RU2634435C2 - Method for phytomeliorative recovery of strongly trampled down and degraded grassland - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes loosening the sod, sowing grasses and semi-shrubs - improvers that have violence and patience: giant wildrye (Elymus giganteas Vahl.), wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. Ex Link) Schult., Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) P. B., Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. Et Schult.), Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), kochia (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.), camphorosms (Camphorosma lessingii Litv.) and fescue (Festuca sulcata Beck.). Undersow is carried out from several of these species at the same time, but with strips of various rows 15-30 cmwide, and while loosening the strips of various rows, row-spacings of virgin soil (sod) 45-50 cmwide are preserved between them. Wherein to carry out the work on the strip undersow of said species in the sod of natural pastures, three modifications of wide-coverage combined units are used, carrying out in one tractor run technological operations for loosening the strips to a depth of 5-18 cm, sowing seeds, covering them and levelling the strips, which are carried out either by inverted harrows on sandy soils, or by a chain drag on loamy soils, or by a drag of wire-rods in the form of rings on sandy loam soils. As tillage working tools, spherical and needle discs are used, the optimal depth of sodded soil tillage with spherical discs being up to 80 mm. It is reached by means of spacing front and rear discs 144 mm apart. For sowing loose and non-loose (sail) seeds of grasses and semi-shrubs, a seed distributor of the can type from serial stubble ploughs and seeders equipped with turners for first ones and spring seed ejectors for second ones is used, with a device in the can for smoothly changing the sizes of the sowing disc cells with the range of the gear ratio change in the limits i=0.21-0.32, where i = gear ratio.

EFFECT: method ensures restoring and increasing the productivity of trampled down and degraded grasslands in a sparing mode, without completely destructing the sod.

4 cl, 6 dwg, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and may find application to improve degraded pastures.

It is known that heavily downed and degraded pasture areas are located mainly on sandy and sandy soils with weak turf. Part of the pastured pastures is occupied by sandy loamy loamy soils with relatively stronger turf. And in that, and in another case, the classical cultivation of the earth with a turnover of the reservoir on these soils is completely unacceptable. Plow plowing on saline loamy soils during the turn of the formation turns to the surface of the salt, and the fertile sod is laid to the bottom and dies, without affecting the surface horizon of the arable land. With this treatment, arable land remains fruitless for decades. Landfill plowing of sandy and sandy soils set in motion sands by wind erosion and cause desertification of land, scrubbing of previously fixed sands, while the natural vegetation is most destroyed and there are very few native species (M. Makhmudov "Improvement of Kyzylkum pastures, monograph, Samarkand , 2010, p. 185-186).

The disadvantages are:

1. The dump plowing is detrimental to the vegetation cover and the maintenance of weak sod,

2. The multiple movement in the area of not only caterpillar, but even wheeled vehicles also has a detrimental effect on the vegetation cover and the maintenance of weak turf.

A known method of creating pasture agrophytocenoses of spring-summer use from two to three shrubs and grasses with the optimal ratio of species: shrubs (raisins, teresken, camphorosma, keireuk) - 70%, grasses (bluegrass bulb, ephemera) - 30%. This ratio provides an average yield of fodder mass in the range of 10.4-17.1 kg / ha of dry weight (I.O. Ibragimov "Using new fodder plants to create long-term mixed crops", journal "Problems of Desert Development", No. 3, Ashgabat , publishing house "Ylym", 1981, pp. 69-74).

The disadvantage of this method is that the method is based on complete plowing with a turnover of the reservoir (a radical improvement).

There is a method of creating pasture ecosystems of the spring-summer term of use, which includes the main and pre-sowing tillage, sowing of perennial grasses, shrubs - thistle (izen) and others. And harvesting. Sowing is carried out in a strip method, while camphorosma, oriental hodgepodge, teresken are additionally used as shrubs, and wheatgrass, bluegrass, and wheatgrass are additionally used as perennial grasses, with a ratio of half-shrubs and perennial grasses of 60:80 and 20: 40%, respectively, processing the soil is loosened to a depth of 0.20-0.22 m, grass sowing is carried out in the last decade of February-the first decade of March, and the seeds of shrubs and shrubs (thistle, teresken, camphorosma, chogon) are sown in rows with a row spacing 0.7 m to a depth of 0.5 cm, and seeds of herbaceous plants are sown in aisles subshrubs to a depth of 1-3 cm by rolling posleposevnym (Russian Patent RU №2278488).

This method is selected as a prototype.

The disadvantages of the method are:

1. When plowing up to 0.22 m, turf destruction is possible.

2. Field germination of dwarf shrubs, teresken, camphor, chogon is not high.

3. Sowing semi-shrubs (thistle, etc.) is carried out to a depth of only 0.5 cm, and in the proposed method to a depth of 1 cm.

