WO2013084892A1 - 長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォーム及びそれを用いる繊維強化樹脂成形体 - Google Patents
長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォーム及びそれを用いる繊維強化樹脂成形体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013084892A1 WO2013084892A1 PCT/JP2012/081390 JP2012081390W WO2013084892A1 WO 2013084892 A1 WO2013084892 A1 WO 2013084892A1 JP 2012081390 W JP2012081390 W JP 2012081390W WO 2013084892 A1 WO2013084892 A1 WO 2013084892A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
- C08J5/043—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with glass fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B11/00—Making preforms
- B29B11/02—Making preforms by dividing preformed material, e.g. sheets, rods
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B9/00—Making granules
- B29B9/12—Making granules characterised by structure or composition
- B29B9/14—Making granules characterised by structure or composition fibre-reinforced
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/12—General methods of coating; Devices therefor
- C03C25/16—Dipping
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
- C03C25/10—Coating
- C03C25/24—Coatings containing organic materials
- C03C25/26—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers
- C03C25/32—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C03C25/328—Polyamides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
- C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
- C03C3/087—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal containing calcium oxide, e.g. common sheet or container glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/40—Glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2300/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
- C08J2300/22—Thermoplastic resins
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform and a fiber reinforced resin molded article using the same.
- a fiber reinforced resin molded body is lightweight and excellent in strength, and thus is preferably used for exteriors of vehicles and ships. Further, in recent years, long fiber reinforced resin molded articles having excellent strength and elastic modulus by containing reinforcing fibers having a long fiber length are known, and are widely used for bumpers and bodies of automobiles.
- the long fiber reinforced resin molded body is generally molded by injection molding or stamping molding using a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform is in the form of pellets or sheets, and includes, for example, a glass fiber bundle cut into a predetermined length as long fibers, and the thermoplastic resin is contained in the glass fiber bundle. It is impregnated and held around the glass fiber bundle.
- a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform can be manufactured as follows.
- a glass composition as a raw material for glass fibers is melted to form molten glass, and continuous glass fibers spun from the molten glass are converged to form glass fiber bundles. Then, by passing the glass fiber bundle through the molten thermoplastic resin, the glass fiber bundle is impregnated with the glass fiber bundle and held around it. Thereafter, the glass fiber bundle impregnated with the thermoplastic resin and cooled around the glass fiber bundle is cooled and cut into a predetermined length to obtain the pellet-shaped long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform. Can do. Moreover, a sheet-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform can be obtained by thinly and uniformly dispersing and thermally fusing the pellet-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform.
- the glass fiber one made of E glass is usually used, but the glass fiber made of E glass may not provide sufficient strength and elastic modulus. Then, it replaces with the said E glass and the glass fiber which consists of S glass considered to be equipped with the intensity
- the glass fiber made of S glass has a SiO 2 content of 64.0 to 66.0 mass%, an Al 2 O 3 content of 24.0 to 26.0 mass%, and an MgO content of the total amount. Is in the range of 9.0 to 11.0%.
- the S glass has a very high 1000 poise temperature when the glass composition as a raw material is melted to form a molten glass and the glass fiber is obtained by spinning from the molten glass. There is a problem that the difference between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature is small.
- the “1000 poise temperature” is a standard index when fiberizing molten glass, and is a temperature at which the viscosity of the molten glass becomes 1000 poise.
- the “liquid phase temperature” is a temperature at which crystals are first precipitated when the temperature of the molten glass is lowered.
- the temperature range (working temperature range) between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature is a measure of the ease of spinning, and the wider the range, the easier the stable spinning.
- “Devitrification” is a phenomenon in which crystals precipitate when the temperature of the molten glass is lowered.
- a glass composition has been proposed in which the composition of the glass composition that is the raw material of the S glass is improved to include CaO together with SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO.
- the glass composition for example, there is known a glass composition that can be easily spun while maintaining a working temperature range at a relatively low temperature by lowering the viscosity by lowering a 1000 poise temperature (Patent Document). 1).
- the glass composition with a big difference of 1000 poise temperature and liquidus temperature is known as said glass composition (refer patent document 2).
- Patent Document 1 containing CaO together with SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO tends to be devitrified when melted into a molten glass, and is difficult to spin stably.
- the glass composition of patent document 2 melt dissolves and it is set as a molten glass, since the 1000 poise temperature of this molten glass is high, it is difficult to obtain glass fiber itself. Therefore, there is an inconvenience that it is difficult to produce a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform containing glass fibers having excellent strength and elastic modulus.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a long-fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform containing glass fibers excellent in strength and elastic modulus, which is easy to manufacture, eliminating such disadvantages.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a long fiber reinforced resin molded article having excellent strength and elastic modulus using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform.
