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US4795545A - Process for pretreatment of light hydrocarbons to remove sulfur, water, and oxygen-containing compounds - Google Patents

Process for pretreatment of light hydrocarbons to remove sulfur, water, and oxygen-containing compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
US4795545A
US4795545A US07/097,972 US9797287A US4795545A US 4795545 A US4795545 A US 4795545A US 9797287 A US9797287 A US 9797287A US 4795545 A US4795545 A US 4795545A
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adsorption zone
feedstock
water
adsorption
oxygenates
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US07/097,972
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Robert J. Schmidt
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Honeywell UOP LLC
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UOP LLC
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Priority to US07/097,972 priority Critical patent/US4795545A/en
Assigned to UOP INC., A CORP. OF DE reassignment UOP INC., A CORP. OF DE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: SCHMIDT, ROBERT J.
Priority to CA000586522A priority patent/CA1309424C/en
Priority to EP88312210A priority patent/EP0374320B1/en
Priority to ES198888312210T priority patent/ES2034277T3/es
Priority to DE8888312210T priority patent/DE3874540T2/de
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Publication of US4795545A publication Critical patent/US4795545A/en
Assigned to UOP, A NEW YORK GENERAL PARTNERSHIP reassignment UOP, A NEW YORK GENERAL PARTNERSHIP ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: UOP INC., A DE CORP.
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
    • B01J20/08—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxide; comprising bauxite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B01J20/16—Alumino-silicates
    • B01J20/18—Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
    • C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
    • C10G53/08—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one sorption step

