WO2015087780A1 - 排ガス浄化用触媒 - Google Patents
排ガス浄化用触媒 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015087780A1 WO2015087780A1 PCT/JP2014/082147 JP2014082147W WO2015087780A1 WO 2015087780 A1 WO2015087780 A1 WO 2015087780A1 JP 2014082147 W JP2014082147 W JP 2014082147W WO 2015087780 A1 WO2015087780 A1 WO 2015087780A1
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an exhaust gas purifying catalyst provided in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine.
- a three-way catalyst that can simultaneously reduce x is used.
- a porous support made of a metal oxide such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), a noble metal (PGM) belonging to a platinum group such as platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), and palladium (Pd). The thing which carried
- supported is used.
- CZ complex oxide a complex oxide mainly composed of ceria (CeO 2 ) and zirconia (ZrO 2 ) has been conventionally used as the OSC material.
- CZ complex oxide a complex oxide mainly composed of ceria (CeO 2 ) and zirconia (ZrO 2 )
- Patent Document 1 discloses a CZ composite oxide in which the solubility of zirconium oxide in cerium oxide is 50% or more, and the average diameter of crystallites constituting the particles of the CZ composite oxide is 100 nm or less.
- An example of a conventional exhaust gas purifying catalyst provided with an OSC material made of a CZ composite oxide characterized by the above is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 listed below introduces a method for producing CZ composite oxide particles, which are CZ composite oxides used as OSC materials and have a crystallite diameter of about 10 nm.
- one of the weak points of the CZ composite oxide used as the OSC material is low heat resistance. That is, in the particles (primary particles) made of the conventional CZ composite oxide, crystal growth of the crystallites constituting the particles is likely to occur at a high temperature (for example, during an endurance test), and accordingly, the particles are made of the CZ composite oxide. Aggregation of the noble metal supported on the OSC material also proceeds, and as a result, there is a risk of reducing the active sites. Therefore, improving the heat resistance of the CZ composite oxide used as the OSC material, more specifically, suppressing the crystal growth of the crystallites constituting the CZ composite oxide particles, aggregating noble metals and lowering the OSC function. There is a demand for improvement in heat resistance that can suppress the above.
- the present invention was created in order to solve the above-mentioned problems related to the OSC material, and the main object of the present invention is heat resistance capable of suppressing the crystal growth of the crystallites and suppressing the aggregation of the noble metal and the OSC function. It is an object to provide an exhaust gas purifying catalyst having properties.
- an exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein is an exhaust gas purifying catalyst that is disposed in an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine and purifies exhaust gas discharged from the internal combustion engine.
- the CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) are fine particles mainly composed of a metal element M having a melting point of 1500 ° C. or higher, and further include crystal growth suppressing fine particles that suppress crystal growth of the CZ composite oxide particles. Yes.
- the content of the metal element M contained in the CZ composite oxide particles is 0.5 mol% or less of the whole oxide in terms of oxide.
- the “crystallite” refers to the largest group (particle) of basic structures that are composed of a series of continuous crystal lattices and can be regarded as a single crystal.
- the properties of the crystallites can be examined by performing, for example, XRD (X-ray diffraction) measurement and Rietveld analysis. Further, the existence state of the crystallite can be clarified by observation with an electron microscope (typically, TEM). Further, elemental analysis and composition analysis of the target crystallite can be performed by combining electron microscope observation and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) (for example, TEM-EDX).
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) supporting the noble metal include the crystal growth suppressing fine particles
- the crystal growth suppressing fine particles are a barrier even when used under high temperature conditions such as a thermal durability test.
- crystal growth is inhibited, and aggregation of noble metals supported on the CZ composite oxide particles and a decrease in OSC function are suppressed. Therefore, high performance (for example, three-way performance of a three-way catalyst) can be stably maintained.
- the content of the metal element M contained in the CZ composite oxide is 0.5 mol% or less (preferably 0.005 mol%) of the whole oxide in terms of oxide. ⁇ 0.1 mol%). According to such a configuration, crystal growth can be effectively suppressed even when used under high temperature conditions, so that high catalytic ability (typically ternary performance) can be maintained.
- the metal element M is selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Groups 5 to 10 of the periodic table and belonging to the 5th and 6th periods. Is at least one kind. Further, the metal element M is preferably a metal element having a melting point of a simple metal composed of the element M of 2000 ° C. or more. For example, the metal element M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nb, Mo, Ta, and W. Since these metal elements are difficult to melt even under high temperature conditions and appropriately prevent the crystal growth of CZ composite oxide particles, they can be suitably used as crystal growth suppressing fine particles suitable for the purpose of the present invention.
- the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, M) calculated by the following formula (1) is 0.6 or more. This indicates that the larger the correlation coefficient ⁇ (closer to 1), the more uniformly the fine particles containing the metal element M are dispersed in the CZ composite oxide particles.
- I Ce (Av) in the formula is an average value of the characteristic X-ray intensity of Ce obtained by a line analysis with a length of 500 nm in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and I Ce (n) is in a line. It is the average value of the characteristic X-ray intensities of Ce obtained for the nth straight line section of the 25 straight line sections that are arranged and each have a length of 20 nm.
- I M (Av) is an average value of characteristic X-ray intensities of the metal element M obtained by line analysis with a length of 500 nm in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and I M (n) is arranged in a line. And it is the average value of the characteristic X-ray intensity of the metal element M obtained for the nth straight line section among the 25 straight line sections each having a length of 20 nm.
- Such a CZ composite oxide particle in which fine particles containing the metal element M maintain a highly dispersed state can exhibit particularly high crystal growth suppressing ability and OSC function.
- a dispersion state in which the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, M) is 0.7 or more is particularly preferable.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing an example of an exhaust gas purifying catalyst.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a main part of the catalyst layer according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the melting point of the metal element M and the NOx purification temperature.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the Nb content and the NOx purification temperature.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, Ta) and the NOx purification temperature.
- the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst disclosed herein is characterized in that CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) containing a crystal growth-suppressing metal element M that suppresses crystal growth are provided in at least a part of the catalyst layer. It is a catalyst for exhaust gas purification, and other configurations are not particularly limited.
- the catalyst is used as an exhaust gas purification catalyst disposed in an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine as a three-way catalyst, and is a base material and a catalyst layer formed on the base material, and is an oxidation catalyst and / or a reduction catalyst. And a catalyst layer containing the above-mentioned oxide particles.
- the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst disclosed herein is selected from various types of precious metals, oxide particles, and base materials, which will be described later, and formed into a desired shape according to the application, thereby various internal combustion engines, particularly automobile gasoline engines. It can arrange in the exhaust system (exhaust pipe). In the following description, it is assumed that the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is mainly applied to a three-way catalyst provided in the exhaust pipe of an automobile gasoline engine. It is not intended to be limited to the embodiments described below.
- the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein is installed in the exhaust pipe, various materials and forms conventionally used for this type of application can be adopted as the base material constituting the catalyst skeleton.
- a cordierite having high heat resistance, a ceramic such as silicon carbide (SiC), or a base material made of an alloy (such as stainless steel) can be used.
- the shape may be the same as that of a conventional exhaust gas purification catalyst.
