界発光素子においては、発光層から放射された光の一部が基板と空気との界面において全反射を起こし、光を損失するという問題が発生する。この問題を解決するために、基板の表面にプリズムやレンズ状の加工を施す、もしくは基板の表面にプリズムシートやレンズシートおよび拡散シートを貼り付けることにより、全反射を抑制して光の取り出し効率を向上させる。
また、光取り出し効率を高めるためには、全反射を起こす界面もしくはいずれかの媒質中に回折格子を導入する方法や拡散構造を導入する方法が知られている。
本発明の電界発光素子の製造方法の一例として、陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極からなる電界発光素子の製造方法を説明する。
機能層を形成する工程は、主に、
(i)その機能層を構成する塗布液を、基板の陽極上に塗布・積層する工程と、
(ii)塗布・積層後の塗布液を、乾燥させる工程と、
で構成される。
正孔注入層以外の機能層の形成においても、均質な膜が得られやすく、かつピンホールが生成しにくい等の点から、本発明においてはウェットプロセスが好ましく、中でも、スピンコート法、キャスト法、ダイコート法、ブレードコート法、ロールコート法、インクジェット法等の塗布法による成膜が好ましい。
本発明に係るEL材料を溶解または分散する液媒体としては、例えば、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類、酢酸エチル等の脂肪酸エステル類、ジクロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素類、トルエン、キシレン、メシチレン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン等の芳香族炭化水素類、シクロヘキサン、デカリン、ドデカン等の脂肪族炭化水素類、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)等の有機溶媒を用いることができる。また分散方法としては、超音波、高剪断力分散やメディア分散等の分散方法により分散することができる。
また、本発明に係るEL材料を溶解または分散する調液行程、基材上に塗布されるまでの塗布工程は不活性ガス雰囲気下であることが好ましいが、使用素材により不活性ガス雰囲気下で行わなくとも電界発光素子性能を落とさずに成膜できるため、必ずしも不活性ガス雰囲気下で行わなくても良い場合がある。この場合、製造コストを抑えることができより好ましい。
ここでいう乾燥とは、塗布直後の膜の溶媒含有量を100%とした場合に、0.2%以下まで低減されることを指す。
乾燥の手段としては一般的に汎用されているものを使用でき、減圧あるいは加圧乾燥、加熱乾燥、送風乾燥、IR乾燥および電磁波による乾燥などが挙げられる。中でも加熱乾燥が好ましく、機能層塗布溶媒の中で最も低沸点の溶媒の沸点以上の温度であり、機能層材料のTgの中で最も低Tgである材料の(Tg+20)℃より低い温度で保持することが最も好ましい。本発明において、より具体的には80℃以上150℃以下で保持し乾燥することが好ましく、100℃以上130℃以下で保持し乾燥することがより好ましい。
塗布・積層後の塗布液を乾燥させる際の雰囲気は、不活性ガス以外の気体の体積濃度が200ppm以下の雰囲気とすることが好ましいが、調液塗布工程と同様に必ずしも不活性ガス雰囲気下で行わなくても良い場合がある。この場合、製造コストを抑えることができより好ましい。
不活性ガスは好ましくは窒素ガスおよびアルゴンガス等の希ガスであり、製造コスト上最も好ましくは窒素ガスである。
該加熱処理後に前記密着封止あるいは封止部材と電極、基板とを接着剤で接着することで電界発光素子を製造することができる。
本発明の電界発光素子は、表示デバイス、ディスプレイ、各種発光光源として用いることができる。
発光光源として、例えば、家庭用照明、車内照明、時計や液晶用のバックライト、看板広告、信号機、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源、さらには表示装置を必要とする一般の家庭用電気器具等広い範囲の用途が挙げられるが、特にカラーフィルターと組み合わせた液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。
本発明の電界発光素子においては、必要に応じ成膜時にメタルマスクやインクジェットプリンティング法等でパターニングを施してもよい。パターニングする場合は、電極のみをパターニングしてもよいし、電極と発光層をパターニングしてもよいし、素子全層をパターニングしてもよく、素子の作製においては、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。
さらに、本発明の実施形態に係る電界発光素子によれば、発光中心(発光材料)として量子ドット材料を用いていることから、リン光発光材料を用いる場合と比較して、劣化速度が遅く、素子寿命を長期化することができる。
加えて、本発明の実施形態に係る電界発光素子によれば、1層の発光層内の量子ドット材料がd90-d10≧3nmを満たす場合、1層の発光層で白色発光が実現可能である。よって、1回の成膜作業で発光層を形成することができるため、製造方法の簡略化に資することができる。
つまり、本発明に実施形態に係る電界発光素子と、特許文献2に開示された技術とでは、量子ドット材料に対して想定する役割が異なるため、発光中心(発光材料)が異なっており、発光の原理自体も異なっている。
下記の複数種類の量子ドット材料(Core/Shell)を準備した。そして、各サンプルに用いた量子ドット材料の体積基準の粒度分布は、図2(a)~(e)に示すような様々な粒度分布のものであった。なお、体積基準の粒度分布およびd10、d90は、レーザ回折・散乱法 粒度分布測定装置(ベックマン・コールター社製)により計測した。
Q1:CdSe/-
Q2:CdSe/ZnO
Q3:CdSSe/ZnS
以下のとおり、サンプル1~16を作製した。
(1)ガスバリア性の可撓性フィルムの作製