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for the pretreatment of light hydrocarbons to remove sulfur, water and oxygen-containing compounds. More specifically, the invention concerns subjecting a light hydrocarbon feed containing C 4 -C 8 hydrocarbons to a first adsorption zone comprising a molecular sieve and then to a second adsorption zone comprising an activated alumina.
  • the invention finds utility as a pretreatment process for a light hydrocarbon isomerization process.
  • the present invention is a two-stage feed pretreatment process for eliminating undesirable elements such as sulfur compounds, water, and oxygenates from hydrocarbon feedstocks which eventually are utilized in hydrocarbon conversion processes. These feedstocks comprise from 4 to 8 carbon atoms per molecule.
  • the pretreatment process involves the following steps: passing the feedstock to a first adsorption zone comprising a molecular sieve; thereafter passing the effluent from the first adsorption zone through a second adsorption zone comprising activated alumina; and recovering the effluent from the second adsorption zone substantially free of sulfur compounds, oxygenates, and water.
  • the invention is directed to a pretreatment process for a light hydrocarbon conversion process wherein the feedstock is a light naphtha comprising paraffinic hydrocarbons having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule.
  • the use of the invention may totally eliminate the need for conventional hydrotreating of the feedstock and thereby greatly reduce both capital and operating costs.
  • the invention provides a pretreatment process for feedstocks eventually being used in hydrocarbon conversion processes.
  • Elimination of undesirable elements such as sulfur compounds, oxygenates, and water from feedstocks comprising C 4 -C 8 hydrocarbons is accomplished in a process comprising two adsorption zones.
  • the first zone contains a molecular sieve for removal of water and sulfur compounds, except carbon disulfides, and the second zone contains activated alumina for removal of the carbon disulfides and oxygenates.
  • the feedstocks to be treated by the process of the instant invention comprise light hydrocarbons having from 4 to 8 carbon atoms per molecule, including acyclic paraffins and cyclic naphthenes. Also included are straight or partially branched chain paraffins such as normal butane, normal pentane, normal hexane, normal heptane, normal octane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 3-ethylpentane, etc. In addition, low levels of aromatic species may also be present, such as, benzene and toluene.
  • Cycloparaffins may also be present in the feedstock such as alkylcyclopentanes, cyclohexanes, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane, etc.
  • the feedstock may be comprised of mixtures of paraffins and/or naphthenes, including those derived from selective fractional distillation of natural gasolines and naphthas.
  • a preferred type of feedstock is light naphtha comprising paraffinic hydrocarbons having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms per molecule.
  • sulfur compounds are used to mean any compound containing sulfur in whatever form, elemental or combined, it may be present. Examples include hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide. Sulfur compounds may be present in the feedstock in amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 300 wt. ppm, calculated as elemental sulfur. Water and its precursors may also be present in the feedstock in amounts from 5 to 250 wt. ppm, measured as H 2 O.
  • the contaminants may also be oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds, otherwise known as oxygenates, such as alcohols, ethers, ketones, and acids. Specific examples of these oxygenates are ethanol, methanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, and methyl tertiary butyl ether.
  • oxygenates such as alcohols, ethers, ketones, and acids.
  • specific examples of these oxygenates are ethanol, methanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, and methyl tertiary butyl ether.
  • the level of oxygenates in the feedstock ranges from about 0.1 to about 10,000 wt. ppm.
  • the instant invention is also quite capable of removing from the feedstock oxygencontaining species such as carbon dioxide.
  • the feedstock may or may not have been subject to a conventional hydrotreating process prior to its use in the pretreating process of the instant invention.
  • the feedstock is subjected to a first adsorption comprising a molecular sieve.
  • a molecular sieve is defined as a class of adsorptive desiccants which are highly crystalline in nature, distinct from amorphous materials such as gamma-alumina.
  • Preferred types of molecular sieves within this class of crystalline absorbents are aluminosilicate materials commonly known as zeolites.
  • zeolite in general refers to a group of naturally occurring and synthetic hydrated metal aluminosilicates, many of which are crystalline in structure. There are, however, significant differences between the various synthetic and natural materials in chemical composition, crystal structure and physical properties such as X-ray powder diffraction patterns.
  • the structure of crystalline zeolitic molecular sieves may be described as an open three-dimensional framework of SiO 4 and AlO 4 tetrahedra.
  • the negative electrovalence of tetrahedra containing aluminum is balanced by the inclusion within the crystal of cations, for example, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions.
  • alkali metal and alkaline earth metal ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions.
  • One cation may be exchanged for another by ion exchange techniques.
  • the zeolites may be activated by driving off substantially all of the water of hydration.
  • the space remaining in the crystals after activation is available for adsorption of absorbate molecules. Any of this space not occupied by reduced elemental metal atoms will be available for adsorption of molecules having a size, shape, and energy which permits entry of the adsorbate molecules into the pores of the molecular sieves.
  • the zeolites occur as agglomerates of fine crystals or are synthesized as fine powders and are preferably tableted or pelletized for large-scale adsorption uses. Pelletizing methods are known which are very satisfactory because the sorptive character of the zeolite, both with regard to selectivity and capacity, remains essentially unchanged.
  • the pore size of the zeolitic molecular sieves may be varied by employing different metal cations.
  • sodium zeolite A has an apparent pore size of about 4 angstrom units
  • calcium zeolite A has an apparent pore size of about 5 angstrom units.
  • Type 13X sieves are employed in the first adsorbent bed.
  • the general chemical formula for a molecular sieve composition known commercially as type 13X is:
  • Type 13X has a cubic crystal structure which is characterized by a threedimensional network with mutually connected intra-crystalline voids accessible through pore openings which will admit molecules with critical dimensions up to 10 angstroms.
  • the void volume is 51 vol.% of the zeolite and all adsorption takes place in the crystalline voids.
  • the first adsorption zone removes any water present in the feedstock and removes any sulfur compounds present, however, carbon disulfide is not adsorbed to any appreciable extent. Similarly, light oxygen-containing compounds such as CO 2 are not appreciably removed by the first adsorption zone.
  • the effluent from the first adsorption zone is passed to a second adsorption zone comprising activated alumina. It has been discovered that the use of this second adsorption zone solves the problem created by the inability of the first adsorption zone to effectively remove the carbon disulfide and light oxygen-containing compounds.
  • the activated alumina used in the second adsorption zone is a highly porous, high surface area alumina oxide comprising greater than 90 wt.%, volatile-free basis, of Al 2 O 3 .
