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US20040081131A1 - OFDM communication system with multiple OFDM symbol sizes - Google Patents

OFDM communication system with multiple OFDM symbol sizes Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040081131A1
US20040081131A1 US10/375,162 US37516203A US2004081131A1 US 20040081131 A1 US20040081131 A1 US 20040081131A1 US 37516203 A US37516203 A US 37516203A US 2004081131 A1 US2004081131 A1 US 2004081131A1
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Prior art keywords
ofdm symbol
size
data
ofdm
subbands
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Abandoned
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US10/375,162
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English (en)
Inventor
Jay Walton
John Ketchum
Mark Wallace
Steven Howard
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Qualcomm Inc
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Individual
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Priority to US10/375,162 priority Critical patent/US20040081131A1/en
Assigned to QUALCOM INCORPORATED, A DELAWARE CORPORATION reassignment QUALCOM INCORPORATED, A DELAWARE CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOWARD, STEVEN J., KETCHUM, JOHN W., WALLACE, MARK, WALTON, JAY ROD
Priority to JP2005501686A priority patent/JP4913406B2/ja
Priority to UAA200504856A priority patent/UA84411C2/ru
Priority to PCT/US2003/033907 priority patent/WO2004039027A2/en
Priority to RU2005115879/09A priority patent/RU2380845C2/ru
Priority to CN2003801050597A priority patent/CN1757213B/zh
Priority to KR1020057007171A priority patent/KR100990683B1/ko
Priority to EP03779266A priority patent/EP1557022A2/en
Priority to CA2756741A priority patent/CA2756741C/en
Priority to MXPA05004398A priority patent/MXPA05004398A/es
Priority to CA2756728A priority patent/CA2756728C/en
Priority to AU2003284944A priority patent/AU2003284944C1/en
Priority to TW092129820A priority patent/TWI339036B/zh
Priority to BR0315540-4A priority patent/BR0315540A/pt
Priority to CN 200910145580 priority patent/CN101582873B/zh
Priority to CN2010105559095A priority patent/CN101997814B/zh
Priority to CA2501458A priority patent/CA2501458C/en
Priority to EP11173875A priority patent/EP2378726A3/en
Publication of US20040081131A1 publication Critical patent/US20040081131A1/en
Priority to IL167554A priority patent/IL167554A/en
Priority to HK06106442.5A priority patent/HK1086681A1/xx
Priority to HK11110355.5A priority patent/HK1156164A1/xx
Priority to HK10104743.0A priority patent/HK1139250A1/xx
Priority to AU2009202082A priority patent/AU2009202082B2/en
Priority to IL203960A priority patent/IL203960A/en
Priority to JP2010030077A priority patent/JP5096508B2/ja
Priority to JP2011256173A priority patent/JP5221743B2/ja
Priority to US13/920,971 priority patent/US9154274B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
    • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A) or DMT
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0417—Feedback systems
    • H04B7/0421—Feedback systems utilizing implicit feedback, e.g. steered pilot signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
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    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0669—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different channel coding between antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0697—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using spatial multiplexing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
    • H04B7/0848—Joint weighting
    • H04B7/0854—Joint weighting using error minimizing algorithms, e.g. minimum mean squared error [MMSE], "cross-correlation" or matrix inversion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0015—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy
    • H04L1/0017—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy where the mode-switching is based on Quality of Service requirement
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
    • H04L25/0228—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals
    • H04L25/023—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals with extension to other symbols
    • H04L25/0232—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals with extension to other symbols by interpolation between sounding signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/024—Channel estimation channel estimation algorithms
    • H04L25/0242—Channel estimation channel estimation algorithms using matrix methods
    • H04L25/0248—Eigen-space methods
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0028—Variable division
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0037—Inter-user or inter-terminal allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W72/00—Local resource management
    • H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0426—Power distribution
    • H04B7/043—Power distribution using best eigenmode, e.g. beam forming or beam steering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0023—Time-frequency-space
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
    • H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
    • H04W28/20—Negotiating bandwidth
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. Transmission Power Control [TPC] or power classes
    • H04W52/04—Transmission power control [TPC]
    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/50—TPC being performed in particular situations at the moment of starting communication in a multiple access environment

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to data communication, and more specifically to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems and techniques for providing OFDM symbol sizes to increase wireless efficiency.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication services such as voice, packet data, and so on. These systems may utilize OFDM, which is a modulation technique capable of providing high performance for some wireless environments. OFDM effectively partitions the overall system bandwidth into a number of (N S ) orthogonal subbands, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, and frequency subchannels. With OFDM, each subband is associated with a respective carrier that may be modulated with data.
  • OFDM orthogonal subbands
  • a stream of information bits is converted to a series of frequency-domain modulation symbols.
  • One modulation symbol may be transmitted on each of the N S subbands in each OFDM symbol period (defined below).
  • the modulation symbols to be transmitted on the N S subbands in each OFDM symbol period are transformed to the time-domain using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to obtain a “transformed” symbol that contains N S samples.
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
  • the input to an N S -point IFFT is N S frequency-domain values and the output from the IFFT is N S time-domain samples.
  • the number of subbands is determined by the size of the IFFT. Increasing the size of the IFFT increases the number of subbands and also increases the number of samples for each transformed symbol, which correspondingly increases the time required to transmit the symbol.
  • each transformed symbol is typically repeated prior to transmission.
  • the repeated portion is often referred to as a cyclic prefix, and has a length of N CP samples.
  • the length of the cyclic prefix is typically selected based on the delay spread of the system, as described below, and is independent of the length of the transformed symbol.
  • An OFDM symbol is composed of a transformed symbol and its cyclic prefix.
  • Each OFDM symbol contains N S +N cp samples and has a duration of N S +N cp sample periods, which is one OFDM symbol period.
  • the size of the cyclic prefix relative to that of the OFDM symbol may have a large impact on the efficiency of an OFDM system.
  • the cyclic prefix must be transmitted with each OFDM symbol to simplify the receiver processing in a multipath environment but carries no additional information.
  • the cyclic prefix may be viewed as bandwidth that must be wasted as a price of operating in the multipath environment. The proportion of bandwidth wasted in this way can be computed using the formula N cp N S + N cp .
  • N cp 16 samples and N S is 64 samples
  • 20% of the bandwidth is lost to cyclic prefix overhead.
  • This percentage may be decreased by using a relatively large value of N S .
  • using a large value of N S can also lead to inefficiency, especially where the size of the information unit or packet to be transmitted is much smaller than the capacity of the OFDM symbol. For example, if each OFDM symbol can carry 480 information bits, but the most common packet contains 96 bits, then packing efficiency will be poor and much of the capacity of the OFDM symbol will be wasted when this common packet is sent.
  • Orthogonal frequency division multiple-access can ameliorate the inefficiency due to excess capacity resulting from the use of a large OFDM symbol.