- the exhaust gas purification catalyst 10 shown in FIG. 1 is a honeycomb substrate 1 having a cylindrical outer shape, and through holes (cells) 2 serving as exhaust gas passages are provided in the cylinder axis direction.
- the thing which exhaust gas can contact the partition (rib wall) 4 which divides the cell 2 is mentioned.
- the shape of the substrate 1 can be a foam shape, a pellet shape, or the like in addition to the honeycomb shape. Moreover, about the external shape of the whole base material, it may replace with a cylindrical shape and may employ
- the catalyst layer formed on the base material is a main component of this type of exhaust gas purifying catalyst as a place for purifying exhaust gas.
- the noble metal particles 20 and the noble metal It is composed of CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) 30 on which particles 20 are supported, and CZ composite oxide particles 30 having a function as an OSC material.
- a catalyst layer having a predetermined thickness and porosity is formed on the rib walls 4 constituting the cells of the substrate 1.
- the catalyst layer as a whole may be composed of a single layer having substantially the same configuration, or may be a layered structure type catalyst layer formed on the substrate 1 and having two or more different upper and lower layers or three or more layers. .
- ⁇ Precious metal> As the noble metal provided in the catalyst layer of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein, various kinds of metal species that can function as an oxidation catalyst or a reduction catalyst can be adopted. Typically, rhodium (Rh), which is PGM, Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), etc. are mentioned. Ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), or the like may be used. An alloy of two or more of these noble metals may be used. Alternatively, it may be one containing other metal species (typically an alloy).
- Rh having a high reduction activity and Pd or Pt having a high oxidation activity in order to construct a three-way catalyst.
- Such noble metal is preferably used as particles having a sufficiently small particle diameter from the viewpoint of increasing the contact area with the exhaust gas.
- the average particle diameter of the metal particles is about 1 to 15 nm, particularly 10 nm or less, 7 nm or less, and further 5 nm or less. preferable.
- the precious metal loading rate (precious metal content when the carrier is 100% by mass) is preferably 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 3% by mass or less. For example, it is preferably 0.05% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less.
- the loading rate is too smaller than the above range, the catalytic effect of the metal is difficult to obtain. If the loading rate is too much higher than the above range, there is a risk that the metal grain growth proceeds, which is also disadvantageous in terms of cost.
- the CZ composite oxide particle (crystallites) disclosed here is a carrier supporting the above-mentioned noble metal and contains at least zirconium (Zr: typically ZrO 2 ) and cerium (Ce: typically CeO 2 ). Contains.
- the average size of the CZ composite oxide particles may be the same as that constituting the CZ composite oxide particles used in conventional exhaust gas purification catalysts, and is typically 2 in electron microscope observation such as TEM.
- the thickness is about 100 to 100 nm, preferably about 5 to 50 nm. Within the range of the average size of such CZ composite oxide particles, both high catalytic activity and good OSC (oxygen storage capacity) can be achieved.
- the CZ composite oxide particles 30 disclosed herein are fine particles 40 mainly composed of a metal element M having a high melting point of 1500 ° C. or higher (preferably 2000 ° C. or higher, for example, 2000 ° C. to 3000 ° C.).
- Crystal growth suppression fine particles (typically, metal fine particles of metal element M) 40 that suppress crystal growth of the physical particles 30 are further included.
- the crystal growth of the CZ composite oxide particles 30 is prevented by the fine particles 40 becoming a barrier even when used under high-temperature conditions such as a thermal endurance test. Aggregation of noble metal composed of PGM supported on the composite oxide particles 30 and a decrease in OSC function can be suppressed.
- the fine particle 40 containing the metal element M can be a barrier so that the crystal growth of the CZ composite oxide particle 30 at a high temperature is prevented. It only has to be configured. Further, it does not melt even when used under high temperature conditions (for example, 1500 ° C. or higher (eg, 1500 ° C. to 5000 ° C.), preferably 2000 ° C. or higher, more preferably 2500 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably 3000 ° C. or higher). It is preferable to use a metal element M capable of constructing fine particles having s.
- the metal element M that does not inhibit the catalytic activity of the noble metal and is preferably a metal element M that can construct fine particles that can be uniformly dispersed between the CZ composite oxide particles 30.
- the metal element M satisfying such conditions can be used without particular limitation.
- the metal element M include Group 5 (transition metals such as niobium), Group 6 (transition metals such as molybdenum), Group 7 (transition metals such as technetium and rhenium), and Group 8 (ruthenium). , Transition metals such as osmium), group 9 (transition metals such as rhodium and iridium), group 10 (transition metals such as palladium and platinum), and any of the 5th and 6th periods Can be mentioned.
- Nb, Mo, Ta, and W are illustrated as a typical example. It is preferable to use one or more of these. Of these, the use of Ta and / or W is preferred, and the use of W is particularly preferred. Since these metal elements are difficult to melt even when used under high temperature conditions and effectively prevent crystal growth of the CZ composite oxide particles 30, they can be suitably used as the metal element M suitable for the purpose of the present invention.
- the content of the metal element M contained in the CZ composite oxide particles is preferably approximately 0.5 mol% or less (for example, 0.002 mol% to 0.5 mol%) of the entire oxide in terms of oxide, 0.005 mol% to 0.1 mol% is more preferable, and 0.05 mol% to 0.1 mol% is particularly preferable. Maintaining high catalytic ability (typically ternary performance) because crystal growth can be appropriately suppressed even when used under high temperature conditions within such a range of the content of metal element M. Can do.
- the metal element M constituting the crystal growth suppressing fine particle 40 is a platinum-based element (for example, Rh, Pd, and Pt)
- the content of the metal element M is about 0. It is desirable to set it to 01 mol% or less. By using such a small amount of platinum-based element as the constituent element M of the crystal growth suppressing fine particles, the crystal growth of the CZ composite oxide particles 30 can be more effectively suppressed.
- the CZ composite oxide particles may be mixed with other compounds (typically inorganic oxides) as subcomponents other than the metal element M described above.
- a rare earth element such as lanthanum, an alkaline earth element such as calcium, a transition metal element, or the like can be used.
- rare earth elements such as lanthanum are preferably used as the stabilizer from the viewpoint of improving the specific surface area at high temperature without impairing the catalytic function.
- a rare earth oxide such as La 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , or Pr 6 O 11 may be mixed for the purpose of suppressing sintering.
- the rare earth oxide may be physically mixed with the carrier powder as a single oxide, or may be a component of a composite oxide.
- the content ratio (mass ratio) of these subcomponents is preferably 2% to 30% (eg, 3% to 6%) of the entire carrier.
- the carrier supporting the noble metal disclosed herein may contain a carrier material (for example, a non-OSC material) other than the CZ composite oxide particles.
- a carrier material for example, a non-OSC material
- a porous metal oxide having excellent heat resistance is preferably used.
- aluminum oxide (alumina: Al 2 O 3 ), zirconium oxide (zirconia: ZrO 2 ), and the like can be given.
- Al 2 O 3 is preferable.
- Al 2 O 3 has a larger specific surface area and higher durability (particularly heat resistance) than CeO 2 —ZrO 2 composite oxide. Therefore, by supporting a noble metal on Al 2 O 3 , the thermal stability of the entire support is improved, and an appropriate amount of the noble metal can be supported on the entire support.