  • Activated alumina is obtained from various hydrated forms of alumina by controlled heating to eliminate the water of constitution. Heating usually is performed very rapidly at a temperature between 400° and 800° C.
  • the activated alumina also contains minor amounts--less than 1 wt.%--of SiO 2 , Na 2 O, and Fe 2 O 3 and has a bulk density ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 g/cc.
  • Total surface area of the activated alumina may range from 200 to 500 m 2 /g, with a total of from 0.20 to 0.75 cc/g. Most preferred properties include a surface area of about 325 m 2 /g, total pore volume of about 0.5 cc/g, and a bulk density of about 0.75 g/cc.
  • the activated alumina may also contain a modifier compound to enhance its efficiency for removal of sulfur compounds, especially carbon disulfide.
  • a preferred class of modifiers include the Group lA alkali metals, which include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. Sodium is the most preferred modifier.
  • the activated alumina may contain up to 10 wt.% of the modifier, preferably from 1 to 5 wt.%, volatile-free basis. Although the effectiveness of the activated alumina is not dependent on the shape of the material, useful shapes include spheres and cylinders in sizes on the order of 1/16- to 1/4-inch in diameter.
  • the quantity of the contaminant in the effluent from the second adsorption zone is dependent on the nature and quantity of contaminant in the feedstock introduced into the first adsorption zone. Also, the length of time that the pretreatment process has been in service will affect the efficiency of contaminant removal.
  • the effluent from the second adsorption zone is substantially free of sulfur compounds, oxygenates, and water. Preferably, this effluent will contain less than 1 wt. ppm of sulfur, oxygenates, and water.
  • the required adsorption conditions for both zones will depend on such factors as the quantity of adsorbents utilized and the contaminants to be removed from the feedstock.
  • a general range of suitable adsorption conditions includes a superatmospheric pressure less than about 3448 kPa (ga), although higher pressures may be employed, and a temperature less than about 150° C.
  • a liquid hourly space velocity of less than 10 hr -1 should be employed.
  • a preferred range of adsorption conditions suitable for both zones includes a pressure from 101 to 1379 kPa (ga), a temperature between 25° and 100° C., and a space velocity of from 1 to 5 volumes of feedstock per hour per volume of adsorption zone.
  • Feedstock is passed to the pretreatment process continually until it is evident that the capacity of either or both adsorbents has been reached.
  • the appearance of significant quantities of contaminants in the effluent from the second adsorption zone is an indication that capacity has been reached.
  • the feedstock Prior to the regeneration step, the feedstock is switched from the two adsorption zones requiring regeneration to two adsorption zones which are freshly regenerated.
  • Regeneration is performed by passing a hot, substantially non-adsorbable purge gas through the zones at a temperature between 175° and 315° C. Suitable purge gases include natural gas, methane, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide.
  • a slip stream from a stabilizer column bottoms comprising pentanes and hexanes, may be used.
  • hydrocarbon conversion is intended to include all reactions wherein hydrocarbons change physical or chemical composition.
  • a preferred hydrocarbon conversion process is the catalytic isomerization of light hydrocarbons. Included in the group of light hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons, more particularly straight chain or slightly branched chain paraffins containing four or more carbon atoms per molecule.
  • the isomerization reaction can be conducted over a wide range of temperatures but in general, in the range from about 93° to about 427° C.
  • reaction zone pressures preferably within the range from about 690 to about 6900 kPa (ga). Further details regarding isomerization of light naphtha hydrocarbons can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,272, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. It is particularly desirable to carry out the isomerization reaction in the presence of hydrogen preferably in the range from about 0.05 to about 5 moles of H 2 per mole of isomerizable hydrocarbon. The function of the hydrogen is primarily to improve catalyst life, apparently by preventing polymerization of intermediate reaction products which would otherwise polymerize and deposit on the catalytic composite.
  • H 2 -rich gases typically contain light hydrocarbons, C 1 -C 3 , and may also contain other compounds including sulfur.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are reproductions of chromatographic analysis results which semiqualitatively illustrate the sulfur species present in two hydrocarbon samples.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the various sulfur species contained in an untreated light naphtha feedstock.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the sulfur species contained in the light naphtha feedstock after treatment with a molecular sieve.
  • An untreated feedstock comprising a mixture of substantially C 5 and C 6 paraffinic hydrocarbons containing about 158 ppm of sulfur compounds, measured as elemental sulfur, was contacted in an adsorption zone comprising 13X molecular sieve.
  • the adsorption zone process conditions included a temperature of about 25° C., a pressure of about 2413 kPa (ga), and a liquid hourly space velocity of about 1.0 hr -1 .
  • FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the various sulfur species in the untreated feedstock.
  • FIG. 2 graphically illustrates the sulfur species present in the effluent. It is noted that substantially all sulfur species are removed except for carbonyl disulfide which resulted in a total sulfur concentration of about 6 wt. ppm.
  • a second feedstock comprising substantially C 5 and C 6 paraffinic hydrocarbon was added approximately 20 wt. ppm of carbon disulfide.
  • This feedstock representative of an effluent from a first adsorption zone comprising 13X molecular sieve, was passed to an adsorption zone comprising activated alumina.
  • the adsorption zone process conditions included a temperature of about 175° C., a pressure of about 2413 kPa (ga), and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0. Sulfur analysis of the effluent from this adsorption zone showed less than 1 wt. ppm of carbon disulfide.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
US07/097,972 1987-09-17 1987-09-17 Process for pretreatment of light hydrocarbons to remove sulfur, water, and oxygen-containing compounds Expired - Lifetime US4795545A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/097,972 US4795545A (en) 1987-09-17 1987-09-17 Process for pretreatment of light hydrocarbons to remove sulfur, water, and oxygen-containing compounds
CA000586522A CA1309424C (en) 1987-09-17 1988-12-20 Process for pretreatment of an isomerization process feedstock containing light hydrocarbons
EP88312210A EP0374320B1 (en) 1987-09-17 1988-12-22 Process for pretreatment of an isomerization process feedstock containing light hydrocarbons
ES198888312210T ES2034277T3 (es) 1987-09-17 1988-12-22 Procedimiento para el pretratamiento de un material de alimentacion a un proceso de isomerizacion, que contiene hidrocarburos ligeros.
DE8888312210T DE3874540T2 (de) 1987-09-17 1988-12-22 Vorbehandlungsverfahren einer leichte kohlenwasserstoffe enthaltenden isomerisierungsverfahrensfraktion.

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US07/097,972 US4795545A (en) 1987-09-17 1987-09-17 Process for pretreatment of light hydrocarbons to remove sulfur, water, and oxygen-containing compounds

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ES2034277T3 (es) 1993-04-01

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