  • OFDMA multiple users share the large OFDM symbol using frequency domain multiplexing. This is achieved by reserving a set of subbands for signaling and allocating different disjoint sets of subbands to different users.
  • data transmission using OFDMA may be complicated by various factors such as, for example, different power requirements, propagation delays, Doppler frequency shifts, and/or timing for different users sharing the large OFDM symbol.
  • OFDM symbol sizes may be selected based on the expected sizes of the different types of payload to be transmitted in an OFDM system.
  • the system traffic may be arranged into different categories. For each category, one or more OFDM symbols of the proper sizes may be selected for use based on the expected payload size for the traffic in that category.
  • the system traffic may be arranged into control data, user data, and pilot data.
  • Control data may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of a first size
  • user data may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of a second size and the OFDM symbol of the first size
  • pilot data may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of a third size (or the first size).
  • the user data may further be arranged into sub-categories such as, for example, voice data, packet data, messaging data, and so on.
  • a particular OFDM symbol size may then be selected for each sub-category of user data.
  • the data for each user may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of a particular size selected for that user.
  • OFDM symbols of different sizes may be used for a given user data packet to better match the capacity of the OFDM symbols to the packet payload.
  • any number of OFDM symbol sizes may be used for an OFDM system, and any particular OFDM symbol size may be selected for use.
  • a combination of two OFDM symbol sizes are used so as to maximize packing efficiency.
  • a small or short OFDM symbol size (e.g., with 64 subbands) is used for pilot and control data.
  • User data may be sent within zero or more OFDM symbols having a large or long OFDM symbol size (e.g., with 256 subbands) and zero or more OFDM symbols having the small OFDM symbol size, depending on the payload size.
  • the processing at a transmitter and receiver may be performed in a manner to account for the use of OFDM symbols of different sizes, as described below.
  • encoding, interleaving, symbol mapping, and spatial processing may be performed in a manner to account for the use of OFDM symbols of different sizes, as described below.
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an OFDM modulator
  • FIG. 2 shows OFDM symbols of different sizes and the overhead due to the cyclic prefix
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B show the use of OFDM symbols of different sizes to transmit different types of data
  • FIG. 4 shows an IFFT unit with S stages for generating OFDM symbols of different sizes
  • FIG. 5 shows an illustrative MIMO-OFDM system
  • FIG. 6 shows a frame structure for a TDD MIMO-OFDM system
  • FIG. 7 shows a structure for a data packet and a PHY frame
  • FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an access point and two user terminals
  • FIG. 9A shows a block diagram of a transmitter unit that may be used for the access point and the user terminal.
  • FIG. 9B shows a block diagram of a modulator within the transmitter unit.
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an OFDM modulator 100 that may be used in an OFDM system.
  • the data to be transmitted i.e., the information bits
  • the encoder may utilize a forward error correction (FEC) code such as a block code, convolutional code, or turbo code.
  • FEC forward error correction
  • the code bits are then grouped into B-bit binary values, where B ⁇ 1.
  • Each modulation symbol is a complex value in a signal constellation corresponding to the modulation scheme used for that modulation symbol.
  • one modulation symbol may be transmitted on each subband used for data transmission, and a signal value of zero is provided for each unused subband.
  • An inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) unit 110 transforms the N S modulation symbols and zeros for all N S subbands in each OFDM symbol period to the time domain using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), to obtain a transformed symbol that comprises N S samples.
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
  • a cyclic prefix generator 120 then repeats a portion of each transformed symbol to obtain a corresponding OFDM symbol that comprises N S +N cp samples.
  • the cyclic prefix is used to combat frequency selective fading (i.e., a frequency response that varies across the overall system bandwidth), which is caused by delay spread in the system.
  • the delay spread for a transmitter is the difference between the earliest and latest arriving signal instances at a receiver for a signal transmitted by that transmitter.
  • the delay spread of the system is the expected worst-case delay spread for all transmitters and receivers in the system.
  • the frequency selective fading causes inter-symbol interference (ISI), which is a phenomenon whereby each symbol in a received signal acts as distortion to subsequent symbols in the received signal.
  • ISI inter-symbol interference
  • the ISI distortion degrades performance by impacting the ability to correctly detect the received symbols.
  • the length of the cyclic prefix is typically selected based on the delay spread of the system such that the cyclic prefix contains a significant portion of all multipath energies.
  • the cyclic prefix represents a fixed overhead of N cp samples for each OFDM symbol.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates OFDM symbols of different sizes including the fixed overhead due to the cyclic prefix.
  • the size or duration of an OFDM symbol is dependent on the number of subbands. If the system bandwidth is divided into N subbands with the use of an N-point IFFT, then the resulting transformed symbol comprises N samples and spans N sample periods or N/W ⁇ sec. As shown in FIG. 2, the system bandwidth may also be divided into 2N subbands with the use of a 2N-point IFFT. In this case, the resulting transformed symbol would comprise 2N samples, span 2N sample periods, and have approximately twice the data-carrying capacity of the transformed symbol with N samples. Similarly, FIG. 2 also shows how the system bandwidth may be divided into 4N subbands with the use of a 4N-point IFFT. The resulting transformed symbol would then comprise 4N samples and have approximately four times the data-carrying capacity of the transformed symbol with N samples.
  • FIG. 2 indicates that improved efficiency (from the cyclic prefix standpoint) may be attained by using an OFDM symbol with the largest size possible.
  • the largest OFDM symbol that may be used is typically constrained by the coherence time of the wireless channel, which is the time over which the wireless channel is essentially constant.
  • the use of the largest possible OFDM symbol may be inefficient from other standpoints.
  • the data-carrying capacity of the OFDM symbol is much greater than the size of the payload to be sent, then the remaining excess capacity of the OFDM symbol will go unused.
  • This excess capacity of the OFDM symbol represents inefficiency. If the OFDM symbol is too large, then the inefficiency due to excess-capacity may be greater than the inefficiency due to the cyclic prefix.
  • the OFDM symbol sizes used to transmit a unit of data may be selected from a set of available OFDM symbol sizes, which may in turn be selected based on the expected sizes of the different types of payload to be transmitted in the OFDM system.
  • the system traffic may be arranged into different categories. For each category, one or more OFDM symbols of the proper sizes may be selected for use based on the expected payload size for the traffic in that category and possibly other considerations (e.g., implementation complexity).
  • An OFDM symbol may be viewed as a boxcar that is used to send data.
  • One or more boxcars of the proper sizes may be selected for each category of data depending on the amount of data expected to be sent for that category.
  • a unit of data may be sent using multiple boxcars having identical sizes or having varying sizes. For example, if a unit of data consumes 2.1 times the capacity of a “large” boxcar, then the unit of data may be sent using two “large” boxcars and one “small” boxcar.
  • the system traffic may be divided into three basic categories—control data, user data, and pilot data.
  • Control data typically constitutes a small fraction (e.g., less than 10%) of the total system traffic and is usually sent in smaller blocks.