- the present invention melts a glass composition that is a raw material of glass fiber to form molten glass, condenses continuous glass fibers spun from the molten glass into a glass fiber bundle, After impregnating the glass fiber bundle with the plastic resin and holding it around the glass fiber bundle, the glass fiber bundle impregnated with the thermoplastic resin and held around the glass fiber bundle is cut into a predetermined length,
- the glass fiber has a content of SiO 2 of 57.0 to 63.0% by mass and a content of Al 2 O 3 with respect to the total amount.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform may be in the form of a pellet or a sheet.
- a glass composition that is a raw material for glass fiber having the above composition is melted to obtain molten glass. Then, continuous glass fibers spun from the molten glass are converged into a glass fiber bundle, and the glass fiber bundle is impregnated with the glass fiber bundle and held around the glass fiber bundle. Thereafter, the glass fiber bundle impregnated with the thermoplastic resin and the glass fiber bundle held around the thermoplastic resin is cut into a predetermined length to thereby obtain a long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform containing glass fibers having excellent strength and elastic modulus. Can be easily obtained.
- the glass fibers can not obtain sufficient mechanical strength as a glass fiber content of SiO 2 is less than 57.0 wt% based on the total amount, exceeds 63.0 wt%, the glass becomes the raw material The 1000 poise temperature and liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the composition are increased.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain a sufficient elastic modulus when the content of Al 2 O 3 is less than 19.0% by mass relative to the total amount, and when it exceeds 23.0% by mass, the glass serving as a raw material thereof The liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the composition is increased.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain a sufficient elastic modulus if the MgO content is less than 10.0% by mass with respect to the total amount, and if it exceeds 15.0% by mass, the glass fiber becomes a raw material.
- the liquid phase temperature of the obtained molten glass becomes high.
- the glass fiber has a higher liquidus temperature when the CaO content is less than 5.5% by mass with respect to the total amount.
- the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the above increase.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain a sufficient elastic modulus when the MgO / CaO ratio of MgO to CaO content is less than 0.8.
- the liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the composition is increased.
- the first crystal precipitated (devitrification initial phase) when the temperature is lowered is cordierite single crystal or cordier. It becomes a mixed crystal of erite and anorthite. As a result, the molten glass is less likely to precipitate crystals at the liquidus temperature than when the devitrification initial phase is a crystal other than the above. Therefore, when spinning molten glass obtained by melting the glass composition as a raw material of the glass fiber, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of troubles such as cutting of the glass fiber, and to perform stable spinning. Can do.
- the molten glass preferably has a 1000 poise temperature of 1350 ° C. or less, and the difference between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature is 50 ° C. or more.
- the molten glass can be easily obtained when the 1000 poise temperature is 1350 ° C. or lower. Further, the molten glass has a working temperature range widened and can be stably spun when the difference between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature is 50 ° C. or more.
- the glass fiber preferably has a strength of 4.0 GPa or more and an elastic modulus of 85 GPa or more.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform includes a glass fiber having the strength and elastic modulus in the above ranges, and thus has a long fiber excellent in strength and elastic modulus when molded by an injection molding method or a stamping molding method. A reinforced resin molded product can be obtained.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article of the present invention is characterized by being molded from the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform of the present invention by an injection molding method or a stamping molding method.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform of the present embodiment is formed by cutting a glass fiber bundle impregnated with a thermoplastic resin and holding the glass fiber bundle into a predetermined length. Include as.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform may be in the form of a pellet or a sheet.
- the glass fiber bundle can be obtained by melting a glass composition as a raw material to form molten glass and bundling continuous glass fibers spun from the molten glass.
- the glass fiber has a composition equivalent to a glass composition as a raw material and a molten glass obtained by melting the glass composition.
- glass composition glass cullet or glass batch can be used.
- the molten glass can be obtained by remelting the glass cullet or directly melting the glass batch.
- the glass fiber can be produced from the molten glass by a method known per se. According to the known method, the molten glass is drawn from a platinum alloy nozzle called dozens to thousands of bushings, spun, and wound at a high speed, whereby a glass having a fiber diameter in the range of 3 to 30 ⁇ m. Fiber can be obtained.
- the glass fiber drawn from the platinum alloy nozzle is made into a glass fiber bundle (glass fiber strand) in which 50 to 8000 fibers are converged by applying a sizing agent.
- the glass fiber bundle can be used as a single yarn wound around a core material made of paper or plastic, or a combined yarn obtained by bundling a plurality of the single yarns.
- the glass fiber bundle can be impregnated with a thermoplastic resin by, for example, a pultrusion method and held around the glass resin bundle.