- the CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) containing the crystal growth-suppressing fine particles (metal element M) disclosed herein include, for example, metal elements (Ce, Zr, M, and other configurations constituting the CZ composite oxide particles). It can be produced by a method of depositing a coprecipitate from an aqueous solution containing a metal element) and firing the coprecipitate.
- a CZ coprecipitate (Ce) is obtained from an aqueous solution containing at least one of the metal elements constituting the CZ composite oxide particles (preferably, all of the metal elements other than the metal element M contained in the oxide).
- This manufacturing method includes a step of depositing a coprecipitate of a CZ material from an aqueous solution containing a CZ composite oxide constituent element (CZ coprecipitate deposition step).
- the solvent (aqueous solvent) constituting the aqueous solution is typically water, and may be a mixed solvent containing water as a main component.
- an aqueous solution containing a compound capable of supplying Ce ions, Zr ions and the like in an aqueous solvent may be used.
- a compound serving as a metal ion source such as a Ce source and a Zr source, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, and the like of the metal can be appropriately employed.
- the CZ coprecipitate precipitation step comprises heating the aqueous solution to 80 ° C. to 100 ° C. (preferably 90 ° C. to 95 ° C.) and then precipitating the CZ coprecipitate from the aqueous solution under a condition of pH 11 or higher. May be included.
- the pH can be adjusted by supplying an alkaline agent (a compound having a function of tilting liquidity to alkaline, such as urea) to the aqueous solution.
- ⁇ Slurry preparation process> the CZ coprecipitate thus generated and the metal element M are mixed to prepare a mixed slurry (slurry preparation step).
- slurry preparation step typically, the CZ coprecipitate is separated from the reaction solution, washed, and then a solution in which a compound containing the metal element M is dissolved in a solvent (xylene, acetone, water, ethanol, etc.) is used. Addition to obtain a CZM coprecipitate (a coprecipitate containing Ce, Zr, and M elements). Then, an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide solution are added to the CZM coprecipitate and stirred to obtain a mixed slurry. As said organic acid, malonic acid etc.
- the slurry preparation step may include a process in which the mixed slurry is heated to 75 ° C. to 90 ° C. (preferably 80 ° C. to 85 ° C.) and then stirred with a disperser (for example, a homogenizer).
- the stirring time may be a time until the CZM coprecipitate in the mixed slurry is uniformly mixed, for example, 5 minutes or more (for example, 5 minutes to 120 minutes), preferably 15 minutes or more, more preferably 30 minutes or more. More preferably, it can be set to 60 minutes or more. According to the stirring time in this range, CZ composite oxide particles having a higher correlation coefficient ⁇ can be obtained.
- the CZM coprecipitate is separated from the reaction solution, washed and dried. Then, the CZM coprecipitate is fired to obtain CZ composite oxide particles containing crystal growth inhibiting fine particles (firing step).
- This firing step is preferably performed in the atmosphere or in an atmosphere richer in oxygen than in the atmosphere.
- the maximum firing temperature is determined in the range of 700 ° C. or more and 900 ° C. or less in the air atmosphere.
- the firing time can be set to 3 to 8 hours, for example. In this way, CZ composite oxide particles (crystallites) containing the metal element M can be obtained.
- the molding amount (coating amount) of the catalyst layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 40 g to 200 g per liter of the substrate volume, for example. If the amount of the catalyst layer formed is too small, the function as the catalyst layer may be weakened. If the amount of the catalyst layer formed is too large, the pressure loss when the exhaust gas passes through the cell of the base material There is a risk of rising.
- the exhaust gas-purifying catalyst having the above-described configuration can be manufactured by a manufacturing process similar to the conventional one. For example, first, a honeycomb substrate is coated with a slurry containing a desired carrier powder (CZ composite oxide) powder supporting a noble metal such as Pd, Pt, Rh, etc. by a known wash coat method or the like. Thereafter, the catalyst layer can be formed on the substrate by firing at a predetermined temperature and time.
- the firing conditions of the wash-coated slurry vary depending on the shape and size of the substrate or carrier, and are not particularly limited. Typically, by performing firing at about 400 to 1000 ° C. for about 1 to 4 hours, The target catalyst layer can be formed.
- the drying conditions before firing are not particularly limited, but drying at a temperature of 80 to 300 ° C. (for example, 150 to 250 ° C.) for about 1 to 12 hours is preferable.
- a binder is added to the slurry in order to suitably adhere the upper layer forming slurry to the surface of the base material, and in the case of a laminated catalyst layer, to the lower layer surface. You may make it contain.
- a binder for example, use of alumina sol, silica sol or the like is preferable.
- Metal element M W In 1500 mL of ion-exchanged water, 65.66 g of a cerium nitrate solution (20% by mass as CeO 2 ), 658.2 g of zirconium oxynitrate solution (10% by mass as ZrO 2 ), lanthanum nitrate solution (10% by mass as La 2 O 3 ) 124.3 g, an yttrium nitrate solution (10% by mass as Y 2 O 3 ) 86.16 g, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30 (trade name)) 0.1 g were added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution.
- PVP K-30 polyvinylpyrrolidone
- this mixed solution was heated to 90 to 95 ° C., and urea was added to adjust the pH to 11 to obtain a coprecipitate. Thereafter, 13 g of hydrazine was added and stirred at 90 to 95 ° C. for 12 hours. The obtained coprecipitate was filtered and washed with pure water to obtain a precursor a1.
- the obtained powder A1 (49 g) was dispersed in 400 mL of ion-exchanged water, 20 g of a dinitrodiamine Pt nitric acid solution (5 mass% as Pt) was added to support Pt on the powder A1, and the aqueous solution was removed by suction filtration. When the filtrate was analyzed by ICP emission spectroscopy, the Pt loading efficiency was 100%.
- the powder A1 carrying Pt was dried at 110 ° C. for 12 hours and calcined at 500 ° C. in the air to obtain a catalyst Pt / A1.
- the catalyst Pt / A1 was compacted and pulverized to obtain a pellet-shaped catalyst I for catalytic activity evaluation test described later having a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm.
- Metal element M Ta A solution (0.00 mass of Ta as 10% Ta) in which 0.0001 mol of tantalum (V) ethoxide was dissolved in xylene instead of a solution (0.00 mass% as W) of 0.0001 mol of tungsten (V) ethoxide used in Example 1 above. %) was used to obtain Catalyst II in the same manner as in Example 1 described above.
- Metal element M Mo Instead of the solution in which 0.0001 mol of tungsten (V) ethoxide used in Example 1 was dissolved in xylene (10% by mass as W), a solution in which 0.0001 mol of molybdenium hexacarbonyl was dissolved in acetone (5% by mass as Mo) ) was used in the same process as in Example 1 to obtain Catalyst III.
- Metal element M Nb Instead of the solution in which 0.0001 mol of tungsten (V) ethoxide used in Example 1 was dissolved in xylene (10 mass% as W), a solution in which 0.0001 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide was dissolved in ethanol (10 mass as Nb) %) was used in the same process as in Example 1 to obtain Catalyst IV.