可撓性フィルムとして、ポリエチレンナフタレートフィルム(帝人デュポン社製フィルム、以下、PENと略記する)の第1電極を形成する側の全面に、特開2004-68143号に記載の構成からなる大気圧プラズマ放電処理装置を用いて、連続して可撓性フィルム上に、SiOxからなる無機物のガスバリア膜を厚さ500nmとなるように形成し、酸素透過度0.001ml/m2/day以下、水蒸気透過度0.001g/m2/day以下のガスバリア性の可撓性フィルムを作製した。
準備したガスバリア性の可撓性フィルム上に厚さ120nmのITO(インジウムチンオキシド)をスパッタ法により成膜し、フォトリソグラフィー法によりパターニングを行い、第1電極層(陽極)を形成した。なお、パターンは発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとした。
パターニング後のITO基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った。この基板上に、ポリ(3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン)-ポリスチレンスルホネート(PEDOT/PSSと略記、Bayer製、Baytron P Al 4083)を純水で70%に希釈した溶液を3000rpm、30秒でスピンコート法により製膜した後、200℃にて1時間乾燥し、膜厚30nmの正孔注入層を設けた。
この基板を、窒素ガス(グレードG1)を用いた窒素雰囲気下に移し、前記正孔輸送材料である例示化合物(60)(Mw=80,000)をクロロベンゼンに0.5%溶解した溶液を、1500rpm、30秒でスピンコート法により製膜した後、160℃で30分間保持し、膜厚30nmの正孔輸送層とした。
次いで、下記組成の発光層組成物および同溶媒により倍希釈した組成物を1500rpm、30秒でスピンコート法によりそれぞれ製膜した後、120℃で30分間保持し膜厚40nmの発光層をそれぞれ形成した。
サンプル1~3、5~12、14の発光層組成物は以下のとおりである。
〈発光層組成物〉
例示化合物a-38 14.00質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料) 0.74質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
サンプル4の発光層組成物は以下のとおりである。
〈発光層組成物〉
例示化合物a-38 14.25質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料:中央値2nm) 0.20質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料:中央値3.5nm) 0.20質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料:中央値5nm) 0.20質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
サンプル13の発光層組成物は以下のとおりである。
〈発光層組成物〉
例示化合物a-38 14.25質量部
例示化合物D-66 2.45質量部
例示化合物D-67 0.025質量部
例示化合物D-80 0.025質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料) 0.30質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
サンプル15の発光層組成物は以下のとおりである。
なお、サンプル15は発光層が3層であり、下記の発光層組成物1が第一電極に近い側に設けられ、発光層組成物3が第二電極に近い側に設けられる。
〈発光層組成物1〉
例示化合物a-38 14.00質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料:中央値2nm) 0.30質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
〈発光層組成物2〉
例示化合物a-38 14.00質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料:中央値3.5nm) 0.74質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
〈発光層組成物3〉
例示化合物a-38 14.00質量部
量子ドット材料(表1に示す材料:中央値5nm) 0.74質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
サンプル16の発光層組成物は以下のとおりである。
〈発光層組成物〉
例示化合物a-38 14.25質量部
例示化合物D-66 2.45質量部
例示化合物D-67 0.025質量部
例示化合物D-80 0.025質量部
トルエン 2,000質量部
続いて、20mgの一般式(A)で表される化合物である例示化合物(化合物A)を、4mlのテトラフルオロプロパノール(TFPO)に溶解した溶液を、1500rpm、30秒でスピンコート法により製膜した後、120℃で30分間保持し、膜厚30nmの電子輸送層とした。
続いて、基板を大気に曝露することなく真空蒸着装置へ取り付けた。また、モリブデン製抵抗加熱ボートにフッ化ナトリウムおよびフッ化カリウムを入れたものを真空蒸着装置に取り付け、真空槽を4×10-5Paまで減圧した後、前記ボートに通電して加熱してフッ化ナトリウムを0.02nm/秒で前記電子輸送層上に膜厚1nmの薄膜を形成し、続けて同様にフッ化カリウムを0.02nm/秒でフッ化ナトリウム上に膜厚1.5nmの電子注入層を形成した。
引き続き、アルミニウム100nmを蒸着して陰極を形成した。
引き続き、市販のロールラミネート装置を用いて封止部材を接着し、サンプル1~13(電界発光素子)を製作した。