  • User data constitutes the bulk of the system traffic.
  • a short OFDM symbol may be used to send control data and pilot, and a combination of long OFDM symbols and short OFDM symbols may be used to send user data.
  • FIG. 3A shows the use of OFDM symbols of different sizes to transmit different types of data in an OFDM system. For simplicity, only one OFDM symbol size is used for each category and type of data in FIG. 3A. In general, any number of OFDM symbol sizes may be used for each category and type of data.
  • pilot data may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of size N Sa
  • control data may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of size N Sb
  • different types of user data (or data for different users) may be transmitted using OFDM symbols of sizes N Sc through N Sq .
  • the user data may be further arranged into sub-categories such as, for example, voice data, packet data, messaging data, and so on.
  • a suitable OFDM symbol size may then be selected for each sub-category of user data.
  • the data for each user may be transmitted using an OFDM symbol of a suitable size for that user.
  • the OFDM symbol size for a particular user may be selected based on various considerations such as, for example, the amount of data to transmit, the coherence time of the wireless channel for the user, and so on.
  • any number of OFDM symbol sizes may be used for the OFDM system, and any particular OFDM symbol size may be selected for use.
  • the minimum OFDM symbol size is dictated by the cyclic prefix overhead and the maximum OFDM symbol size is dictated by the coherence time of the wireless channel.
  • OFDM symbol sizes that are powers of two are normally selected for use because of the ease in transforming between the time and frequency domains with the IFFT and fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operations.
  • FIG. 3A shows the transmission of different types of data in different time segments in a time division multiplexed (TDM) manner.
  • TDM time division multiplexed
  • Each frame (which is of a particular time duration) is partitioned into multiple time segments.
  • Each time segment may be used to transmit data of a particular type.
  • the different types of data may also be transmitted in other manners, and this is within the scope of the invention.
  • the pilot and control data may be transmitted on different sets of subbands in the same time segment.
  • all user data may be transmitted in one time segment for each frame.
  • the particular OFDM symbol size to use for each time segment may be determined by various manners.
  • the OFDM symbol size to use for each time segment is fixed and known a priori by both the transmitters and receivers in the OFDM system.
  • the OFDM symbol size for each time segment may be configurable and indicated, for example, by signaling sent for each frame.
  • the OFDM symbol sizes for some time segments e.g., for the pilot and control data
  • the OFDM symbol sizes for other time segments e.g., for the user data
  • the transmitter may use the fixed-symbol-size control data channel to transmit the OFDM symbol sizes to be used in subsequent user-data OFDM symbols.
  • FIG. 3B shows the use of two different OFDM symbol sizes of N and 4N for different types of data.
  • each frame is partitioned into three time segments for pilot, control data, and user data. Pilot and control data are transmitted using an OFDM symbol of size N, and user data is transmitted using an OFDM symbol of size 4N and the OFDM symbol of size N.
  • Pilot and control data are transmitted using an OFDM symbol of size N
  • user data is transmitted using an OFDM symbol of size 4N and the OFDM symbol of size N.
  • One or multiple OFDM symbols of size N may be transmitted for each of the time segments for pilot and control data.
  • Zero or multiple OFDM symbols of size 4N and zero or multiple OFDM symbols of size N may be transmitted for the time segment for user data.
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a variable-size IFFT unit 400 capable of generating OFDM symbols of different sizes.
  • the modulation symbols for each OFDM symbol period are provided to a zero insertion and sorting unit 410 , which sorts the modulation symbols, for example in bit-reversed order, and inserts an appropriate number of zeros when a smaller OFDM symbol is being generated.
  • Unit 410 provides N max sorted modulation symbols and zeros to a first butterfly stage 420 a , which performs a set of butterfly computations for 2-point inverse discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs).
  • DFTs 2-point inverse discrete Fourier transforms
  • the outputs from first butterfly stage 420 a are then processed by each of subsequent butterfly stages 420 b through 420 s .
  • Each butterfly stage 420 performs a set of butterfly operations with a set of coefficients applicable for that
  • the outputs from last butterfly stage 420 s are provided to a selector unit 430 , which provides the time-domain samples for each OFDM symbol.
  • a selector unit 430 To perform an N max -point IFFT, all butterfly stages are enabled and N max samples are provided by selector unit 430 .
  • N max /2-point IFFT To perform an N max /2-point IFFT, all but the last butterfly stage 420 s are enabled and N max /2 samples are provided by selector unit 430 .
  • To perform an N max /4-point IFFT all but the last two butterfly stages 420 r and 420 s are enabled and N max /4 samples are provided by selector unit 430 .
  • a control unit 440 receives an indication of the particular OFDM symbol size to use for the current OFDM symbol period and provides the control signals for units 410 and 430 and butterfly stages 420 .
  • IFFT unit 400 may implement a decimation-in-time or a decimation-in-frequency IFFT algorithm. Moreover, IFFT unit 400 may implement radix-4 or radix-2 IFFT, although radix-4 IFFT may be more efficient. IFFT unit 400 may be designed to include one or multiple butterfly computation units. At the extremes, one butterfly computation unit may be used for a time-shared IFFT implementation, and N max /radix butterfly computation units may be used for a fully parallel IFFT implementation. Typically, the number of butterfly computation units required is determined by the clock speed for these units, the OFDM symbol rate, and the maximum IFFT size. Proper control of these butterfly computation units in conjunction with memory management allow IFFT of different sizes to be performed using a single IFFT unit.
  • a cyclic prefix generator 120 repeats a portion of each transformed symbol output by selector unit 430 to provide a cyclic prefix for each OFDM symbol.
  • the same cyclic prefix length may be used for OFDM symbols of different sizes and may be selected based on the delay spread of the system as described above.
  • the cyclic prefix length may also be configurable. For example, the cyclic prefix length used for each receiver may be selected based on the delay spread of the receiver, which may be shorter than the delay spread of the system.
  • the configured cyclic prefix length may be signaled to the receiver or made known to the receiver by some other means.
  • OFDM symbols of different sizes may be advantageously used in various types of OFDM systems.
  • multiple OFDM symbol sizes may be used for (1) single-input single-output OFDM systems that use a single antenna for transmission and reception, (2) multiple-input single-output OFDM systems that use multiple antennas for transmission and a single antenna for reception, (3) single-input multiple-output OFDM systems that use a single antenna for transmission and multiple antennas for reception, and (4) multiple-input multiple-output OFDM systems (i.e., MIMO-OFDM systems) that use multiple antennas for transmission and reception.
  • MIMO-OFDM systems multiple-input multiple-output OFDM systems
  • Multiple OFDM symbol sizes may also be used for (1) frequency division duplexed (FDD) OFDM systems that use different frequency bands for the downlink and uplink, and (2) time division duplexed (TDD) OFDM systems that use one frequency band for both the downlink and uplink in a time-shared manner.