- Metal element M Rh In 1500 mL of ion-exchanged water, 65.66 g of a cerium nitrate solution (20% by mass as CeO 2 ), 658.2 g of zirconium oxynitrate solution (10% by mass as ZrO 2 ), lanthanum nitrate solution (10% by mass as La 2 O 3 ) 124.3 g, an yttrium nitrate solution (10% by mass as Y 2 O 3 ) 86.16 g, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30 (trade name)) 0.1 g were added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution.
- PVP K-30 polyvinylpyrrolidone
- this mixed solution was heated to 90 to 95 ° C., and urea was added to adjust the pH to 11 to obtain a coprecipitate. Thereafter, 25 g of hydrazine was added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 to 95 ° C. for 12 hours. The obtained coprecipitate was filtered and washed with pure water to obtain a precursor a1.
- Metal element M Pd A solution in which 0.0001 mol of palladium nitrate was dissolved in ion-exchanged water instead of a solution in which 0.0001 mol of rhodium nitrate used in Example 5 was dissolved in ion-exchanged water (5% by mass as Pd) ) was used in the same process as in Example 5 to obtain catalyst VI.
- Metal element M Ag A solution (0.005 mol as Ag) in which 0.0001 mol of silver nitrate was dissolved in ion-exchanged water instead of the solution (0.005 mol as Rh) of rhodium nitrate used in Example 5 above.
- Catalyst VII was obtained by the same process as in Example 5 except that was used.
- Metal element M Ba A solution in which 0.0001 mol of barium ethoxide was dissolved in ethanol instead of a solution in which 0.0001 mol of tungsten (V) ethoxide used in Example 1 was dissolved in xylene (10 mass% as W) (10 mass% as Ba) Catalyst VIII was obtained by the same process as in Example 1 except that was used.
- Metal Element M None Example 1 described above, except that a solution (10% by mass as W) obtained by dissolving 0.0001 mol of tungsten (V) ethoxide used in Example 1 in xylene was not used. Catalyst IX was obtained by the same process as in Example 1.
- Metal element M None In 1500 mL of ion-exchanged water, 176.4 g of cerium nitrate solution (20% by mass as CeO 2 ), 420.9 g of zirconium oxynitrate solution (10% by mass as ZrO 2 ), lanthanum nitrate solution 111.3 g (10% by mass as La 2 O 3 ), 114.9 g of neodymium nitrate solution (10% by mass as N 2 O 3 ), and 0.1 g of PVP K-30 (trade name) were added and mixed by stirring. A solution was prepared. Next, this mixed solution was heated to 90 to 95 ° C., and urea was added to adjust the pH to 11 to obtain a coprecipitate. Thereafter, 25 g of hydrazine was added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 to 95 ° C. for 12 hours. The obtained coprecipitate was filtered and washed with pure water to obtain a precursor a2.
- the obtained powder A10 (49.75 g) was dispersed in 400 mL of ion-exchanged water, 5 g of rhodium nitrate solution (5% by mass as Rh) was added to support Pt on the powder A10, and the aqueous solution was removed by suction filtration. When the filtrate was analyzed by ICP emission spectroscopy, the Rh loading efficiency was 100%.
- the powder A10 carrying Rh was dried at 110 ° C. for 12 hours and calcined at 500 ° C. in the air to obtain a catalyst Rh / A1.
- the catalyst Rh / A1 was compacted and pulverized to obtain a pellet-shaped catalyst X for a catalytic activity evaluation test described later having a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm.
- Metal element M Nb In 1500 mL of ion-exchanged water, 176.4 g of cerium nitrate solution (20% by mass as CeO 2 ), 420.9 g of zirconium oxynitrate solution (10% by mass as ZrO 2 ), lanthanum nitrate solution (10% by mass as La 2 O 3 ) 111.3 g, a neodymium nitrate solution (10% by mass as N 2 O 3 ) 114.9 g, and PVP K-30 (trade name) 0.1 g were added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution. Next, this mixed solution was heated to 90 to 95 ° C., and urea was added to adjust the pH to 11 to obtain a coprecipitate. Thereafter, 25 g of hydrazine was added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 to 95 ° C. for 12 hours. The obtained coprecipitate was filtered and washed with pure water to obtain a precursor a2.
- Example 8 Metal element M: Nb Instead of the solution of 0.00002 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide used in Example 7 above in ethanol (10% by mass as Nb), a solution of 0.00005 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide in ethanol (10 mass as Nb) %) was used to obtain catalyst XII in the same process as in Example 7 described above.
- Metal element M Nb Instead of the solution of 0.00002 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide used in Example 7 above in ethanol (10 mass% as Nb), a solution of 0.0001 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide in ethanol (10 mass as Nb) %) was used in the same process as in Example 7 to obtain catalyst XIII.
- Metal element M Nb Instead of the solution of 0.00002 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide used in Example 7 above in ethanol (10 mass% as Nb), a solution of 0.0005 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide in ethanol (10 mass as Nb) %) was used in the same manner as in Example 7 to obtain catalyst XIV.
- Metal element M Nb Instead of the solution of 0.00002 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide used in Example 7 above in ethanol (10 mass% as Nb), a solution of 0.001 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide in ethanol (10 mass as Nb) %) was used in the same process as in Example 9 to obtain catalyst XV.
- Metal element M Nb Instead of the solution in which 0.00002 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide used in Example 7 was dissolved in ethanol (10 mass% as Nb), a solution in which 0.005 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide was dissolved in ethanol (10 mass as Nb) %) was used in the same process as in Example 7 to obtain catalyst XVI.
- Metal element M Nb Instead of the solution (0.0% by mass of Nb) of 0.00002 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide used in Example 7 above (10% by mass as Nb), a solution of 0.00806 mol of niobium (V) ethoxide in ethanol (10 mass by Nb) %) was used to obtain catalyst XVII in the same manner as in Example 7 described above.
- Metal element M Ta In 1500 mL of ion-exchanged water, 185.8 g of cerium nitrate solution (20 mass% as CeO 2 ), 532 g of zirconium oxynitrate solution (10 mass% as ZrO 2 ), lanthanum nitrate solution (10 mass% as La 2 O 3 ) 23. 45 g, neodymium nitrate solution (10% by mass as Nd 2 O 3 ) 24.21 g, yttrium nitrate solution (10% by mass as Y 2 O 3 ) 48.75 g, PVP K-30 (trade name) 0.1 g added The mixture solution was prepared by stirring.
- this mixed solution was heated to 90 to 95 ° C., and urea was added to adjust the pH to 11 to obtain a coprecipitate. Thereafter, 13 g of hydrazine was added and stirred at 90 to 95 ° C. for 12 hours. The obtained coprecipitate was filtered and washed with pure water to obtain a precursor a3.
- the obtained powder A18 (49.5 g) was dispersed in 400 mL of ion-exchanged water, 10 g of a palladium nitrate solution (5 mass% as Pd) was added to support Pd on the powder A18, and the aqueous solution was removed by suction filtration. When the filtrate was analyzed by ICP emission spectroscopy, the Pd loading efficiency was 100%.
- the powder A18 carrying Pd was dried at 110 ° C. for 12 hours and calcined at 500 ° C. in the air to obtain a catalyst Pd / A18.
