RU2278488C1 - Method for creating of pasture ecosystems for spring-summer utilization time - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, creation of high-stability and productive phytocenoses of arid fodder crops.

SUBSTANCE: method involves providing basic and presowing cultivation of soil; sowing perennial grass seeds and subshrubs; harvesting. Sowing is provided by strip method, with subshrub and perennial grass ratio making 60-80% and 20-40%, respectively. Soil is cultivated by means of shallow plow to 0.16-0.22 mm depth immediately before sowing procedure, with lumps being cut to agronomically valuable fractions, relief is leveled and harrowing is performed in two tracks. In case of favorable weather conditions, early-spring sowing is provided during terminating decade of February-first decade of March. Shrub and subshrub seeds are sown in rows at spacing width of 0.7 m to 0.5 m depth. Grass plant seeds are sown in subshrub spacings to 1-3 cm depth. During replacement of pasture ecosystems of spring-summer utilization time on reduction of density of pasture agrophytocenosis herbage to 60-65%, seeds of arid fodder crops are sown by direct drilling process in November-December at the rate of 30-35% of initial norm. On replaced plots of long-duration pastures, plant mass is grazed up beginning from autumn, next year.

EFFECT: increased stability and productivity of fodder crop phytocenosis in long-duration pasture ecosystems.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to technologies for creating highly stable and productive phytocenoses of arid forage crops.

A known method of cultivating herbs, including tape sowing of grass in the turf and care for crops, in which, in order to increase the yield of herbs by improving their growth and development, the sowing is carried out in mechanically destroyed turf, and care is carried out by periodically mowing the natural vegetation and top dressing grasses with fertilizers, while in the ribbons the mowing of natural vegetation is carried out at a cutting height not lower than the height of the sown herbs, and between the ribbons - at a cutting height below the height of the sown herbs, but e above 8 cm; prior to sowing herbs, parallel to future tapes, they cut cracks at an equal distance from each other and, when leaving, use them as guiding elements for driving a car; slits are cut from each other at a distance multiple of the distance between the axes of the tape; feeding grasses is carried out after mowing by surface spreading of fertilizers when the machine moves along the tapes; on the slopes, the cutting of cracks is carried out in autumn (SU, copyright certificate No. 1713465 A1. M.cl. ⁵ A 01 B 79/02, A 01 G 1/00, 02.23.1992).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving are the low productivity of phytocenoses in arid conditions. The described method creates erosion-hazardous areas in the treated strips.

There is also known a method of combined cultivation of cereal and leguminous crops, including primary and pre-sowing tillage, strip sowing and harvesting, in which, in order to obtain full grain, high-quality green fodder and protect the soil from erosion from one area, sowing seeds of winter cereal crops produce two strips of width 7-8 m each, the first continuous sowing, the second - in rows with row spacings of 45-60 cm, before freezing the soil in the row spacings of the second strip for legumes carry out soil treatment with the formation of micro-terraces and between them cutting slits 35-55 cm deep, in the spring one-year leguminous crops are sown in rows of micro-terraces, while harvesting is carried out on green feed across the direction of sowing during budding, and on grain - each crop separately along the direction of sowing, and in autumn the next year, they make fine loosening to a depth of 3-5 cm, sowing winter seeds after 7-10 days on legumes, and in the spring - legumes on winter crops (SU, copyright certificate No. 1724053 A1. M.cl. ⁵ A 01 C 7/00, A 01 B 79/02, 04/07/1992).

The described method does not provide the accumulation of aboveground biomass for use in the early spring. The degradation processes of pasture ecosystems located on soils with light mechanical composition led to the formation of open sands, the areas of which in the southern parts of Russia exceed 500 thousand hectares. To restore grassland acceptable for pastures, effective methods of restoration of pasture ecosystems in place of open sands are needed.

There is also a known method for creating pasture ecosystems in the spring-summer term of use, which includes basic and pre-sowing tillage, sowing of perennial grasses - Siberian granary Agropyron sibiricum, Festuca rupicola fescue and half-shrub - cochia prostrate Kochia prostrate (L.) Schrad. and cleaning (RU, patent No. 2080037 C1, M.cl. A 01 B 79/02, 05.27.1997).