  • FDD frequency division duplexed
  • TDD time division duplexed
  • FIG. 5 shows an exemplary MIMO-OFDM system 500 with a number of access points (APs) 510 that support communication for a number of user terminals (UTs) 520 .
  • An access point is a fixed station used for communicating with the user terminals and may also be referred to as a base station or some other terminology.
  • a user terminal may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), a wireless device, or some other terminology.
  • User terminals 520 may be dispersed throughout the system. Each user terminal may be a fixed or mobile terminal and may communicate with one or possibly multiple access points on the downlink and/or uplink at any given moment.
  • the downlink i.e., forward link
  • the uplink i.e., reverse link
  • access point 510 a communicates with user terminals 520 a through 520 f
  • access point 510 b communicates with user terminals 520 f through 520 k
  • a system controller 530 couples to access points 510 and may be designed to perform a number of functions such as (1) coordination and control for the access points coupled to it, (2) routing of data among these access points, and (3) access and control of communication with the user terminals served by these access points.
  • FIG. 6 shows an exemplary frame structure 600 that may be used for MIMO-OFDM system 500 .
  • Data transmission occurs in units of TDD frames, each of which spans a particular time duration (e.g., 2 msec).
  • Each TDD frame is partitioned into a downlink phase and an uplink phase, and each downlink or uplink phase is further partitioned into multiple segments for multiple transport channels.
  • the downlink transport channels include a broadcast channel (BCH), a forward control channel (FCCH), and a forward channel (FCH), and the uplink transport channels include a reverse channel (RCH) and a random access channel (RACH).
  • BCH broadcast channel
  • FCCH forward control channel
  • FCH forward channel
  • RACH random access channel
  • a BCH segment 610 is used to transmit one BCH protocol data unit (PDU) 612 , which includes a portion 614 for a beacon pilot, a portion 616 for a MIMO pilot, and a portion 618 for a BCH message.
  • the BCH message carries system parameters for the user terminals in the system.
  • An FCCH segment 620 is used to transmit one FCCH PDU, which carries assignments for downlink and uplink resources and other signaling for the user terminals.
  • An FCH segment 630 is used to transmit one or more FCH PDUs 632 on the downlink. Different types of FCH PDU may be defined.
  • an FCH PDU 632 a includes a portion 634 a for a pilot (e.g., a steered reference) and a portion 636 a for a data packet.
  • the pilot portion is also referred to as a “preamble”.
  • An FCH PDU 632 b includes a single portion 636 b for a data packet.
  • the different types of pilots (beacon pilot, MIMO pilot, and steered reference) are described in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
  • an RCH segment 640 is used to transmit one or more RCH PDUs 642 on the uplink.
  • RCH PDU 642 a includes a single portion 646 a for a data packet.
  • An RCH PDU 642 b includes a portion 644 b for a pilot (e.g., a steered reference) and a portion 646 b for a data packet.
  • An RACH segment 650 is used by the user terminals to gain access to the system and to send short messages on the uplink.
  • An RACH PDU 652 may be sent in RACH segment 650 and includes a portion 654 for a pilot (e.g., a steered reference) and a portion 656 for a message.
  • a suitable OFDM symbol size may be selected for use for each transport channel. If a large amount of data is expected to be transmitted on a given transport channel, then a large OFDM symbol may be used for that transport channel. The cyclic prefix would then represent a smaller percentage of the large OFDM symbol, and greater efficiency may be achieved. Conversely, if a small amount of data is expected to be transmitted on a given transport channel, than a small OFDM symbol may be used for that transport channel. Even though the cyclic prefix represents a larger percentage of the small OFDM symbol, greater efficiency may still be achieved by reducing the amount of excess capacity.
  • the OFDM symbol size for each transport channel may be selected to match the expected payload size for the type of data to be transmitted on that transport channel. Different OFDM symbol sizes may be used for different transport channels. Moreover, multiple OFDM symbol sizes may be used for a given transport channel. For example, each PDU type for the FCH and RCH may be associated with a suitable OFDM symbol size for that PDU type. A large OFDM symbol may be used for a large-size FCH/RCH PDU type, and a small OFDM symbol may be used for a small-size FCH/RCH PDU type.
  • the BCH, FCCH, and RACH utilize the small OFDM symbol
  • the FCH and RCH utilize both the small and large OFDM symbols as appropriate.
  • Other OFDM symbol sizes may also be used for the transport channels, and this is within the scope of the invention.
  • the 64 subbands for the small OFDM symbol are assigned indices of ⁇ 32 to +31.
  • 48 subbands e.g., with indices of ⁇ 1, . . . , 6, 8, . . . , 20, 22, . . . , 26 ⁇
  • 4 subbands e.g., with indices of ⁇ 7, 21 ⁇
  • the DC subband with index of 0
  • the remaining subbands are also not used and serve as guard subbands.
  • This OFDM subband structure is described in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
  • the 256 subbands for the large OFDM symbol are assigned indices of ⁇ 128 to +127.
  • the subbands for the small OFDM symbol may be mapped to the subbands for the large OFDM symbol based on the following:
  • the BCH segment has a fixed duration of 80 ⁇ sec, and each of the remaining segments has a variable duration.
  • the start of each PDU sent on the FCH and RCH relative to the start of the FCH and RCH segments and the start of the RACH segment relative to the start of the TDD frame are provided in the FCCH message sent in the FCCH segment.
  • Different OFDM symbol sizes are associated with different symbol durations. Since different OFDM symbol sizes are used for different transport channels (and different OFDM symbol sizes may also be used for the same transport channel), the offsets for the FCH and RCH PDUs are specified with the proper time resolution.
  • the time resolution may be the cyclic prefix length of 800 nsec.
  • a 12-bit value may be used to indicate the start of each FCH/RCH PDU.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary structure for a data packet 636 x that may be sent in an FCH or RCH PDU on the FCH or RCH.
  • the data packet is sent using an integer number of PHY frames 710 .
  • Each PHY frame 710 includes a payload field 722 that carries the data for the PHY frame, a CRC field 724 for a CRC value for the PHY frame, and a tail bit field 726 for a set of zeros used to flush out the encoder.
  • the first PHY frame 710 a for the data packet further includes a header field 720 , which indicates the message type and duration.
  • the last PHY frame 710 m for the data packet further includes a pad bit field 728 , which contains zero padding bits at the end of the payload in order to fill the last PHY frame.
  • This PHY frame structure is described in further detail in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309. If one antenna is used for data transmission, then each PHY frame 710 may be processed to obtain one OFDM symbol 750 .
  • the same PHY frame structure may be used for a message sent on the BCH or FCCH.
  • a BCH/FCCH message may be sent using an integer number of PHY frames, each of which may be processed to obtain one OFDM symbol. Multiple OFDM symbols may be transmitted for the BCH/FCCH message.
  • one PHY frame of data is sent in each OFDM symbol.
  • Different PHY frame sizes may be used for different OFDM symbol sizes.