- a pultrusion method as one method, the glass fiber bundle is introduced into a crosshead die (impregnation die), and the glass fiber bundle is allowed to pass through a thermoplastic resin melted in a container provided with a fiber opening bar. .
- the glass fiber bundle and the heat fiber are placed in a container provided with a fiber opening bar heated to the melting temperature of the thermoplastic resin. You may make it let a plastic resin fiber bundle pass.
- thermoplastic resin is impregnated between the glass fibers forming the glass fiber bundle, and the thermoplastic resin is held around the glass fiber bundle.
- the glass fiber bundle impregnated with the thermoplastic resin and cooled around the glass fiber bundle is cooled and then cut into a predetermined length, for example, a length in the range of 3.0 to 50 mm, thereby forming a pellet shape.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform can be obtained.
- a sheet-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform can be obtained by thinly and uniformly dispersing and thermally fusing the pellet-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform of the present embodiment preferably contains, for example, the glass fiber in a range of 10 to 90% by mass with respect to the total amount.
- the glass fiber forming the glass fiber bundle has a SiO 2 content of 57.0 to 63.0 mass%, an Al 2 O 3 content of 19.0 to 23.0 mass%, MgO
- the content of MgO is 10.0 to 15.0 mass%
- the content of CaO is 5.5 to 11.0 mass%
- the ratio of the content of MgO to the content of CaO is MgO / CaO of 0.8 to 2. It has a composition in the range of zero.
- the molten glass obtained by melting the glass composition that is the raw material of the glass fiber can widen the working temperature range when spinning, and the occurrence of cutting or the like in the spun glass fiber Can be suppressed, and stable spinning can be performed.
- the molten glass has a 1000 poise temperature of 1350 ° C. or lower, and the difference between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature is 50 ° C. or higher.
- the glass fiber having the composition has a strength of 4.0 GPa or more and an elastic modulus of 85 GPa or more.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform of the present embodiment is manufactured by, for example, a pultrusion method using the glass fiber bundle formed from the glass fiber.
- the thermoplastic resin has a high viscosity and is further ironed with the opening bar. For this reason, a large load is applied to the glass fiber bundle, and the filament of the glass fiber may be cut and fluffed, resulting in a problem of a decrease in product quality and a decrease in production efficiency due to readjustment of manufacturing conditions. There is.
- the glass fiber having the above composition has a strength of 4.0 GPa or more and an elastic modulus of 85 GPa or more, and has excellent bending resistance, so that the glass fiber filaments are prevented from being cut and fluffed. Quality and production efficiency can be improved.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain sufficient mechanical strength as glass fiber when the content of SiO 2 is less than 57.0% by mass with respect to the total amount, When it exceeds 63.0 mass%, the 1000 poise temperature and liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the glass composition used as the raw material will become high.
- the content of SiO 2 is 57.75% with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber in order to make the 1000 poise temperature of the molten glass composition obtained from the glass composition used as the raw material of the glass fiber 1350 ° C. or less. It is preferably in the range of 0 to 62.0% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 57.0 to 61.0% by mass.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain a sufficient elastic modulus when the content of Al 2 O 3 is less than 19.0% by mass relative to the total amount, and when it exceeds 23.0% by mass, the glass serving as a raw material thereof
- the liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the composition is increased.
- the content of the Al 2 O 3 is to obtain an excellent elastic modulus in the glass fiber, and to lower the liquidus temperature of the molten glass and widen the working temperature range, It is preferably in the range of 19.5 to 22.0% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 20.0 to 21.0% by mass.
- the glass fiber has a content of Al 2 O 3 in the range of 19.0 to 23.0% by mass with respect to the total amount, and is in the vicinity of 19.0% to 22.0% by mass.
- the said devitrification initial phase in the molten glass obtained from the glass composition used as a raw material can be a cordierite single crystal or a mixed crystal of cordierite and anorthite.
- the content of Al 2 O 3 is less than 19.0% by mass with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber, the devitrification initial phase in the molten glass obtained from the glass composition as the raw material is used as cordierite alone. It may not be possible to make crystals or mixed crystals of cordierite and anorthite.
- the glass fiber in order to make the devitrification initial phase in the molten glass obtained from the glass composition as a raw material a single crystal of cordierite or a mixed crystal of cordierite and anorthite,
- the content of Al 2 O 3 is preferably in the range of 19.0% by mass to 22.0% by mass with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber.