The disadvantages of the described method, adopted by us as the closest analogue, are the low productivity of the described phytocenoses as fodder plants in long-term pasture ecosystems in the arid zone.

The essence of the claimed invention.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is the phytomelioration of degraded arid pastures by creating multicomponent pasture agrophytocenoses based on the use of plant flora ecotypes as dominants.

EFFECT: highly stable and productive phytocenoses of arid fodder plants in long-term pasture ecosystems.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of creating pasture ecosystems of the spring-summer term of use, which includes the main and pre-sowing cultivation of the soil, sowing perennial grasses of Siberian wheatgrass Agropyron sibiricum, Festuca rupicola fescue and half shrub - cochia prostrate Kochia prostrate (L.) Schrad. and harvesting, according to the invention, the sowing is carried out in strip, while camphosmos of the Lessing subspecies Camphorosma Lessingii (Litv.) Aell., oriental hodgepodge Salsola orientalis SGGmeL, teresken gray Eurotia ceratoides (CAMey.) Losinsk., and in As perennial herbs, the narrow-billed Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link.), and the crested Agropyron pectinidorme Roem are additionally used. et Schult, bulbous bluegrass Poa bulbosa L., wheat grass elongated Elytrigia elongate (Host) Nevski, while the ratio of shrubs and perennial grasses is 60 ÷ 80 and 20 ÷ 40%, respectively; tillage is carried out by loosening to a depth of 0.20 ÷ 0.22 m immediately before sowing with cutting lumps to agronomically valuable fractions; soil cultivation is carried out with a plow cultivator to a depth of 0.16 ÷ 0.22 m immediately before sowing with leveling of the relief and harrowing in two tracks; under favorable weather conditions, early spring grass sowing is carried out in the last decade of February - the first decade of March; seeds of shrubs and shrubs are sown in rows with a row spacing of 0.7 m to a depth of 0.5 cm; seeds of herbaceous plants are sown in the rows of shrubs to a depth of 1 ÷ 3 cm. Seeding rates for shrubs are set: for cochia prostrate Kochia prostrate (L.) Schrad. 3 ÷ 5 kg / ha, tereskena gray Eurotia ceratoides (C.A. May). Losinsk or tereskena Eversmananna Ceratoides ewersmanniana (Stschegl. Ex Losinsk.) Botsch. et Ikonn 4 ÷ 5 kg / ha, camphorosomes of the Lessing subspecies Camphorosma Lessingii (Litv.) Aell, 3 ÷ 4 kg / ha of germinating seeds; the sowing rate of bluegrass Poa bulbosa L. is set within 2.5 ÷ 3.0 kg / ha, wheatgrass - Siberian Agropyron sibiricum, narrow-bore Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link.), comb-like Agropyron pectinidorme Roem. et Schult - 10 ÷ 12 kg / ha, wheat grass elongated Elytrigia elongate (Host) Nevski 12 ÷ 15 kg / ha in the calculation of 100% of the economic shelf life of seeds. When repairing the pasture ecosystems of the spring-summer term of use with a decrease in the density of the grass stand of pasture agrophytocenoses to 60–65% to the initial values, in November-December direct sowing of seeds of arid fodder plants is carried out at the rate of 30–35% of the initial norm; in the repaired areas of long-term pastures, mass grazing is carried out from the fall of next year.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

In order to develop technological methods and parameters of individual operations when creating pasture ecosystems in the spring-summer term of use, studies were conducted to identify the minimum required pre-sowing soil cultivation, the best timing and methods of sowing, the optimal seeding rates and the depth of their seeding in the soil, as well as the need for care and ways to care for agrophytocenoses. Based on the results of these studies, the parameters of agricultural techniques are identified.

Preparation of soil for sowing includes plowing to a depth of not less than 0.20 ÷ 0.22 m, followed by harrowing. Soil is produced in the early spring immediately before sowing.