The goal is to restore and increase the productivity of downed and degraded pasture lands in a sparing mode - superficially, without completely destroying the turf, by performing operations on loosening the turf, strip sowing of fodder grasses and leveling the furrows in one pass of the tractor, equipped with three modifications of the combined unit.

The goal is achieved by the fact that in the phytomeliorative reclamation method of heavily downed and degraded pasture lands, including cultivating sod, sowing grasses according to the invention, sowing grasses and semi-shrub-improvers with violence and patency (giant scarab {Elymus giganteus Vahl.), Agronomy (Agrop desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult., Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) PB, Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. et Schult.), calyx (Elymus juncens Fisch.), rod (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.), camphorosma ( Camphorosma lessingii Litv.) And fescue (Festuca sulcata Beck.)) Is carried out from several species simultaneously, but spaced rows of 15-30 cm wide, and when loosening different-rank strips between them, virgin (sod) row spacings between 45-50 cm wide are preserved, and to perform work on strip sowing of these species in the turf of natural pastures, three modifications of the wide-spread combined unit are used, performing in one tractor passage technological operations for loosening strips to a depth of 5-18 cm, sowing seeds, seeding them and leveling strips, which is carried out either by inverted harrows, or chain or special plumes mi, and as tillage working bodies use spherical and needle discs, moreover, the optimal depth of cultivation of soddy soil with spherical discs up to 80 mm, it is achieved by placing the front and rear discs 144 mm apart; and for sowing loose and non-loose (sailing) seeds of grass and shrubs, a can type sowing apparatus is used, from serial tillers and seeders equipped with tedders for the first and spring seed ejectors for the second, with the device in the bank, for smoothly changing the size of the cells of the sowing disks, with a range gear ratio changes in the range i = 0.21-0.32, where i is the gear ratio;

- the seeds of giant beetle (Elymus giganteus Vahl.) are sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the crested surface of loosened strips with a depth of 15-18 cm and a width of 25-30 cm, while the seeds are sealed at an optimum depth of 5-8 cm, with subsequent alignment of the strips with inverted harrows in the winter - September - October;

- a mixture of seeds of calyx (Elymus juncens Fisch.) and narrow-billed wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.) seeds are sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the surface of loosened strips 25-30 cm wide, 5- deep 8 cm and close to a depth of 2.5-3 cm, followed by alignment of the bands with a chain train in winter time - September-October;

- the seeds of shrubs - thistle (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.), camphor (Camphorosma lessingii Litv.) and fescue (Festuca sulcata Beck.) are sown with a 20-lane combined 14-meter aggregate on the surface of loosened strips 15-20 cm wide, to the bottom of open furrows with a depth of 5-8 cm directly from the seed sowing cans without coulters and rollers, they are embedded in the soil up to 0.4-1.0 cm, and then they are covered with a special loop with soil up to 1 cm thick in winter time - in November.

The essence of the method lies in the fact that soil cultivation for sowing grasses - improvers and shrubs to restore pasture productivity is carried out in a gentle manner, superficially and all operations for loosening sods, sowing grasses and shrubs-improvers, leveling the furrows is carried out in one pass of the tractor, for which Three modifications of wide-grip combined units are used that perform all the tasks of loosening strips to a depth of 5-18 cm, sowing seeds and leveling strips in one pass of the tractor. The design of the working bodies of all modifications of the unit provides a single loosening of the strip in the turf with a width of 15 to 30 cm, a depth of 5 to 18 cm (depending on the soil structure), seeding into strips at a predetermined depth of grass seeds and leveling of crops with special loops. Moreover, when loosening the strips between them, the row spacing of the natural virgin pasture turf is 45-50 cm wide. Depending on the density of the soil (loamy or sandy loam), the width of the aggregates varies from 5.6 to 14 meters with the possibility of loosening from 8 to 20 strips. A feature of all three modifications of the unit is the interchangeability of the working bodies. The difference is only in the form of their layout. When developing the unit, components and parts of agricultural machines manufactured in series were used.

This allows us to conclude that the method meets the condition of "novelty."

A causal relationship between the set of essential features and the technical result achieved is that the method is environmentally friendly and waste-free, pasture cultivation is carried out in a gentle manner - superficially, without complete destruction of the turf, by performing operations on cultivating the turf, strip sowing of forage grasses and leveling the furrows in one pass of the tractor, equipped with three modifications of the combined unit. The use of the combined unit in the method allows for multi-row sowing of grass improvers, which imitates the restoration of wild-growing grass cover on pastures. The correct choice of seeding depth and sowing time takes into account the onset of optimum soil moisture temperatures, and without loosening, cereal seeds, except for rod and fescue, remain almost unfrozen, so the loops provide a compact seeding of seeds into the soil, which is a guarantee of timely and friendly seedlings, which helps to restore and improving the productivity of downed and degraded grazing land in a gentle manner.