  • Each PHY frame of data may be coded based on a particular coding scheme and may further include a CRC value that permits individual PHY frames to be checked and retransmitted if necessary.
  • the number of information bits that may be sent in each PHY frame is dependent on the coding and modulation schemes selected for use for that PHY frame.
  • the small PHY frame and small OFDM symbol are used for the BCH and FCCH. Both small and large PHY frames and small and large OFDM symbols may be used for the FCH and RCH.
  • a data packet may be sent using any number of large OFDM symbols and a small number of small OFDM symbols. If the large OFDM symbol is four times the size of the small OFDM symbol, then a data packet may be sent using N L large OFDM symbols and N SM small OFDM symbols (where N L ⁇ 0 and 3 ⁇ N SM ⁇ 0). The N SM small OFDM symbols at the end of the N L large OFDM symbols reduce the amount of unused capacity. OFDM symbols of different sizes may thus be used to better match the capacity of the OFDM symbols to the packet payload to maximize packing efficiency.
  • the OFDM symbol sizes used for data transmission may be provided to a receiver in various manners.
  • the FCCH provides the start of each data packet transmitted on the FCH and RCH and the rate of the packet. Some other equivalent information may also be signaled to the receiver. The receiver is then able to determine the size of each data packet being sent, the number of long and short OFDM symbols used for that data packet, and the start of each OFDM symbol. This information is then used by the receiver to determine the size of the FFT to be performed for each received OFDM symbol and to properly align the timing of the FFT. In another embodiment, the start of each data packet and its rate are not signaled to the receiver.
  • blind detection may be used, and the receiver can perform an FFT for every 16 samples (i.e., the cyclic prefix length) and determine whether or not a PHY frame was sent by checking the CRC value included in the PHY frame.
  • a MIMO channel is formed by the N ap antennas at the access point and the N ut antennas at the user terminal.
  • the MIMO channel may be decomposed into N C independent channels, with N C ⁇ min ⁇ N ap , N ut ⁇ .
  • Each of the N C independent channels is also referred to as an eigenmode of the MIMO channel, where “eigenmode” normally refers to a theoretical construct.
  • eigenmode normally refers to a theoretical construct.
  • up to N C independent data streams may be sent concurrently the N C eigenmodes of the MIMO channel.
  • the MIMO channel may also be viewed as including N C spatial channels that may be used for data transmission. Each spatial channel may or may not correspond to an eigenmode, depending on whether or not the spatial processing at the transmitter was successful in orthogonalizing the data streams.
  • the MIMO-OFDM system may be designed to support a number of transmission modes.
  • Table 2 lists the transmission modes that may be used for the downlink and uplink for a user terminal equipped with multiple antennas. TABLE 2 Transmission modes Description
  • Diversity Data is redundantly transmitted from multiple transmit antennas and subbands to provide diversity.
  • Beam-steering Data is transmitted on a single (best) spatial channel at full power using the phase steering information based on the principal eigenmode of the MIMO channel.
  • Spatial multiplexing Data is transmitted on multiple spatial channels to achieve higher spectral efficiency.
  • one PHY frame of a selected rate may be generated for each OFDM symbol period for transmission on the best spatial channel.
  • This PHY frame is initially processed to obtain a set of modulation symbols, which is then spatially processed to obtain N T sets of transmit symbols for N T transmit antennas.
  • the set of transmit symbols for each antenna is further processed to obtain an OFDM symbol for that antenna.
  • up to N C PHY frames of the same or different rates may be generated for each OFDM symbol period for transmission on the N C spatial channels.
  • the up to N C PHY frames are initially processed to obtain up to N C sets of modulation symbols, which are then spatially processed to obtain N T sets of transmit symbols for N T transmit antennas.
  • the set of transmit symbols for each antenna is further processed to obtain an OFDM symbol for that antenna.
  • the diversity mode utilizes space-time transmit diversity (STTD) for dual transmit diversity on a per-subband basis.
  • STTD space-time transmit diversity
  • STTD supports simultaneous transmission of independent symbol streams on two transmit antennas while maintaining orthogonality at the receiver.
  • the STTD scheme operates as follows. Suppose that two modulation symbols, denoted as s 1 and s 2 , are to be transmitted on a given subband.
  • each STTD symbol is typically transmitted sequentially in two OFDM symbol periods from a respective transmit antenna (i.e., STTD symbol x 1 is transmitted from antenna 1 in two OFDM symbol periods, and STTD symbol x 2 is transmitted from antenna 2 in the same two OFDM symbol periods).
  • the duration of each STTD symbol is thus two OFDM symbol periods.
  • the two STTD symbols x 1 and x 2 are transmitted concurrently on a pair of subbands from two antennas.
  • the two elements s 1 and s 2 for the STTD symbol x 1 may be transmitted on subband k from two antennas, and the two elements ⁇ s 2 * and s 1 * for the STTD symbol x 2 may be transmitted on subband k+1 from the same two antennas.
  • Table 3 lists an exemplary subband-antenna assignment scheme for the STTD scheme using four transmit antennas.
  • Table 3 lists an exemplary subband-antenna assignment scheme for the STTD scheme using four transmit antennas.
  • TABLE 3 Short OFDM Subband TX Bit Indices Ant Index — — — — ⁇ 26 1, 2 0 ⁇ 25 3, 4 6 ⁇ 24 1, 3 12 ⁇ 23 2, 4 18 ⁇ 22 1, 4 24 ⁇ 21 1 P0 ⁇ 20 2, 3 30 ⁇ 19 1, 2 36 ⁇ 18 3, 4 42 ⁇ 17 1, 3 2 ⁇ 16 2, 4 8 ⁇ 15 1, 4 14 ⁇ 14 2, 3 20 ⁇ 13 1, 2 26 ⁇ 12 3, 4 32 ⁇ 11 1, 3 38 ⁇ 10 2, 4 44 ⁇ 9 1, 4 4 ⁇ 8 2, 3 10 ⁇ 7 2 P1 ⁇ 6 1, 2 16 ⁇ 5 3, 4 22 ⁇ 4 1, 3 28 ⁇ 3 2, 4 34 ⁇ 2 1, 4 40 ⁇ 1 2, 3 46 0 1 3, 4 1 2 1, 2 7 3 2, 4 13 4 1, 3 19
  • transmit antennas 1 and 2 are used for short OFDM subband with index ⁇ 26
  • transmit antennas 3 and 4 are used for short OFDM subband with index ⁇ 25
  • the subband-antenna assignment is such that (1) each of the six possible antenna pairings with four transmit antennas is used for 8 data subbands, which are uniformly distributed across the 48 data subbands, and (2) the antenna pairing to subband assignment is such that different antennas are used for adjacent subbands, which may provide greater frequency and spatial diversity.
  • the subband-antenna assignment scheme shown in Table 3 may also be used for the long OFDM symbol based on the mapping shown in equation (1) between the short and long OFDM symbol subband indices.