- the content of SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 is preferably 2.6 to 3.3 in terms of weight ratio. This is because, within such a range, the glass fiber has a wide working temperature range during production and has a sufficient elastic modulus. Further, the content of SiO 2 / Al 2 O 3 is more preferably 2.7 to 3.2 by weight. This is because glass fibers having a high elastic modulus can be obtained when the weight ratio of SiO 2 content / Al 2 O 3 is 3.2 or less. Further, when the weight ratio is 2.7 or more, the liquidus temperature can be lowered and the devitrification phenomenon can be suppressed.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain a sufficient elastic modulus if the MgO content is less than 10.0% by mass with respect to the total amount, and if it exceeds 15.0% by mass, the glass fiber becomes a raw material.
- the liquid phase temperature of the obtained molten glass becomes high.
- the MgO content is 11.0% relative to the total amount of the glass fiber in order to obtain an excellent elastic modulus in the glass fiber and to lower the liquidus temperature of the molten glass and widen the working temperature range. It is preferably in the range of ⁇ 14.0% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 11.5 to 13.0% by mass.
- the content of CaO is less than 5.5% by mass with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber
- the liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the glass composition as the raw material becomes high and exceeds 11.0% by mass.
- 1000 poise temperature and liquidus temperature of the molten glass are increased.
- the CaO content ranges from 6.0 to 10.5% by mass with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber in order to lower the 1000 poise temperature and liquidus temperature of the molten glass to widen the working temperature range. It is preferably in the range of 7.0 to 10.0% by mass.
- the glass fiber has a relatively high content of other impurity components when the total content of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO and CaO is less than 99.0% by mass.
- a sufficient elastic modulus cannot be obtained, and a sufficient working temperature range cannot be ensured in the molten glass obtained from the glass composition as a raw material.
- the total content of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO and CaO is sufficient for working with molten glass obtained from a glass composition as a raw material for the glass fiber while obtaining an excellent elastic modulus in the glass fiber.
- it is preferably in the range of 99.5% by mass or more, more preferably in the range of 99.8% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber.
- the glass fiber cannot obtain a sufficient elastic modulus if the ratio MgO / CaO of the MgO content to the CaO content is less than 0.8.
- the liquidus temperature of the molten glass obtained from the product increases.
- the ratio of the content of MgO to the content of CaO MgO / CaO is 1 in order to obtain an excellent elastic modulus in the glass fiber and to lower the liquidus temperature of the molten glass and widen the working temperature range. It is preferably in the range of 0.0 to 1.8.
- the glass fiber contains SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO and CaO as a basic composition in the above-mentioned range, but is inevitably mixed due to reasons such as being contained in the raw materials of each component May be included.
- other components include Na alkali metal oxides such as 2 O, Fe 2 O 3, TiO 2, ZrO 2, MoO 3, Cr 2 O 3 or the like.
- the content of the other component is preferably less than 1.0% by mass, more preferably less than 0.5% by mass, and less than 0.2% by mass with respect to the total amount of the glass fiber. More preferably.
- the thermoplastic resin includes polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polyurethane resin, acrylonitrile / butadiene / styrene (ABS) resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, Polyamide resin, polyacetal resin, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resin, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) resin, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) resin, fluororesin, polyetherimide (PEI) resin, polyarylate (PAR) resin, polysulfone (PSF) resin, polyethersulfone (PES) resin, polyamideimide (PAI) resin, etc. It can be.
- the thermoplastic resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding of the present embodiment can be obtained by molding the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform into a predetermined shape by an injection molding method or a stamping molding method.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article of the present embodiment can obtain excellent strength and elastic modulus by using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin preform.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding of this embodiment can obtain the further outstanding intensity
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded body of the present embodiment is used for automobile structural members, household appliance housing materials, railway members, ship members, housing equipment, civil engineering / architectural members, safety protection equipment, sports equipment, general industrial equipment, etc. Can be used.
- the automotive structural members include underbody covers, seats, front end modules, door modules, bumper beams, hatchback doors, instrument panel structural materials, spare wheel pans, knee protectors, engine parts, shock absorbing doors, crash elements, and electricity.
- Examples include automobiles, compressed natural gas (CNG) cylinders, bumpers, and the like.
- Examples of the household appliance housing material include a mobile phone casing, a personal computer casing, a digital camera casing, a digital video casing, and a gaming machine casing.
- Examples of the railway members include ceiling materials, seats, and railroad crossing bar.
- Examples of the ship member include a pleasure boat, a water bike, and a liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank.
- LNG liquefied natural gas
- Examples of the housing equipment include bathtub reinforcing materials, bath unit ceiling materials, office furniture, and the like.
- Examples of the civil engineering / architectural members include house foundation formwork, block formwork, building reinforcement, and scaffolding material.
- Examples of the safety protective equipment include safety shoes, helmets, protectors and the like.
- Examples of the sporting goods include rackets, bats and shoes.