The proposed method differs from the prototype and analogues in that:

1. in the prototype, soil cultivation is carried out by continuous loosening to a depth of 0.20-0.22 m, and the method uses three modifications of a wide-grip combined unit that perform all work on loosening the strips to a depth of 5-18 cm in one pass, sowing seeds and alignment of bands.

2. in the prototype, the seeds of shrubs and shrubs (thistle, teresken, camphor, chogon) are sown in rows with a row spacing of 0.7 m to a depth of 0.5 cm, and in our method they are sown with a 20-lane combined 14-meter unit to the surface loosened strips with a width of 15-20 cm without openers and rollers, close up into the soil up to 0.4-1.0 cm, and then fill with soil with a special loop up to 1 cm thick in winter time - in November.

3. in the prototype, the seeds of herbaceous plants are sown in the row-spacing of shrubs to a depth of 1-3 cm with post-sowing rolling, and in the method they are sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the crested surface of loosened strips with a depth of 15-18 cm and a width of 25-30 cm , while seeding is carried out at an optimal depth of 5-8 cm, followed by alignment of the strips with inverted harrows or chain plumes.

4. carry out the sowing of herbs in the last decade of February-the first decade of March, and in the proposed method in winter time - September-October.

Thus, the method meets the criterion of "novelty."

The phyto-reclamation method of restoring heavily downed and degraded pasture lands is carried out as follows: seeding of grasses and semi-shrub-improvers with violence and patency (giant scythe (Elymus giganteus Vahl.), Grain crops (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. Ex Link) Schult., Agrop., Agrop., Agrop., Agrop. Agrop. Willd.) PB, Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. Et Schult.), Calyx (Elymus juncens Fisch.), Rod (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.), Camphor (Camphorosma lessingii Litv.) And fescue (Festuca) sulcata Beck. ) are carried out from several of their species at the same time, but with random rows of 15-30 cm wide, when loosening the dowel strips between them retain the row spacings of virgin (sod) of a width of 45-50 cm, and to perform work on the strip sowing of these species in the turf of natural pastures, three modifications of wide-spread combined units are used that carry out technological operations for loosening the strips to a depth of 5- for one tractor pass 18 cm, sowing seeds, seeding them and aligning the strips is carried out either with inverted harrows, or chain or special trains, and spherically used as tillage working bodies ie and needle discs, the optimal depth of cultivating soddy soil with spherical discs up to 80 mm, it is achieved by placing the front and rear discs 144 mm apart; and for sowing loose and non-loose (sailing) seeds of grass and shrubs, a can type sowing apparatus is used, from serial tillers and seeders equipped with tedders for the first and spring seed ejectors for the second, with the device in the bank, for smoothly changing the size of the cells of the sowing disks, with a range gear ratio changes in the range i = 0.21-0.32, where i = gear ratio.

The seeds of the giant beetle (Elymus giganteus Vahl.) Are sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the crested surface of loosened strips with a depth of 15-18 cm and a width of 25-30 cm, while the seeds are planted at an optimum depth of 5-8 cm, s subsequent alignment of the strips with inverted harrows in winter time - September-October.

A mixture of seeds of calyx (Elymus juncens Fisch.) And narrow-billed wheatgrass is sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the surface of loosened strips 25-30 cm wide, 5-8 cm deep and sealed to a depth of 2.5-3 cm with subsequent alignment of the bands by a chain train in winter time - September-October.

Seeds of semi-shrubs - thistle (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad), camphor (Camphorosma lessingii Litv.) And fescue (Festuca sulcata Beck.) Are sown with a 20-lane combined 14-meter aggregate on the surface of loosened strips 15-20 cm wide, to the bottom open furrows with a depth of 5-8 cm directly from the seed sowing cans without coulters and rollers, are embedded in the soil up to 0.4-1.0 cm, and then they are covered with a special loop with fine-grained soil up to 1 cm thick in winter time - in November.

When conducting patent research, no solutions were found that have differences similar to the distinguishing features in the proposed method.

Thus, the method is new and not obvious and it can meet the condition of "inventive step".

In the drawing, FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the pasture territory and the placement of objects.

In FIG. 2 presents the first modification of the aggregate-scheme of the combined unit for the initial sand fixing.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows the second modification of the aggregate — a scheme of a combined aggregate for sowing seeds of Scaradaceum biloba and horticulture in a downed pasture.

In FIG. 4 presents the third modification of the unit - the scheme of the combined unit for creating winter pastures.