  • transmit antennas 1 and 2 may be used for long OFDM subbands with indices ⁇ 104, ⁇ 103, ⁇ 102, ⁇ 101 ⁇ , which are associated with short OFDM subband with index ⁇ 26.
  • FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of an access point 510 x and two user terminals 520 x and 520 y within MIMO-OFDM system 500 .
  • a transmit (TX) data processor 810 receives user data (i.e., information bits) from a data source 808 and control data and other data from a controller 830 and possibly a scheduler 834 .
  • the functions of the controller 830 and the scheduler 834 may be performed by a single processor or multiple processors. These various types of data may be sent on different transport channels.
  • TX data processor 810 processes the different types of data based on one or more coding and modulation schemes and provides a stream of modulation symbols for each spatial channel to be used for data transmission.
  • a TX spatial processor 820 receives one or more modulation symbol streams from TX data processor 810 and performs spatial processing on the modulation symbols to provide one stream of “transmit” symbols for each transmit antenna. The processing by processors 810 and 820 is described below.
  • Each modulator (MOD) 822 receives and processes a respective transmit symbol stream to provide a corresponding stream of OFDM symbols, which is further processed to provide a corresponding downlink signal.
  • the downlink signals from N ap modulators 822 a through 822 ap are then transmitted from N ap antennas 824 a through 824 ap , respectively.
  • each user terminal 520 one or multiple antennas 852 receive the transmitted downlink signals, and each antenna provides a receiver input signal to a respective demodulator (DEMOD) 854 .
  • Each demodulator 854 performs processing complementary to that performed at modulator 822 and provides “received” symbols.
  • a receive (RX) spatial processor 860 then performs spatial processing on the received symbols from all demodulators 854 to provide “recovered” symbols, which are estimates of the modulation symbols sent by the access point.
  • An RX data processor 870 receives and demultiplexes the recovered symbols into their respective transport channels.
  • the recovered symbols for each transport channel may be processed to provide decoded data for that transport channel.
  • the decoded data for each transport channel may include recovered user data, control data, and so on, which may be provided to a data sink 872 for storage and/or a controller 880 for further processing.
  • the processing by access point 510 and terminal 520 for the downlink is described in further detail below and in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
  • the processing for the uplink may be the same or different from the processing for the downlink.
  • RX spatial processor 860 For the downlink, at each active user terminal 520 , RX spatial processor 860 further estimates the downlink channel and provides channel state information (CSI).
  • the CSI may include channel response estimates, received SNRs, and so on.
  • RX data processor 870 may also provide the status of each packet/frame received on the downlink.
  • a controller 880 receives the channel state information and the packet/frame status and determines the feedback information to be sent back to the access point. Controller 880 may further process the downlink channel estimates to obtain steering vectors, which are used to transmit a steered reference to the access point and for spatial processing of downlink data reception and uplink data transmission.
  • the feedback information and uplink data are processed by a TX data processor 890 , multiplexed with pilot data and spatially processed by a TX spatial processor 892 (if present), conditioned by one or more modulators 854 , and transmitted via one or more antennas 852 back to the access point.
  • the transmitted uplink signal(s) are received by antennas 824 , demodulated by demodulators 822 , and processed by an RX spatial processor 840 and an RX data processor 842 in a complementary manner to that performed at the user terminal.
  • the recovered feedback information is then provided to controller 830 and a scheduler 834 .
  • Scheduler 834 may use the feedback information to perform a number of functions such as (1) selecting a set of user terminals for data transmission on the downlink and uplink, (2) selecting the rates for the selected user terminals, and (3) assigning the available FCH/RCH resources to the selected terminals.
  • Controller 830 may further use information (e.g., steering vectors) obtained from the uplink transmission for the processing of the downlink transmission, as described below.
  • Controllers 830 and 880 control the operation of various processing units at the access point and the user terminal, respectively.
  • controller 830 may determine the payload size of each data packet sent on the downlink and select OFDM symbols of the proper sizes for each downlink data packet.
  • controller 880 may determine the payload size of each data packet sent on the uplink and select OFDM symbols of the proper-sizes for each uplink data packet.
  • the OFDM symbol size selection may be performed for the downlink and uplink in various manners.
  • controller 830 and/or scheduler 834 determines the specific OFDM symbol sizes to use for both the downlink and uplink.
  • the controller at the transmitter determines the specific OFDM symbol sizes to use for transmission.
  • the OFDM symbol size selection may then be provided to the receiver (e.g., via signaling on an overhead channel or signaling within the transmission itself).
  • the controller at the receiver determines the specific OFDM symbol sizes to use for transmission, and the OFDM symbol size selection is provided to the transmitter.
  • the OFDM symbol size selection may be provided in various forms.
  • the specific OFDM symbol sizes to use for a given transmission may be derived from scheduling information for that transmission, which may include, for example, the transmission mode, spatial channels, rate, and time interval to use for the transmission.
  • the scheduling information may be generated by controller 830 and/or scheduler 834 , the controller at the transmitter, or the controller at the receiver.
  • the specific combination of large and small OFDM symbols to use for each data packet is dependent on the packet payload size and the OFDM symbol capacity for each of the available OFDM symbol sizes.
  • the modulation and coding scheme allows M information bits to be sent per modulation symbol.
  • the data packet be N P bits in length.
  • the controller computes two intermediate values, l and m, as follows:
  • the “int” operation on a provides the integer value of a
  • Controllers 830 and 880 provide the OFDM symbol size control signals to modulators/demodulators 822 and 854 , respectively.
  • the OFDM symbol size control signal is used by the modulators to determine the size of the IFFT operations for downlink transmission, and is also used by the demodulators to determine the size of the FFT operations for uplink transmission.
  • the OFDM symbol size control signal is used by the demodulator(s) to determine the size of the FFT operations for downlink transmission, and is also used by the modulator(s) to determine the size of the IFFT operations for uplink transmission.
  • Memory units 832 and 882 store data and program codes used by controllers 830 and 880 , respectively.
  • FIG. 9A shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter unit 900 that may be used for the transmitter portion of the access point and the user terminal.
  • a framing unit 910 “frames” the data for each packet to be transmitted on the FCH or RCH.
  • the framing may be performed as illustrated in FIG. 7 to provide one or more PHY frames for each user data packet.
  • the framing may be omitted for other transport channels.
  • a scrambler 912 then scrambles the framed/unframed data for each transport channel to randomize the data.
  • An encoder 914 then codes the scrambled data in accordance with a selected coding scheme to provide code bits.
  • the encoding increases the reliability of the data transmission.
  • a repeat/puncture unit 916 then either repeats or punctures (i.e., deletes) some of the code bits to obtain the desired code rate for each PHY frame.
  • encoder 914 is a rate 1 ⁇ 2 constraint length 7, binary convolutional encoder.
  • a code rate of 1 ⁇ 4 may be obtained by repeating each code bit once.