- Examples of the general industrial article include pipes, spring elements, ceiling materials for large machines, and the like.
- Example 1 In this example, first, the content of SiO 2 is 60.2% by mass, the content of Al 2 O 3 is 20.1% by mass, the content of MgO is 10.1% by mass, and the content of CaO with respect to the total amount.
- the glass raw material was prepared so that the amount was 9.5% by mass and the content of Fe 2 O 3 was 0.1% by mass to obtain a glass composition.
- the glass composition has a MgO / CaO content ratio of MgO / CaO of 1.1.
- the composition of the glass composition is shown in Table 1.
- the glass composition is melted in a platinum crucible, and the viscosity is continuously measured using a rotary B-type viscometer while changing the temperature of the molten glass. This corresponds to a viscosity of 1000 poise.
- the temperature was 1000 poise temperature.
- the viscosity was measured according to JIS Z8803-1991.
- the crushed glass material having the above composition was accommodated in a platinum boat and heated in a tubular electric furnace provided with a temperature gradient of 1000 to 1500 ° C., and the temperature at which crystal precipitation began was defined as the liquidus temperature.
- the working temperature range was calculated as the difference between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature (1000 poise temperature ⁇ liquidus temperature).
- the 1000 poise temperature, liquidus temperature, and working temperature range are shown in Table 2.
- the glass composition was heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the 1000 poise temperature and melted, and then allowed to stand at a temperature 100 to 300 ° C. lower than the liquidus temperature for 6 hours. And the state of the crystal
- A indicates that no crystals are deposited
- B indicates that crystals are deposited on a part of the surface
- C indicates that crystals are deposited on the surface and inside.
- the crystal initial phase portion precipitated in the sample used for measuring the liquidus temperature was pulverized and analyzed with an X-ray diffractometer to identify the crystal seed of the devitrification initial phase.
- Table 2 shows the evaluation of devitrification resistance and the crystal seeds of the initial phase of devitrification.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers having a fiber diameter of 13 ⁇ m.
- the obtained glass fiber has the same composition as the said glass composition.
- the glass composition is melted to form molten glass, and the molten glass is spun to bundle 13 ⁇ m glass fibers, and the obtained glass fiber bundle is used to draw pellets to form long fiber reinforced heat.
- a plastic resin preform (hereinafter abbreviated as long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellet) was produced.
- the thermoplastic resin polyamide 66 resin was used.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets obtained in this example contained 40% by mass of the glass fiber based on the total amount, and had a length of 10 mm. Moreover, when manufacturing the said long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellet, the fluff by cutting of a filament was evaluated visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- a plate-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded product having a size of 80 mm ⁇ 10 mm ⁇ 4 mm was manufactured by an injection molding method using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets obtained in this example.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding were calculated by performing a three-point bending test using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding as a sample. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 2 In this example, first, the content of SiO 2 is 59.2% by mass, the content of Al 2 O 3 is 20.1% by mass, the content of MgO is 12.6% by mass, and the content of CaO is based on the total amount. A glass raw material was prepared so that the amount was 8.0% by mass and the content of Fe 2 O 3 was 0.1% by mass to obtain a glass composition. In the glass composition, the ratio MgO / CaO of the content of MgO to the content of CaO is 1.6. Table 1 shows the composition of the glass composition obtained in this example.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets were produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass composition obtained in this example was used.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets obtained in this example contained 40% by mass of the glass fiber based on the total amount, and had a length of 10 mm.
- the fluff by cutting of a filament was evaluated visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 a plate-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded product having the same dimensions as in Example 1 was produced by an injection molding method.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding were calculated by performing a three-point bending test using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding as a sample. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 In this example, first, the content of SiO 2 is 58.2% by mass, the content of Al 2 O 3 is 20.7% by mass, the content of MgO is 12.0% by mass, and the content of CaO is based on the total amount.
- the glass raw material was prepared so that the amount was 9.0% by mass and the content of Fe 2 O 3 was 0.1% by mass to obtain a glass composition.
- the MgO / CaO ratio of MgO to CaO is 1.3. Table 1 shows the composition of the glass composition obtained in this example.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets were produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass composition obtained in this example was used.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets obtained in this example contained 40% by mass of the glass fiber based on the total amount, and had a length of 10 mm.
- the fluff by cutting of a filament was evaluated visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 a plate-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded product having the same dimensions as in Example 1 was produced by an injection molding method.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding were calculated by performing a three-point bending test using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding as a sample. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 4 In this example, first, the content of SiO 2 is 61.4% by mass, the content of Al 2 O 3 is 19.0% by mass, the content of MgO is 12.9% by mass, and the content of CaO is based on the total amount.