なお、封止部材として、可撓性の厚み30μmのアルミニウム箔(東洋アルミニウム株式会社製)に、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)フィルム(12μm厚)をドライラミネーション用の接着剤(2液反応型のウレタン系接着剤)を用いラミネートした(接着剤層の厚み1.5μm)ものを用いた。
アルミニウム面に封止用接着剤として、熱硬化性接着剤を、ディスペンサを使用してアルミ箔の接着面(つや面)に沿って厚み20μmで均一に塗布した。これを100Pa以下の真空下で12時間乾燥させた。さらに露点温度が-80℃以下、酸素濃度0.8ppmの窒素雰囲気下へ移動し、12時間以上乾燥させ、封止用接着剤の含水率を100ppm以下となるように調整した。
熱硬化接着剤としては下記の(A)~(C)を混合したエポキシ系接着剤を用いた。
(A)ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル(DGEBA)
(B)ジシアンジアミド(DICY)
(C)エポキシアダクト系硬化促進剤
作製したサンプル1~16について、下記のようにして「演色性評価」、「白色に発光する素子としての寿命評価」および「発光効率評価」を行った。
作製した各サンプルに対し、室温(約23~25℃)で、1,000cd/m2の定輝度条件下による点灯を行い、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて、各サンプルの発光輝度を測定し、演色評価数を求め、平均演色評価数を導出した。
なお、平均演色評価数Raの算出は、JIS Z8726-1990の記載に基づいて行った。
1:Ra<80
2:80≦Ra<84
3:84≦Ra<87
4:87≦Ra<91
5:91≦Ra
なお、上記基準において、「5」が最も良い結果であり、「5」「4」「3」「2」を合格と判断した。
作製した各サンプルを半径5cmの円柱に巻き付け、その後、各サンプルを折り曲げた状態で連続駆動させ、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が半減する時間(LT50)を求めた。駆動条件は、連続駆動開始時に4000cd/m2となる電流値とした。
なお、サンプル16(参考例)のLT50を基準値(LT50基準値)として、当該基準値に対する各サンプルのLT50の比率(=LT50/LT50基準値)を評価に用いた。
1:LT50/LT50基準値<1.0
2:1.0≦LT50/LT50基準値<1.5
3:1.5≦LT50/LT50基準値<2.0
4:2.0≦LT50/LT50基準値<2.5
5:2.5≦LT50/LT50基準値
なお、上記基準において、「5」が最も良い結果であり、「5」「4」「3」を合格と判断した。そして、白色に発光しないサンプルについては、当該寿命評価は不可能であるため、「-」(結果なし)と判断した。
作製した各サンプルに対し、室温(約23~25℃)で、1,000cd/m2の定輝度条件下による点等を行い、分光放射輝度計CS-2000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用いて、各サンプルの発光輝度を測定し、発光輝度1,000cd/m2における外部量子効率(EQE:External Quantum Efficiency)を測定した。なお、外部量子効率の値が大きいほど、発光効率がよいと判断できる。
1:0%≦EQE<3%
2:3%≦EQE<5%
3:5%≦EQE<8%
4:8%≦EQE<12%
5:12%≦EQE
なお、上記基準において、「5」が最も良い結果であり、「5」「4」「3」を合格と判断した。
表1に示す結果より明らかなように、サンプル1~12、15については、「演色性評価」、「白色に発光する素子としての寿命評価」、「発光効率評価」のいずれについても、合格という結果となった。
特に、d90-d10≧5nmを満たすサンプル5、6、7、8、11、12については、「演色性評価」、「白色に発光する素子としての寿命評価」の両者が「4」以上という好ましい評価となった。また、表面修飾がされたサンプル5、6、10、12は、「白色に発光する素子としての寿命評価」が「5」となり非常に好ましい結果となった。
なお、粒子分布が3つの凸形状を呈したサンプル4、15についても、合格基準を一応満たしているが、サンプル4はサンプル15と比較して簡便に製造することができた。
また、サンプル14は、d90-d10が2.0nmであったため、演色性評価が不合格という結果となった。さらに、サンプル14は、単色(青色)にしか発光せず、「白色に発光する素子としての寿命評価」は「-」(結果なし)となった。
2 第一電極(陽極)
5 発光層
8 第二電極(陰極)
11 量子ドット材料
20 機能層
100 電界発光素子
Claims (5)
- 基板上に、第一電極と、少なくとも1層の発光層を含む機能層と、第二電極と、を有する電界発光素子であって、
前記少なくとも1層の発光層は、量子ドット材料を含み、
前記量子ドット材料は、体積基準の累積粒度分布における累積度10%粒子径をd10(nm)、累積度90%の粒子径をd90(nm)としたときに、d90-d10≧3nmを満たすことを特徴とする電界発光素子。 - 前記量子ドット材料は、d90-d10≧5nmを満たすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電界発光素子。
- 前記量子ドット材料は、体積基準の粒度分布における最大ピークの半値幅をt(nm)としたときに、t/(d90-d10)>0.5を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の電界発光素子。
- 前記量子ドット材料は、コアと、当該コアを囲むシェルと、から構成されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の電界発光素子。
- 前記量子ドット材料は、表面修飾剤により表面修飾されていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の電界発光素子。
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