- the catalyst Pd / A18 was compacted and pulverized to obtain a pellet-shaped catalyst XVIII for a catalytic activity evaluation test described later having a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm.
- Example 14 Metal element M: Ta In Example 13, except that the stirring time in the homogenizer was changed from 60 minutes to 30 minutes, Catalyst XIX was obtained by the same process as in Example 13 described above.
- Example 15 Metal element M: Ta In Example 13, except that the stirring time in the homogenizer was changed from 60 minutes to 15 minutes, Catalyst XX was obtained by the same process as in Example 13 described above.
- Example 16 Metal element M: Ta In Example 13, except that the stirring time in the homogenizer was changed from 60 minutes to 5 minutes, Catalyst XXI was obtained by the same process as in Example 13 described above.
- Metal element M Ta Catalyst XXII was obtained by the same process as in Example 13 except that the homogenizer was not used in Example 13.
- Metal element M Ta Catalyst XXIII was obtained by the same process as in Example 13 except that malonic acid and hydrogen peroxide solution were not used in Example 13.
- Metal element M Ta In 1500 mL of ion-exchanged water, 185.8 g of cerium nitrate solution (20 mass% as CeO 2 ), 532 g of zirconium oxynitrate solution (10 mass% as ZrO 2 ), lanthanum nitrate solution (10 mass% as La 2 O 3 ) 23.
- catalyst XXIV was obtained by the same process as Example 13 mentioned above except having replaced with powder A18 used in the above-mentioned example 13, and having used powder A24.
- ⁇ Test Example 2 Evaluation of dispersibility>
- the catalysts of Examples 1 to 19 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 obtained in Test Example 1 were subjected to FE-SEM-EDX (field emission-scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis) measurement (100,000 times).
- the line analysis was performed over a length of 500 nm (25 measurement points).
- the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, M) between the spectrum of the characteristic X-ray intensity obtained for Ce and the spectrum of the characteristic X-ray intensity obtained for each of the metal elements M is expressed by the following equation (1). Calculated.
- I Ce (Av) in the formula (1) represents an average value of the characteristic X-ray intensity of Ce obtained by a line analysis with a length of 500 nm in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- I Ce (n) Represents an average value of characteristic X-ray intensities of Ce obtained for the nth straight line section among 25 straight line sections arranged in a line and each having a length of 20 nm.
- I M (Av) represents an average value of the characteristic X-ray intensity of the metal element M obtained by the line analysis with a length of 500 nm in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and I M (n) is arranged in a line.
- ⁇ Test Example 3 Evaluation of catalytic activity> Examination of the evaluation of the catalyst activity after each of the catalysts of Examples 1 to 19 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 obtained in Test Example 1 (Comparative Examples 1 to 5) obtained in Test Example 1 was subjected to a thermal endurance test. It was. Specifically, each catalyst I to IX is placed in a flow-type thermal durability test apparatus, a lean gas obtained by adding 1 mol% of oxygen (O 2 ) to nitrogen gas, and 2 mol of carbon monoxide (CO) in the nitrogen gas. % Of the rich gas added at a catalyst bed temperature of 925 ° C. with a gas flow of 500 mL / min for 20 hours alternately for 2 hours.
- O 2 oxygen
- CO carbon monoxide
- each of the catalysts X to XVII was placed in a flow-type thermal endurance test apparatus, a lean gas in which 1 mol% of oxygen (O 2 ) was added to nitrogen gas, and 2 mol% of carbon monoxide (CO) was added to the nitrogen gas.
- a heat durability treatment was performed in which the rich gas was circulated alternately at a cycle of 2 minutes with a gas flow of 500 mL / min at a catalyst bed temperature of 1000 ° C. for 20 hours.
- each of the catalysts XVIII to XXIV was placed in a flow-type thermal durability test apparatus, a lean gas obtained by adding 2 mol% of oxygen (O 2 ) to nitrogen gas, and 2 mol% of carbon monoxide (CO) was added to the nitrogen gas.
- a heat durability treatment was performed in which the rich gas was circulated alternately for 10 hours at a cycle of 2 minutes with a gas flow of 500 mL / min at a catalyst bed temperature of 900 ° C.
- the treated catalyst is placed in an atmospheric pressure fixed bed flow reactor, and the temperature is increased from 100 ° C. to 500 ° C. at a rate of 12 ° C./min while a stoichiometric model gas is passed through the catalyst in the device.
- the HC purification rate and the NO x purification rate were continuously measured.
- the temperature at which the purification rate was 50% was determined as the 50% purification temperature.
- the results are shown in the corresponding column of Table 1. Part of the results (Examples 1 to 21 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3) are shown in FIGS.
- the 50% HC purification temperature and 50% NO x purification temperature of such a catalyst are 50% HC purification temperature and 50% of the catalysts of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 containing metal fine particles mainly composed of a low melting point metal element M of less than 1500 ° C. lower than the NO x purification temperature.
- the metal fine particles serve as a barrier to prevent crystal growth of the CZ composite oxide particles. This shows that high catalytic activity can be maintained by preventing aggregation of noble metals (here, PGM) and lowering of OSC function.
- the catalysts of Examples 7 to 12 in which the content of the metal element M (Nb in FIG. 4) is 0.5 mol% or less do not contain the metal element M.
- the 50% HC purification temperature and the 50% NO x purification temperature were lower than those of the catalysts of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 in which the content of the metal element M exceeded 0.5 mol%.
- an extremely low NOx purification temperature of 275 ° C. or less could be realized by setting the content of the metal element M to 0.005 mol to 0.5 mol% (Examples 8 to 12). From this result, the content of the metal element M is preferably about 0.005 mol to 0.5 mol%.
- the catalysts of Examples 13 to 16 in which the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, M) of the metal element M (Ta here) and Ce is 0.6 or more are The 50% HC purification temperature and the 50% NO x purification temperature were lower than the catalysts of Examples 17 to 19 in which the relation number ⁇ (Ce, M) was less than 0.6.
- an extremely low NOx purification temperature of 300 ° C. or less could be realized by setting the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, M) to 0.6 or more. From this result, it is preferable that the correlation coefficient ⁇ (Ce, M) is approximately 0.6 or more.
- the use of the exhaust gas purifying catalyst disclosed herein prevents aggregation of noble metals due to crystal growth and a decrease in OSC ability.
- the catalytic activity (three-way performance) of a three-way catalyst Can be exhibited stably. Therefore, a higher performance three-way catalyst and other exhaust gas purification catalysts can be provided.
- an exhaust gas purifying catalyst having heat resistance capable of suppressing crystal growth of crystallites and suppressing agglomeration of noble metals and a decrease in OSC function.