- the glass raw material was prepared so that the amount was 6.5% by mass, the Fe 2 O 3 content was 0.1% by mass, and the Na 2 O content was 0.1% by mass to obtain a glass composition. .
- the glass composition has a MgO / CaO content ratio of 2.0 to 2.0. Table 1 shows the composition of the glass composition obtained in this example.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 5 In this example, first, the content of SiO 2 is 58.0% by mass, the content of Al 2 O 3 is 21.9% by mass, the content of MgO is 10.0% by mass, and the content of CaO is based on the total amount.
- a glass raw material was prepared so that the amount was 10.0% by mass and the content of Fe 2 O 3 was 0.1% by mass to obtain a glass composition.
- the MgO / CaO ratio of MgO content to CaO content is 1.0. Table 1 shows the composition of the glass composition obtained in this example.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets were produced in exactly the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass composition obtained in this example was used.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets obtained in this example contained 40% by mass of the glass fiber based on the total amount, and had a length of 10 mm.
- the fluff by cutting of a filament was evaluated visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 a plate-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded product having the same dimensions as in Example 1 was produced by an injection molding method.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding were calculated by performing a three-point bending test using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding as a sample. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 6 In this example, first, the content of SiO 2 is 57.0% by mass, the content of Al 2 O 3 is 20.0% by mass, the content of MgO is 12.0% by mass, and the content of CaO is based on the total amount.
- a glass raw material was prepared so that the amount was 10.9% by mass and the content of Fe 2 O 3 was 0.1% by mass to obtain a glass composition.
- the glass composition has a MgO / CaO content ratio of MgO / CaO of 1.1. Table 1 shows the composition of the glass composition obtained in this example.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this comparative example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass composition obtained in this comparative example was used.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellet obtained in this comparative example contained 40% by mass of the glass fiber with respect to the total amount, and had a length of 10 mm.
- the fluff by cutting of a filament was evaluated visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 a plate-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded body having the same dimensions as in Example 1 was produced by an injection molding method.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding were calculated by performing a three-point bending test using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding as a sample. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the glass composition was melted to obtain molten glass, and the molten glass was spun to obtain glass fibers.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the glass fiber were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass fiber obtained in this comparative example was used. The results are shown in Table 2.
- long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the glass composition obtained in this comparative example was used.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellet obtained in this comparative example contained 40% by mass of the glass fiber with respect to the total amount, and had a length of 10 mm.
- the fluff by cutting of a filament was evaluated visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 a plate-like long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded body having the same dimensions as in Example 1 was produced by an injection molding method.
- the strength and elastic modulus of the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding were calculated by performing a three-point bending test using the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molding as a sample. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Devitrification resistance A indicates that no crystals are precipitated, B indicates that crystals are deposited on a part of the surface, and C indicates that crystals are deposited on the surface and inside. .
- Initial phase of devitrification cor ... cordierite, ano ... anorthite, mul ... mullite, cri ... Cristobalite
- the molten glass of Examples 1 to 6 has a 1000 poise temperature of 1350 ° C. or lower, and the difference between the 1000 poise temperature and the liquidus temperature is 50 ° C. or higher. Is wide. Therefore, since stable spinning can be performed, mass production can be easily performed.
- the glass fibers of Examples 1 to 6 have a strength of 4.0 GPa or more and an elastic modulus of 85.0 GPa or more, the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets containing the glass fibers of the present invention are molded bodies themselves. The strength and elastic modulus are also excellent.
- Comparative Example 1 has a glass fiber composition in which the content of SiO 2 exceeds the upper limit of the present invention, so the 1000 poise temperature is high, and the content of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 is the main content. Since the upper limit of the invention is exceeded and CaO is not included, the liquidus temperature is high and the working temperature range is narrow. Furthermore, since the initial phase of devitrification is mullite, the devitrification resistance is low, and it is difficult to spin glass fibers stably. As a result, Comparative Example 1 is not suitable for mass production due to severe spinning conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to produce long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets.
- Comparative Example 2 in the composition of the glass fibers, since the content of Al 2 O 3 and MgO is less than the lower limit of the present invention, a low strength and modulus of the glass fiber. Therefore, the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellet containing the glass fiber of Comparative Example 2 has low strength and elastic modulus of the molded body itself.
- Table 3 shows the analysis results of the molded body. Molded bodies containing the glass fibers of Examples 1 to 3, 5 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were prepared, and the strength and elastic modulus were measured. Moreover, the fluffing at the time of shaping
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article containing the long glass fiber of the present invention has a strength of 360 GPa or more and an elastic modulus E of 11.0 or more and contains the long glass fiber of Comparative Example 2. Can be manufactured with better strength and elastic modulus.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article containing the glass composition of Comparative Example 1 is excellent in strength and elastic modulus.