Sowing dates February-March under favorable weather conditions, i.e. early spring sowing, and November-December with an acute shortage of soil moisture reserves.

In erosion-hazardous areas, soil cultivation is carried out by loosening the root horizon to a depth of 0.20 ÷ 0.22 m immediately before sowing with cutting lumps to agronomically valuable fractions. The degree of conservation of mortmass is not less than 50–60%. To destroy competitors, soil cultivation is carried out by plow-cutters to a depth of 0.16 ... 0.22 m immediately before sowing with leveling relief and harrowing in two tracks.

Under favorable weather conditions, early spring sowing of grass seeds is carried out in the last decade of February - the first decade of March.

The method of sowing is ordinary. Sowing a mixture of seeds of shrubs and shrubs with a row spacing of 0.7 m to a depth of 0.5 cm is carried out with replanting in the rows of seeds of grassy plants at the same time. In some cases, seeding of crops separated in time is advisable: grassy plant species are sown in a year in the aisles of shrubs and shrubs. Low-flowing seeds are sown with a surface-scattering method and rolled into the top layer with ribbed rollers.

The depth of seed placement in the soil for rod, teresken, camphor, chogon, keireuk - up to 0.5 cm, herbaceous species - from 1.0 to 3.0 cm. Mandatory reception - post-sowing rolling.

Seeding rate: thistle - 3 ... 5 kg / ha, teresken - 4 ... 5 kg / ha, camphor - 3 ... 4 kg / ha, bulbous bluegrass - 2.5 ... 3 kg / ha , wheatgrass - 10 ... 12 kg / ha, wheat grass - 12 ... 15 kg / ha, calculated on 100% economic seed suitability.

When creating multicomponent pasture cenoses, the seeding rate is calculated according to the above norms in proportion to the ratio of species in the mixture.

The optimal ratio of plant species for pasture in the spring-summer period of use is established from the ratio of 60 ... 80% of shrubs and 20 ... 40% of grasses.

The described ratio of 60 ... 80% of shrubs and 20 ... 40% of grasses is capable of seed renewal due to seeds fallen on the ground in the field and in the conditions of the adopted pasture regime. The described ratio allows you to create a short pasture. It is intended for animals, including and sheep. This ratio refers to well-eatable plant species and is eaten by animals in the amount necessary to meet the need for feed. The described plants are long-standing and able to restore lost organs by repeatedly repeated grazing during grazing or haying. With a ratio of 60 ... 80% of shrubs and 20 ... 40% of grasses, the created pasture is drought-resistant, frost-resistant, susceptible to soil salinization, heat-resistant, withstands the proximity of groundwater and temporary flooding.

Crop care consists of inter-row cultivation of seedlings of shrubs in the first year of life as a measure to reduce competition and improve soil conditions to strengthen and stimulate the development and growth of seedlings.

In the case of thinning of grass pasture of improved pastures, as a result of their intensive use for 8-10 years, it is necessary to repair crops. The need for repair as a care measure is determined by a decrease in the density of grass stands and the productivity of long-term pasture agrophytocenoses up to 60-65% in relation to the initial indicators. To do this, in November-December, the soil is treated with disk harrows in two tracks, followed by sowing seeds of arid fodder plants at the rate of 30-35% of the initial norm. The repaired plots can be used for grazing from the fall of next year.

Thus, the described set of performed agricultural practices in creating pasture ecosystems of the spring-summer term of use together with xerogalophytic shrubs (cochia prostrata Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad., Camphor subspecies Lessing Camphorosma Llessingii (Litv.), Solyanka (oriental keireuk) SGGmel., Tereskena gray Eurotia ceratoides (S.A. Meu). Losinsk (Ceratoides papposa Botsch. Et Ikonn), tereskena Eversmann (Ceratoides ewersmanniana (Stschegl. Ex Losinsk.) Botsch. Et Ikonn) and perennial grasses (Agronus citrus) sibiricum, narrow-grain wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link.) Schult, wheatgrass gr ebony-shaped Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. et Schult., fescue Festuca rupicola and others) in the ratios of 60 ... 80 and 20 ... 40% are able to create a sustainable ecosystem-biomeliorant.The productivity of the described pasture during operation from 1996 to 2003 is presented in table.