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Abstract
Description
なお、本国際出願は2013年12月9日に出願された日本国特許出願第2013-254480号に基づく優先権を主張しており、その出願の全内容は本明細書中に参照として組み入れられている。
本発明は、かかるOSC材に関する上記課題を解決するために創出されたものであり、その主な目的は、結晶子の結晶成長を抑制して貴金属の凝集およびOSC機能の低下を抑制し得る耐熱性を具備する排ガス浄化用触媒を提供することである。
なお、本明細書において「結晶子」とは、一連の連続した結晶格子から成り、単結晶とみなせる基本構造の最大の集まり(粒子)をいう。結晶子の性状は、例えばXRD(X線回折)測定を行い、リートベルト解析等を行うことにより調べることができる。また、結晶子の存在状態は、電子顕微鏡(典型的にはTEM)観察によって明らかにすることができる。また、電子顕微鏡観察とEDX(エネルギー分散型X線分光法)を組み合わせて行うことにより(例えばTEM-EDX)、対象とする結晶子の元素分析や組成分析を行うことができる。
ここで開示される排ガス浄化用触媒は、後述する貴金属、酸化物粒子、基材の種類を適宜選択し、用途に応じて所望する形状に成形することによって種々の内燃機関、特に自動車のガソリンエンジンの排気系(排気管)に配置することができる。
以下の説明では、主として本発明の排ガス浄化用触媒を自動車のガソリンエンジンの排気管に設けられる三元触媒に適用することを前提として説明しているが、ここで開示される排ガス浄化用触媒を以下に説明する実施形態に限定することを意図したものではない。
ここで開示される排ガス浄化用触媒を排気管に設置する場合において触媒の骨格を構成する基材としては、従来この種の用途に用いられる種々の素材及び形態のものを採用することができる。例えば、高耐熱性を有するコージェライト、炭化ケイ素(SiC)等のセラミックス、或いは合金(ステンレス鋼等)製の基材を使用することができる。
形状についても従来の排ガス浄化用触媒と同様でよい。一例として図1に示す排ガス浄化用触媒10のように、外形が円筒形状であるハニカム基材1であって、その筒軸方向に排ガス流路としての貫通孔(セル)2が設けられ、各セル2を仕切る隔壁(リブ壁)4に排ガスが接触可能となっているものが挙げられる。基材1の形状はハニカム形状の他にフォーム形状、ペレット形状などとすることができる。また基材全体の外形については、円筒形に代えて楕円筒形、多角筒形を採用してもよい。
基材上に形成される触媒層は、排ガスを浄化する場として、この種の排ガス浄化用触媒の主体をなすものであり、図2に示すように典型的には貴金属粒子20と、該貴金属粒子20が担持されたCZ複合酸化物粒子(結晶子)30であってOSC材として機能を有するCZ複合酸化物粒子30とから構成される。例えば上述した図1に示すハニカム基材1を採用した場合には、当該基材1のセルを構成するリブ壁4上に所定の厚み、気孔率の触媒層が形成される。触媒層は全体がほぼ同一の構成の一層からなるものでもよく、或いは、基材1上に形成された相互に異なる上下二層若しくは三層以上を有する積層構造タイプの触媒層であってもよい。
ここで開示される排ガス浄化用触媒の触媒層に備えられる貴金属は、種々の酸化触媒や還元触媒として機能し得る金属種が採用され得るが、典型的には、PGMであるロジウム(Rh)、白金(Pt)、パラジウム(Pd)等が挙げられる。ルテニウム(Ru)、オスミウム(Os)、イリジウム(Ir)、銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)等を使用してもよい。これら貴金属の2種以上が合金化したものを用いてもよい。或いは他の金属種を含むもの(典型的には合金)であってもよい。
この中で、還元活性が高いRhと、酸化活性が高いPdやPtとを組み合わせて用いることが三元触媒を構築するうえで特に好ましい。例えば、ここで開示されるCZ複合酸化物粒子30からなるOSC材には、Rh或いはPt若しくはPdを担持させることが好ましい。
かかる貴金属は、排ガスとの接触面積を高める観点から十分に小さい粒径の粒子として使用されることが好ましい。典型的には上記金属粒子の平均粒径(TEM観察により求められる粒径の平均値。以下同じ。)は1~15nm程度であり、10nm以下、7nm以下、更には5nm以下であることが特に好ましい。
かかる貴金属の担持率(担体を100質量%としたときの貴金属含有率)は、5質量%以下が好ましく、より好ましくは3質量%以下である。例えば、0.05質量%以上5質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.1質量%以上3質量%以下であることがより好ましい。担持率が上記範囲より少なすぎると、金属による触媒効果が得られにくい。かかる担持率が上記範囲より多すぎると、金属の粒成長が進行する虞があり、さらにコスト面でも不利である。
ここで開示されるCZ複合酸化物粒子(結晶子)は、上記貴金属を担持する担体であって少なくともジルコニウム(Zr:典型的にはZrO2)およびセリウム(Ce:典型的にはCeO2)を含んでいる。かかるCZ複合酸化物におけるCeO2とZrO2との複合割合は、CeO2/ZrO2=0.05~4(好ましくは0.1~0.8、より好ましくは0.3~0.6程度)であるとよい。CeO2/ZrO2を上記範囲にすると、高い触媒活性とOSC(酸素吸蔵能)を実現することができる。CZ複合酸化物粒子(結晶子)の平均サイズは、従来の排ガス浄化用触媒に使用されるCZ複合酸化物粒子を構成するものと同様でよく、典型的にはTEM等の電子顕微鏡観察において2~100nm、好ましくは5~50nm程度である。このようなCZ複合酸化物粒子の平均サイズの範囲内であると、高い触媒活性と良好なOSC(酸素吸蔵能)とを両立させ得る。
ここで開示されるCZ複合酸化物粒子30は、1500℃以上(好ましくは2000℃以上、例えば2000℃~3000℃)の高融点を有する金属元素Mを主体とする微粒子40であってCZ複合酸化物粒子30の結晶成長を抑制する結晶成長抑制微粒子(典型的には金属元素Mの金属微粒子)40をさらに含んでいる。このような結晶成長抑制微粒子40を含むことにより、熱耐久試験のような高温条件下での使用時にも該微粒子40が障壁となってCZ複合酸化物粒子30の結晶成長が阻まれ、該CZ複合酸化物粒子30に担持されるPGMから成る貴金属の凝集ならびにOSC機能の低下が抑制され得る。
この製造方法は、CZ複合酸化物構成元素を含む水性溶液からCZ材の共沈物を析出させる工程(CZ共沈物析出工程)を含む。上記水性溶液を構成する溶媒(水性溶媒)は、典型的には水であり、水を主成分とする混合溶媒であってもよい。例えば、水性溶媒中にCeイオン、Zrイオン等を供給し得る化合物を含む水性溶液を使用するとよい。Ce源、Zr源等の金属イオン源となる化合物としては、該金属の硝酸塩、硫酸塩、塩化物等を適宜採用することができる。CZ共沈物析出工程は、上記水性溶液を80℃~100℃(好ましくは90℃~95℃)に加熱した後、pH11以上の条件下で上記水性溶液からCZ共沈物を析出させる段階を含み得る。上記pHは、アルカリ剤(液性をアルカリ性に傾ける作用のある化合物、例えば尿素)を上記水性溶液に供給することにより調整することができる。
本実施態様では、このようにして生成したCZ共沈物と金属元素Mとを混合して混合スラリーを調製する(スラリー調製工程)。このスラリー調製工程では、典型的には、上記CZ共沈物を反応液から分離し、洗浄した後、金属元素Mを含む化合物を溶媒(キシレン、アセトン、水、エタノール等)に溶かした溶液を添加し、CZM共沈物(Ce、Zr、M元素を含む共沈物)を得る。そして、このCZM共沈物に有機酸および過酸化水素水を添加して攪拌することにより混合スラリーを得る。上記有機酸としては、例えばマロン酸等を好ましく用いることができる。ここで開示される製造方法は、このような有機酸および過酸化水素水を用いる態様で好ましく実施され得る。また、このスラリー調製工程は、上記混合スラリーを75℃~90℃(好ましくは80℃~85℃)に加熱した後、分散機(例えばホモジナイザー)で攪拌する処理を含み得る。攪拌時間としては、混合スラリー中のCZM共沈物が均一に混ざるまでの時間であればよく、例えば5分以上(例えば5分~120分)、好ましくは15分以上、より好ましくは30分以上、さらに好ましくは60分以上に設定され得る。この範囲の攪拌時間によると、より相関係数σの高いCZ複合酸化物粒子が得られうる。
上記のように混合スラリーを攪拌した後、CZM共沈物を反応液から分離し、洗浄して乾燥させる。そして、このCZM共沈物を焼成することにより結晶成長抑制微粒子を含むCZ複合酸化物粒子を得る(焼成工程)。この焼成工程は、大気中や大気よりも酸素がリッチな雰囲気中で行うことが望ましい。好ましくは、大気雰囲気中において700℃以上900℃以下の範囲内に最高焼成温度を決定するとよい。焼成時間としては、例えば3時間~8時間に設定され得る。このようにして、金属元素Mを含むCZ複合酸化物粒子(結晶子)を得ることができる。