- the glass composition of Comparative Example 1 has a high 1000 poise temperature and liquidus temperature as shown in Table 1, and a narrow working temperature range.
- the initial phase of devitrification is mullite, the devitrification resistance is low, and it is difficult to spin glass fibers stably. Accordingly, although physical properties such as strength and elastic modulus are excellent, it is difficult to perform mass production because stable spinning cannot be performed.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article containing the glass composition of Comparative Example 2 has problems in terms of strength and elastic modulus. As a result, in Comparative Example 2, fluffing occurs at the time of pultrusion molding, and it is difficult to produce long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article of the present invention has excellent strength and elastic modulus by being molded from the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin pellets by injection molding. is there.
- the long fiber reinforced thermoplastic resin molded article containing the glass composition of the present invention has no fuzz at the time of pultrusion molding and can be easily produced.
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Abstract
Description
本実施例では、まず、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が60.2質量%、Al2O3の含有量が20.1質量%、MgOの含有量が10.1質量%、CaOの含有量が9.5質量%、Fe2O3の含有量が0.1質量%となるようにガラス原料を調合し、ガラス組成物を得た。前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが1.1である。前記ガラス組成物の組成を表1に示す。
本実施例では、まず、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が59.2質量%、Al2O3の含有量が20.1質量%、MgOの含有量が12.6質量%、CaOの含有量が8.0質量%、Fe2O3の含有量が0.1質量%となるようにガラス原料を調合し、ガラス組成物を得た。前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが1.6である。本実施例で得られた前記ガラス組成物の組成を表1に示す。
本実施例では、まず、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が58.2質量%、Al2O3の含有量が20.7質量%、MgOの含有量が12.0質量%、CaOの含有量が9.0質量%、Fe2O3の含有量が0.1質量%となるようにガラス原料を調合し、ガラス組成物を得た。前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが1.3である。本実施例で得られた前記ガラス組成物の組成を表1に示す。
本実施例では、まず、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が61.4質量%、Al2O3の含有量が19.0質量%、MgOの含有量が12.9質量%、CaOの含有量が6.5質量%、Fe2O3の含有量が0.1質量%、Na2Oの含有量が0.1質量%となるようにガラス原料を調合し、ガラス組成物を得た。前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが2.0である。本実施例で得られた前記ガラス組成物の組成を表1に示す。
本実施例では、まず、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が58.0質量%、Al2O3の含有量が21.9質量%、MgOの含有量が10.0質量%、CaOの含有量が10.0質量%、Fe2O3の含有量が0.1質量%となるようにガラス原料を調合し、ガラス組成物を得た。前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが1.0である。本実施例で得られた前記ガラス組成物の組成を表1に示す。
本実施例では、まず、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が57.0質量%、Al2O3の含有量が20.0質量%、MgOの含有量が12.0質量%、CaOの含有量が10.9質量%、Fe2O3の含有量が0.1質量%となるようにガラス原料を調合し、ガラス組成物を得た。前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが1.1である。本実施例で得られた前記ガラス組成物の組成を表1に示す。
本比較例では、いわゆるSガラスに相当する組成(SiO2の含有量が64.0~66.0質量%、Al2O3の含有量が24.0~26.0質量%、MgOの含有量が9.0~11.0%)を備えたガラス組成物を得た。前記Sガラスに相当するガラス組成は、CaOは全く含有していない。従って、前記ガラス組成物は、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOは、算出できない。
本比較例では、いわゆるEガラスに相当する組成(SiO2の含有量が52.0~56.0質量%、Al2O3の含有量が12.0~16.0質量%、MgOの含有量が0~6質量%、CaOの含有量が16~25質量%、Na2Oの含有量が0~0.8質量%、B2O3の含有量が5.0~10.0質量%)を備えたガラス組成物を得た。
失透初相:cor…コーディエライト、ano…アノーサイト、mul…ムライト、
cri…クリストバライト
表2に示すように、実施例1~6の溶融ガラスは、1000ポイズ温度が1350℃以下であり、1000ポイズ温度と液相温度との差が50℃以上であるので作業温度範囲が広い。そのため、安定した紡糸を行うことができることから、容易に大量生産を行うことが可能である。また、実施例1~6のガラス繊維は4.0GPa以上の強度と85.0GPa以上の弾性率とを備えることから、本発明のガラス繊維を含む長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂ペレットは、成形体自体の強度及び弾性率も優れたものとなる。
Claims (5)