  • Code rates greater than 1 ⁇ 2 may be obtained by deleting some of the code bits from encoder 914 .
  • An interleaver 918 then interleaves (i.e., reorders) the code bits from unit 916 based on a particular interleaving scheme.
  • the interleaving provides time, frequency, and/or spatial diversity for the code bits.
  • each group of 48 consecutive code bits to be transmitted on a given spatial channel is interleaved across the 48 data subbands for the short OFDM symbol to provide frequency diversity.
  • the 48 code bits in each group may be assigned indices of 0 through 47. Each code bit index is associated with a respective short OFDM subband.
  • Table 3 shows an exemplary code bit-subband assignment that may be used for the interleaving. All code bits with a particular index are transmitted on the associated subband. For example, the first code bit (with index 0) in each group is transmitted on short OFDM subband ⁇ 26, the second code bit (with index 1) is transmitted on subband 1, and so on.
  • each group of 192 consecutive code bits to be transmitted on a given spatial channel is interleaved across the 192 data subbands for the long OFDM symbol.
  • the same interleaving scheme is thus essentially used for both the short and long OFDM symbols.
  • a symbol mapping unit 920 maps the interleaved data in accordance with one or more modulation schemes to provide modulation symbols. As shown in Table 1, the specific modulation scheme to use is dependent on the selected rate. The same modulation scheme is used for all data subbands in the diversity mode. A different modulation scheme may be used for each spatial channel in the spatial multiplexing mode.
  • the symbol mapping may be achieved by (1) grouping sets of B bits to form B-bit binary values, where B ⁇ 1, and (2) mapping each B-bit binary value to a point in a signal constellation corresponding to the selected modulation scheme.
  • Symbol mapping unit 920 provides a stream of modulation symbols to TX spatial processor 920 .
  • TX spatial processor 820 receives the modulation symbols from TX data processor 810 and performs spatial processing for the spatial multiplexing, beam-steering, or diversity mode. The spatial processing is described in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309. TX spatial processor 820 provides one stream of transmit symbols to each of N ap modulators 822 a through 822 ap.
  • FIG. 9B shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a modulator 822 x , which may be used for each of modulators 822 a through 822 ap in FIG. 9A.
  • Modulator 822 x includes an OFDM modulator 930 coupled to a transmitter unit (TMTR) 940 .
  • OFDM modulator 930 includes a variable-size IFFT unit 932 coupled to a cyclic prefix generator 934 .
  • IFFT unit 932 may be implemented with IFFT unit 400 shown in FIG. 4.
  • IFFT unit 932 performs N-point IFFTs on the stream of transmit symbols provided to modulator 822 x , where N is variable and determined by the OFDM symbol size control signal provided by controller 830 .
  • controller 830 may select the small OFDM symbol size for the BCH and FCCH segments (as shown in FIG. 6) and may select a combination of the small and large OFDM symbol sizes for the FCH segment, as described above.
  • Cyclic prefix generator 934 appends a cyclic prefix to each transformed symbol from IFFT unit 932 .
  • the output of cyclic prefix generator 934 is a stream of OFDM symbols having varying sizes, as determined by controller 830 .
  • Transmitter unit 940 converts the stream of OFDM symbols into one or more analog signals, and further amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts the analog signals to generate a downlink signal suitable for transmission from an associated antenna 824 .
  • pilots may be transmitted to support various functions, such as timing and frequency acquisition, channel estimation, calibration, and so on.
  • Table 4 lists four types of pilot and their short description.
  • Beacon Pilot A pilot transmitted from all transmit antennas and used for timing and frequency acquisition.
  • MIMO Pilot A pilot transmitted from all transmit antennas with different orthogonal codes and used for channel estimation.
  • Steered Reference A pilot transmitted on specific eigenmodes of a MIMO channel for a specific user terminal and used for channel estimation and possibly rate control.
  • Carrier Pilot A pilot used for phase tracking of a carrier signal.
  • the receiver may then perform singular value decomposition of the channel response matrix H(k) for each subband, as follows:
  • U(k) is an (N T ⁇ N R ) unitary matrix of left eigenvectors of H(k);
  • ⁇ (k) is an (N R ⁇ N T ) diagonal matrix of singular values of H(k);
  • V(k) is an (N T ⁇ N T ) unitary matrix of right eigenvectors of H(k);
  • H denotes the conjugate transpose
  • N T denotes the number of transmit antennas
  • N R denotes the number of receive antennas.
  • I is the identity matrix.
  • the singular values in each diagonal matrix ⁇ (k) may be ordered from largest to smallest, and the columns in the matrices U(k) and V(k) may be ordered correspondingly.
  • a “wideband” eigenmode may be defined as the set of same-order eigenmodes of all subbands after the ordering.
  • wideband eigenmode m includes eigenmode m of all subbands.
  • Each wideband eigenmode is associated with a respective set of eigenvectors for all of the subbands.
  • the “principal” wideband eigenmode is the one associated with the largest singular value in each matrix ⁇ (k) after the ordering.
  • the channel response matrix for one link is the transpose of the channel response matrix for the other link.
  • Calibration may be performed to account for differences in the frequency responses of the transmit/receive chains at the access point and user terminal.
  • a steered reference may be sent by a transmitter and used by a receiver to estimate the eigenvectors that may be used for spatial processing for data reception and transmission.
  • a steered reference may be transmitted for wideband eigenmode m by a transmitter (e.g., a user terminal), as follows:
  • x m (k) is an (N T ⁇ 1) transmit vector for subband k of wideband eigenmode m;
  • v m (k) is the steering vector for subband k of wideband eigenmode m (i.e., the m-th column of the matrix V(k);
  • p(k) is the pilot symbol for subband k.
  • the vector X m (k) includes N T transmit symbols to be sent from the N T transmit antennas for subband k.
  • r m (k) is a received vector for subband k of wideband eigenmode m
  • u m (k) is the steering vector for subband k of wideband eigenmode m (i.e., the m-th column of the matrix U(k);
  • ⁇ m (k) is the singular value for subband k of wideband eigenmode m
  • n(k) is the noise.
  • the received steered reference (in the absence of noise) is approximately u m (k) ⁇ m (k)p(k).
  • the receiver can thus obtain estimates of u m (k) and ⁇ m (k) for subband k based on the steered reference received on that subband, as described in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
  • the steered reference is sent for one wideband eigenmode in each OFDM symbol period (without subband multiplexing), and may in turn be used to obtain an estimate of one eigenvector u m (k) for each subband of that wideband eigenmode. Since estimates of multiple eigenvectors for the unitary matrix U(k) are obtained over different OFDM symbol periods, and due to noise and other sources of degradation in the wireless channel, the estimated eigenvectors for the unitary matrix (which are individually derived) are not likely to be orthogonal to one another.
  • N C estimated eigenvectors u m (k) of each unitary matrix U(k) may be forced to be orthogonal to each other using QR factorization or some other orthogonalization technique, as described in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/438,601.