例えば、先ず、Pd、Pt、Rh等の貴金属を担持した所望の担体粉末(CZ複合酸化物)粉末を含むスラリーを公知のウォッシュコート法等によってハニカム基材にコートする。その後、所定の温度及び時間で焼成することにより、基材上に触媒層を形成することができる。ウォッシュコートされたスラリーの焼成条件は基材または担体の形状及びサイズによって変動するので、特に限定しないが、典型的には400~1000℃程度で約1~4時間程度の焼成を行うことによって、目的の触媒層を形成することができる。なお、焼成前の乾燥条件については特に限定されるものではないが、80~300℃の温度(例えば150~250℃)で1~12時間程度の乾燥が好ましい。また、触媒層をこのようなウォッシュコート法により形成する場合、基材の表面、さらに積層構造触媒層の場合には下層の表面に上層形成用スラリーを好適に密着させるため、スラリーにはバインダーを含有させてもよい。かかる目的のバインダーとしては、例えばアルミナゾル、シリカゾル等の使用が好ましい。
[実施例1]金属元素M:W
イオン交換水1500mLに、硝酸セリウム溶液(CeO2として20質量%)65.66g、オキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(ZrO2として10質量%)658.2g、硝酸ランタン溶液(La2O3として10質量%)124.3g、硝酸イットリウム溶液(Y2O3として10質量%)86.16g、ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP K-30(商品名))0.1gを添加し、攪拌して混合溶液を調製した。
次いで、この混合溶液を90~95℃に加熱した後、尿素を添加してpHを11に調整して共沈物を得た。その後、ヒドラジン13gを添加し、90~95℃で12時間攪拌した。得られた共沈物を濾過し、純水で洗浄することにより前駆体a1を得た。
上記実施例1において使用したタングステン(V)エトキシド0.0001molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Wとして10質量%)に代えてタンタル(V)エトキシド0.0001molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Taとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例1と同様のプロセスで触媒IIを得た。
上記実施例1において使用したタングステン(V)エトキシド0.0001molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Wとして10質量%)に代えてモリブデニウムヘキサカルボニル0.0001molをアセトンに溶かした溶液(Moとして5質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例1と同様のプロセスで触媒IIIを得た。
上記実施例1において使用したタングステン(V)エトキシド0.0001molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Wとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.0001molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例1と同様のプロセスで触媒IVを得た。
イオン交換水1500mLに、硝酸セリウム溶液(CeO2として20質量%)65.66g、オキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(ZrO2として10質量%)658.2g、硝酸ランタン溶液(La2O3として10質量%)124.3g、硝酸イットリウム溶液(Y2O3として10質量%)86.16g、ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP K-30(商品名))0.1gを添加し、攪拌して混合溶液を調製した。
次いで、この混合溶液を90~95℃に加熱した後、尿素を添加してpHを11に調整して共沈物を得た。その後、ヒドラジン25gを添加し、90~95℃で12時間攪拌した。得られた共沈物を濾過し、純水で洗浄することにより前駆体a1を得た。
上記実施例5おいて使用した硝酸ロジウム0.0001molをイオン交換水に溶かした溶液(Rhとして5質量%)に代えて硝酸パラジウム0.0001molをイオン交換水に溶かした溶液(Pdとして5質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例5と同様のプロセスで触媒VIを得た。
上記実施例5おいて使用した硝酸ロジウム0.0001molをイオン交換水に溶かした溶液(Rhとして5質量%)に代えて硝酸銀0.0001molをイオン交換水に溶かした溶液(Agとして5質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例5と同様のプロセスで触媒VIIを得た。
上記実施例1において使用したタングステン(V)エトキシド0.0001molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Wとして10質量%)に代えてバリウムエトキシド0.0001molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Baとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例1と同様のプロセスで触媒VIIIを得た。
上記実施例1において使用したタングステン(V)エトキシド0.0001molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Wとして10質量%)を用いなかったこと以外は上述した実施例1と同様のプロセスで触媒IXを得た。
イオン交換水1500mLに、硝酸セリウム溶液(CeO2として20質量%)176.4g、オキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(ZrO2として10質量%)420.9g、硝酸ランタン溶液(La2O3として10質量%)111.3g、硝酸ネオジウム溶液(N2O3として10質量%)114.9g、PVP K-30(商品名)0.1gを添加し、攪拌して混合溶液を調製した。
次いで、この混合溶液を90~95℃に加熱した後、尿素を添加してpHを11に調整して共沈物を得た。その後、ヒドラジン25gを添加し、90~95℃で12時間攪拌した。得られた共沈物を濾過し、純水で洗浄することにより前駆体a2を得た。
イオン交換水1500mLに、硝酸セリウム溶液(CeO2として20質量%)176.4g、オキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(ZrO2として10質量%)420.9g、硝酸ランタン溶液(La2O3として10質量%)111.3g、硝酸ネオジウム溶液(N2O3として10質量%)114.9g、PVP K-30(商品名)0.1gを添加し、攪拌して混合溶液を調製した。
次いで、この混合溶液を90~95℃に加熱した後、尿素を添加してpHを11に調整して共沈物を得た。その後、ヒドラジン25gを添加し、90~95℃で12時間攪拌した。得られた共沈物を濾過し、純水で洗浄することにより前駆体a2を得た。
上記実施例7において使用したニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00002molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00005molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例7と同様のプロセスで触媒XIIを得た。
上記実施例7において使用したニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00002molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.0001molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例7と同様のプロセスで触媒XIIIを得た。
上記実施例7において使用したニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00002molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.0005molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例7と同様のプロセスで触媒XIVを得た。
上記実施例7において使用したニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00002molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.001molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例9と同様のプロセスで触媒XVを得た。