- ガラス繊維の原料となるガラス組成物を溶融して溶融ガラスとし、該溶融ガラスから紡糸された連続したガラス繊維を集束してガラス繊維束とし、熱可塑性樹脂を該ガラス繊維束に含浸させると共にその周囲に保持させた後、該熱可塑性樹脂が含浸されると共にその周囲に保持された該ガラス繊維束を所定の長さに切断してなり、該ガラス繊維束を長繊維束として含む長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォームにおいて、
該ガラス繊維は、全量に対しSiO2の含有量が57.0~63.0質量%、Al2O3の含有量が19.0~23.0質量%、MgOの含有量が10.0~15.0質量%、CaOの含有量が5.5~11.0質量%、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが0.8~2.0の範囲にある組成を備えることを特徴とする長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォーム。 - 請求項1記載の長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォームにおいて、前記溶融ガラスは、温度を低下させたときに最初に析出する結晶がコーディエライトの単独結晶又はコーディエライトとアノーサイトとの混合結晶であることを特徴とする長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォーム。
- 請求項1又は請求項2記載の長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォームにおいて、前記溶融ガラスは、その粘度が1000ポイズとなる温度である1000ポイズ温度が1350℃以下であり、該1000ポイズ温度と、該溶融ガラスの温度を低下させたときに最初に結晶が析出する温度である液相温度との差が50℃以上であることを特徴とする長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォーム。
- 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項記載の長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォームにおいて、前記ガラス繊維は、その強度が4.0GPa以上であり、その弾性率が85GPa以上であることを特徴とする長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォーム。
- 全量に対しSiO2の含有量が57.0~63.0質量%、Al2O3の含有量が19.0~23.0質量%、MgOの含有量が10.0~15.0質量%、CaOの含有量が5.5~11.0質量%、CaOの含有量に対するMgOの含有量の比MgO/CaOが0.8~2.0の範囲にある組成を備えるガラス繊維を集束してなり所定の長さに切断されたガラス繊維束と、該ガラス繊維束に含浸されると共にその周囲に保持される熱可塑性樹脂とを備える長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂プリフォームから、射出成形法またはスタンピング成形法により成形されてなることを特徴とする長繊維強化熱可塑性樹脂成形体。
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- 2012-12-04 WO PCT/JP2012/081390 patent/WO2013084892A1/ja active Application Filing
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- 2012-12-04 EP EP12854881.5A patent/EP2789442B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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JP2018502037A (ja) * | 2015-01-20 | 2018-01-25 | ジュシ グループ カンパニー リミテッド | ガラス繊維組成物及びガラス繊維、並びに複合材料 |
JP2021506712A (ja) * | 2017-12-19 | 2021-02-22 | オーシーヴィー インテレクチュアル キャピタル リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 高性能繊維ガラス組成物 |
JP7448741B2 (ja) | 2017-12-19 | 2024-03-13 | オウェンス コーニング インテレクチュアル キャピタル リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー | 高性能繊維ガラス組成物 |
WO2022044482A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-03-03 | Dic株式会社 | ポリアリーレンスルフィド樹脂組成物、成形品およびそれらの製造方法 |
JP7070811B1 (ja) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-05-18 | Dic株式会社 | ポリアリーレンスルフィド樹脂組成物、成形品およびそれらの製造方法 |
WO2023100990A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-02 | 2023-06-08 | 日本板硝子株式会社 | ガラス繊維 |
WO2023127220A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-27 | 2023-07-06 | 日東紡績株式会社 | ガラス長繊維の製造方法、及びガラス長繊維 |
JP7313763B1 (ja) * | 2021-12-27 | 2023-07-25 | 日東紡績株式会社 | ガラス長繊維の製造方法、及びガラス長繊維 |
US12110249B2 (en) | 2021-12-27 | 2024-10-08 | Nitto Boseki Co., Ltd. | Long glass fiber manufacturing method, and long glass fiber |
WO2025121226A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-07 | 2025-06-12 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | ガラス繊維用組成物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2789442B1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
EP2789442A4 (en) | 2015-11-11 |
KR101993370B1 (ko) | 2019-09-30 |
TWI564323B (zh) | 2017-01-01 |
JPWO2013084892A1 (ja) | 2015-04-27 |
US20140364554A1 (en) | 2014-12-11 |
HK1198968A1 (en) | 2015-06-19 |
EP2789442A1 (en) | 2014-10-15 |
US9416235B2 (en) | 2016-08-16 |
TW201336902A (zh) | 2013-09-16 |
KR20140099517A (ko) | 2014-08-12 |
CN103974811B (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
JP6015668B2 (ja) | 2016-10-26 |
CN103974811A (zh) | 2014-08-06 |
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