Table
The productivity of the pasture ecosystem of the spring-summer period of use during the observation period, t / ha of dry grass Pasture Composition Observation period, years Average productivity, t / ha of dry hay 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kochia prostrate + camphor subspecies of Lessing + Siberian granary + fescue 1,321 1,420 1,276 1,574 1,415 1,389 1,186 1,154 1,342 (∑1,735) Camphosphus of Lessing subspecies + oriental hodgepodge + narrow-grain wheatgrass + bulbous bluegrass 1,360 1,417 1,573 1,625 1,484 1,296 1,159 1,168 1,385 (∑1,082) Eastern solyanka + eastern teresken + crested corngrass + wheatgrass 1,470 1,577 1,484 1,326 1,305 1,294 1,279 1,156 1,362 (∑0,844) Control (pasture with natural grass) 0.267 0,303 0.274 0.368 0.274 0.185 0.324 0.269 0.283 (∑2.264)

Claims (10)

1. A method of creating pasture ecosystems in the spring-summer term of use, including primary and pre-sowing tillage, sowing of perennial grasses - Siberian granary Agropyron sibiricum, Festuca rupicola fescue and shrub - cochia prostrate Kochia prostrate (L.) Schrad. and harvesting, characterized in that the sowing is carried out in strip, while camphosmos of the Lessing subspecies Camphorosma Lessingii (Litv.) Aell., eastern hodgepodge Salsola orientalis SGGmel., teresken gray Eurotia ceratoides (S.A. Meu.) are additionally used as shrubs Losinsk., And as perennial grasses, the narrow-billed wheatgrass Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. Ex Link.) And the crested agropyron pectinidorme Roem are additionally used. et Schult., bulbous bluegrass Poa bulbosa L., wheat grass Elytrigia, while the ratio of shrubs and perennial grasses is 60 ÷ 80 and 20 ÷ 40%, respectively. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the tillage is carried out by loosening to a depth of 0.20 ÷ 0.22 m immediately before sowing with cutting lumps to agronomically valuable fractions. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the tillage is carried out by plow-cultivators with a depth of 0.16 ÷ 0.22 m immediately before sowing with leveling the relief and harrowing in two tracks. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, under favorable weather conditions, early spring sowing of grass seeds is carried out in the last decade of February - the first decade of March. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the seeds of shrubs and shrubs are sown in rows with a row spacing of 0.7 m to a depth of 0.5 cm 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the seeds of herbaceous plants are sown in the rows of shrubs to a depth of 1 ÷ 3 cm 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the seeding rate for shrubs is set for cochia prostrate Kochia prostrate (L.) Schrad. 3 ÷ 5 kg / ha, tereskena gray Eurotia ceratoides (C.A. May.) Losinsk. 4 ÷ 5 kg / ha, camphorosomes of the Lessing subspecies Camphorosma Lessingii (Litv.) Aell. 3 ÷ 4 kg / ha of germinating seeds. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the seeding rate of bluegrass Poa bulbosa L. is set within 2.5 ÷ 3.0 kg / ha, of wheatgrass - Siberian Agropyron sibiricum, narrow-bore Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. Ex Link.) , comb-like Agropyron pectinidorme Roem. et Schult.) - 10 ÷ 12 kg / ha, wheatgrass Elytrigia - 12 ÷ 15 kg / ha in the calculation of 100% of the economic shelf life of the seeds. 9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when repairing the pasture ecosystems of the spring-summer term of use while reducing the density of the grass stand of pasture agrophytocenoses to 60 ÷ 65% to the initial values in November-December, direct sowing of seeds of arid fodder plants is carried out at the rate of 30 ÷ 35% of the original rate. 10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the repaired areas of long-term pastures, the crop is etched from the autumn of next year.