上記実施例7において使用したニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00002molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.005molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例7と同様のプロセスで触媒XVIを得た。
上記実施例7において使用したニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00002molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)に代えてニオブ(V)エトキシド0.00806molをエタノールに溶かした溶液(Nbとして10質量%)を用いた以外は上述した実施例7と同様のプロセスで触媒XVIIを得た。
イオン交換水1500mLに、硝酸セリウム溶液(CeO2として20質量%)185.8g、オキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(ZrO2として10質量%)532g、硝酸ランタン溶液(La2O3として10質量%)23.45g、硝酸ネオジウム溶液(Nd2O3として10質量%)24.21g、硝酸イットリウム溶液(Y2O3として10質量%)48.75g、PVP K-30(商品名))0.1gを添加し、攪拌して混合溶液を調製した。
次いで、この混合溶液を90~95℃に加熱した後、尿素を添加してpHを11に調整して共沈物を得た。その後、ヒドラジン13gを添加し、90~95℃で12時間攪拌した。得られた共沈物を濾過し、純水で洗浄することにより前駆体a3を得た。
実施例13において上記ホモジナイザーでの攪拌時間を60分から30分に変更した以外は上述した実施例13と同様のプロセスで触媒XIXを得た。
実施例13において上記ホモジナイザーでの攪拌時間を60分から15分に変更した以外は上述した実施例13と同様のプロセスで触媒XXを得た。
実施例13において上記ホモジナイザーでの攪拌時間を60分から5分に変更した以外は上述した実施例13と同様のプロセスで触媒XXIを得た。
実施例13において上記ホモジナイザーを用いなかったこと以外は上述した実施例13と同様のプロセスで触媒XXIIを得た。
実施例13において上記マロン酸および過酸化水素水を用いなかったこと以外は上述した実施例13と同様のプロセスで触媒XXIIIを得た。
イオン交換水1500mLに、硝酸セリウム溶液(CeO2として20質量%)185.8g、オキシ硝酸ジルコニウム溶液(ZrO2として10質量%)532g、硝酸ランタン溶液(La2O3として10質量%)23.45g、硝酸ネオジウム溶液(N2O3として10質量%)24.21g、硝酸イットリウム溶液(Y2O3として10質量%)48.75g、タンタル(V)エトキシド0.0005molをキシレンに溶かした溶液(Taとして10質量%)、PVP K-30(商品名)0.1gを添加し、攪拌して混合溶液を調製した。
次いで、この混合溶液を90~95℃に加熱した後、尿素を添加してpHを11に調整して共沈物を得た。その後、ヒドラジン25gを添加し、90~95℃で12時間攪拌した。得られた共沈物を濾過し、純水で洗浄した後、110℃で乾燥させ、大気中、800℃で5時間の焼成を行うことにより、粉末A24を得た。そして、上記実施例13において使用した粉末A18に代えて粉末A24を用いた以外は上述した実施例13と同様のプロセスで触媒XXIVを得た。
試験例1で得られた実施例1~19および比較例1~5の各触媒をFE-SEM-EDX(field emission-scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis)測定(10万倍)に供し、線分析を500nmの長さ(測定点数25点)に亘って行った。そして、Ceについて得られた特性X線強度のスペクトルと、金属元素Mの各々について得られた特性X線強度のスペクトルとの相関係数σ(Ce,M)を、下記式(1)を用いて算出した。
試験例1で得られた試験例1で得られた実施例1~19および比較例1~5の各触媒(上記ペレット状触媒)を熱耐久試験に供試した後の触媒活性の評価を調べた。具体的には、各触媒I~IXを、流通式の熱耐久試験装置に配置し、窒素ガスに酸素(O2)を1mol%加えたリーンガスと、窒素ガスに一酸化炭素(CO)を2mol%加えたリッチガスを、触媒床温度925℃において500mL/分のガス流で2分周期で交互に20時間流通させる熱耐久処理を行った。また、各触媒X~XVIIを、流通式の熱耐久試験装置に配置し、窒素ガスに酸素(O2)を1mol%加えたリーンガスと、窒素ガスに一酸化炭素(CO)を2mol%加えたリッチガスを、触媒床温度1000℃において500mL/分のガス流で2分周期で交互に20時間流通させる熱耐久処理を行った。また、各触媒XVIII~XXIVを、流通式の熱耐久試験装置に配置し、窒素ガスに酸素(O2)を2mol%加えたリーンガスと、窒素ガスに一酸化炭素(CO)を2mol%加えたリッチガスを、触媒床温度900℃において500mL/分のガス流で2分周期で交互に10時間流通させる熱耐久処理を行った。
Claims (6)
- 内燃機関の排気管に配置されて該内燃機関から排出される排ガスの浄化を行う排ガス浄化用触媒であって、
貴金属と、該貴金属を担持する担体であって少なくともジルコニウム(Zr)およびセリウム(Ce)を含むCZ複合酸化物粒子を構成する結晶子とを含んでおり、
前記CZ複合酸化物粒子(結晶子)は、融点が1500℃以上である金属元素Mを主体とする微粒子であって該CZ複合酸化物粒子の結晶成長を抑制する結晶成長抑制微粒子をさらに含んでおり、
前記CZ複合酸化物粒子に含まれる前記金属元素Mの含有率は、酸化物換算で該酸化物全体の0.5mol%以下である、排ガス浄化用触媒。 - 前記金属元素Mは、周期表の第5族~第10族で、かつ第5周期および第6周期に属する元素からなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である、請求項1に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記金属元素Mは、該元素Mからなる金属単体の融点が2000℃以上の金属元素である、請求項1または2に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記金属元素Mは、Nb、Mo、TaおよびWからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種である、請求項1~3の何れか一つに記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記CZ複合酸化物粒子に含まれる前記金属元素Mの含有率は、酸化物換算で該酸化物全体の0.005mol%~0.1mol%である、請求項1~4の何れか一つに記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 下記式(1)により算出される相関係数σ(Ce,M)が0.6以上である、請求項1~5の何れか一つに記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
ICe(Av):エネルギー分散型X線分光法において500nmの長さの線分析により得られたCeの特性X線強度の平均値
ICe(n):一列に並び且つ各々が20nmの長さを有している25個の直線区間のうち第n番目の直線区間について得られるCeの特性X線強度の平均値
IM(Av):エネルギー分散型X線分光法において500nmの長さの線分析により得られた金属元素Mの特性X線強度の平均値
IM(n):一列に並び且つ各々が20nmの長さを有している25個の直線区間のうち第n番目の直線区間について得られる金属元素Mの特性X線強度の平均値
である。
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JP2017144412A (ja) * | 2016-02-19 | 2017-08-24 | 株式会社キャタラー | 排ガス浄化用触媒材料及び排ガス浄化用触媒 |
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CN111315480A (zh) * | 2017-11-02 | 2020-06-19 | 巴斯夫公司 | 作为三元催化剂应用的铑载体的氧化铌掺杂材料 |
EP4052787A1 (en) * | 2021-03-02 | 2022-09-07 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Nox storage material |
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