  • the steered reference may be sent using the short OFDM symbol.
  • the receiver is able to process the received steered reference to obtain a steering vector for each short OFDM subband that was used for steered reference transmission.
  • each short OFDM subband is associated with four long OFDM subbands. If the steered reference is sent using the short OFDM symbol, then the steering vectors for the long OFDM subbands may be obtained in various manners.
  • This embodiment provides good performance for low to moderate SNRs. For high SNRs, some degradation is observed when the coherence bandwidth of the channel is small.
  • the coherence bandwidth is the bandwidth over which the channel is essentially constant or flat.
  • the steering vectors u m (k) obtained for the short OFDM subbands are interpolated to obtain the steering vectors u m (f) for the long OFDM subbands.
  • the interpolation may be performed in a manner such that the steering vectors u m (l) do not exhibit substantially more variability from subband to subband than the underlying channel response matrix H(k).
  • One source of variability is phase ambiguity in the left and right eigenvectors of H(k), which results from the fact that the left and right eigenvectors of H(k) are unique up to a unit length complex constant.
  • any other pair of unit length vectors e j ⁇ v m (k) and e j ⁇ u m (k) also satisfy the equation.
  • This phase ambiguity may be avoided by taking some precautions in the computation of the singular value decomposition of H(k). This may be achieved by constraining the solution to the singular value decomposition so that the first element in each column of V(k) is non-negative. This constraint eliminates arbitrary phase rotations from subband to subband when the variations in the eigenvectors are otherwise smooth and the magnitude of the leading element of the eigenvector is not close to zero. This constraint may be enforced by post-multiplying a diagonal matrix R(k) with each of the unitary matrices U(k) and V(k), which may be obtained in the normal manner and may contain arbitrary phase rotations.
  • the diagonal elements ⁇ i (k) of the matrix R(k) may be expressed as:
  • v 1,i (k) is the first element of the i-th column of V(k)
  • arg ⁇ ( v 1 , i ⁇ ( k ) ) arctan ⁇ ( Re ⁇ ⁇ v 1 , i ⁇ ( k ) ⁇ Im ⁇ ⁇ v 1 , i ⁇ ( k ) ⁇ ) .
  • the constrained eigenvectors in R(k)V(k) may then be used for the steered reference, as shown in equation (5).
  • the received vector r m (k) may be processed to obtain estimates of u m (k) and ⁇ m (k), which may be interpolated to obtain estimates of u m (l) and ⁇ m (l), respectively.
  • the carrier pilot may be transmitted by the access point and used by the user terminals for phase tracking of a carrier signal.
  • the carrier pilot may be transmitted on four short OFDM subbands with indices ⁇ 7, 21 ⁇ , as shown in Table 3.
  • the carrier pilot may be transmitted on four long OFDM subbands with indices ⁇ 28, 24 ⁇ , in which case the other 12 long OFDM subbands may be used for data transmission or some other purpose.
  • the techniques for using of OFDM symbols of different sizes have been described for the downlink. These techniques may also be used for the uplink.
  • a fixed OFDM symbol size may be used for some uplink transmissions (e.g., messages sent on the RACH) and OFDM symbols of different sizes may be used for other uplink transmissions (e.g., data packets sent on the RCH).
  • the specific combination of large and small OFDM symbols to use for each uplink data packet may be depending on the packet payload size and may be determined by controller 880 (e.g., based on scheduling information generated by controller 880 or provided by controller 830 and/or scheduler 834 , as described above).
  • the techniques described herein for using OFDM symbols of different sizes in OFDM systems may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.
  • the elements used to implement any one or a combination of the techniques may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • DSPDs digital signal processing devices
  • PLDs programmable logic devices
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • processors controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • the techniques described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
  • the software codes may be stored in a memory unit (e.g., memory units 832 and 882 in FIG. 8) and executed by a processor (e.g., controllers 830 and 880 ).
  • the memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art.

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US10/375,162 US20040081131A1 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-02-25 OFDM communication system with multiple OFDM symbol sizes
EP11173875A EP2378726A3 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Method and apparatus for singular value decomposition of a channel matrix
TW092129820A TWI339036B (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Ofdm communication system with multiple ofdm symbol sizes
CN 200910145580 CN101582873B (zh) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 使用多种码元长度的多载波传输方法和设备
PCT/US2003/033907 WO2004039027A2 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
RU2005115879/09A RU2380845C2 (ru) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Передача с множеством несущих с использованием множества размеров символов ofdm
CN2003801050597A CN1757213B (zh) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 使用多种码元长度的多载波传输
KR1020057007171A KR100990683B1 (ko) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 다수의 심벌 길이들을 사용하는 멀티캐리어 전송
EP03779266A EP1557022A2 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
CA2756741A CA2756741C (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Ofdm communication system with multiple ofdm symbol sizes
MXPA05004398A MXPA05004398A (es) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Transmision de portadora multiple empleando una pluralidad de tamanos de simbolos.
CA2756728A CA2756728C (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Ofdm communication system with multiple ofdm symbol sizes
AU2003284944A AU2003284944C1 (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
JP2005501686A JP4913406B2 (ja) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 複数のシンボル長を使用する多重キャリア送信
BR0315540-4A BR0315540A (pt) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Transmissão de multiportadora usando uma pluralidade de comprimentos de sìmbolo
UAA200504856A UA84411C2 (ru) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Передача с множеством несущих с использованием множества размеров символов ofdm
CN2010105559095A CN101997814B (zh) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 使用多种码元长度的多载波传输
CA2501458A CA2501458C (en) 2002-10-25 2003-10-27 Ofdm communication system with multiple ofdm symbol sizes
IL167554A IL167554A (en) 2002-10-25 2005-03-20 Method and apparatus for transmitting data in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ofdm) communication system using multiple symbol lengths
HK06106442.5A HK1086681A1 (en) 2002-10-25 2006-06-06 Multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
HK11110355.5A HK1156164A1 (en) 2002-10-25 2006-06-06 Multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
HK10104743.0A HK1139250A1 (en) 2002-10-25 2006-06-06 Method and apparatus of multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
AU2009202082A AU2009202082B2 (en) 2002-10-25 2009-05-26 Multicarrier transmission using a plurality of symbol lengths
IL203960A IL203960A (en) 2002-10-25 2010-02-14 Multi-carrier transfer used in more than one symbol length
JP2010030077A JP5096508B2 (ja) 2002-10-25 2010-02-15 複数のシンボル長を使用する多重キャリア送信
JP2011256173A JP5221743B2 (ja) 2002-10-25 2011-11-24 複数のシンボル長を使用する多重キャリア送信
US13/920,971 US9154274B2 (en) 2002-10-25 2013-06-18 OFDM communication system with multiple OFDM symbol sizes

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AU (2) AU2003284944C1 (pt)
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