In FIG. Figure 5 shows a graph of the dependence of soil crumbling by disk working bodies on the depth of its processing.

In FIG. 6 shows a can apparatus for sowing cereal grasses.

Example. Experiments on phytomeliorative restoration of heavily downed and degraded pasture lands were carried out in the pasture conditions of the Western Caspian region (Fig. 1).

Observations revealed that heavily downed and degraded pasture areas are located mainly on sandy and sandy soils with weak turf. Part of the pastured pastures is occupied by sandy loamy loamy soils with relatively stronger turf. And in that, and in another case, the classical cultivation of the earth with a turnover of the reservoir on these soils is completely unacceptable. Plow plowing on saline loamy soils during turnaround turns to the surface of the salt, and the fertile sod is laid on the bottom of the bed and dies, without affecting the surface horizon of the arable land. With this treatment, arable land remains fruitless for decades. Plowing sandy and sandy soils sets the sands in motion by wind erosion and is the reason for desertification of lands, the re-mowing of previously fixed sands.

In the conditions of pastures of the Western Caspian, not only dump plowing has a detrimental effect on the vegetation cover and the maintenance of weak turf, but also the multiple movement along the site of not only caterpillar, but even wheeled vehicles.

Therefore, soil cultivation for sowing grasses to restore the productivity of fodder land was carried out in a gentle manner, superficially, and all operations for loosening sods, sowing grasses and leveling furrows were carried out in one pass of the tractor.

A radical improvement of heavily downed and degraded pasture areas was carried out by adding to the downed grass stands the previously dominant species of grass improvers, which have violence and patency. Sowing them was carried out from several types of herbs at the same time, but in different ranks. The most eaten were the giant scythe, granaries, camphorosmos, calyx scythe, rod and fescue.

Relative soil moisture was determined by drying samples in five repetitions with subsequent calculation of average values.

The hardness of the soil was measured with a Revyakin densitometer, and its value was calculated in pascals by the formula:

где

Where

h is the average ordinate of the density meter, mm,

q - spring scale, N / mm

f - cross-sectional area of the cone of the density meter, cm ²

The repetition of the determination is fivefold.

Soil density in g / cm ³ - by determining absolutely dry soil in a volume of 1000 cm ³ .

Soil crushing - by the method of dividing each sample into fractions of the sizes: more than 5 cm; 5.0-2.5 cm; 2.5-1.0 cm and less than 1.0 cm, for which they used a set of sieves with the corresponding hole diameters.

Engineering experiments were conducted based on industry standards for testing agricultural machinery.

Phytomeliorative improvement and restoration of fodder productivity of heavily downed and degraded pasture plots is possible by supplementing the downed grass stand by strip (tape) sowing of the dominant species of valuable forage grasses into it without complete destruction of the turf.

For this, in the proposed method, three modifications of a wide-grip combined unit were used that performed all the work on sowing grasses in one pass of the tractor, i.e. in one pass of the tractor, the strips were loosened, seeds of grass and shrubs sown in them, the crops were leveled, and virgin soil was kept in wide aisles between the strips.

The design of the working bodies of all modifications of the unit ensured, in one pass, loosening the strip in the turf with a width of 15 to 30 cm, a depth of 5 to 18 cm (depending on the soil structure), seeding into strips at a given depth of grass seeds and leveling the crops with special loops. Moreover, when loosening the strips between them, rows of virgin (sod) rows were preserved with a width of 45-50 cm. Depending on the density of the soil (loam or sandy loam), the width of the aggregate can be from 5.6 to 14 m with the possibility of loosening from 8 to 20 strips. A feature of all three modifications of the unit was the interchangeability of the working bodies. The difference was only in the form of their layout. When developing the unit, components and parts of agricultural machines manufactured in series were used.

The prototype of the experimental combined unit was designed and manufactured on the basis of the LD-10 disk cultivator. When testing prototype aggregates, the instability of the total sowing of seeds of dominant plant species was determined by a can sowing apparatus. Three repetitions. The seed embedment depth was determined by the etiolated portion of the seedlings. Repeat 25-fold. Experimental data on grass yields were processed by analysis of variance with finding the smallest significant difference in options. The data obtained in the experiments were processed by the method of variation statistics (N.A. Plokhinsky, 1969; E.K. Merkuryeva, 1964).

The depth of loosening of the strips was interconnected with the depth of seeding of seeds of sown grass, as can be seen from the data in table 1.

The depth of planting grass seeds (Table 1) served as a starting point for the design of the working bodies of the unit for minimal tillage, the most appropriate phytomelioration of heavily downed and degraded pastures.

A series of experiments was carried out on loosening the soil in strips with spherical and needle discs mounted on a rigid or hinged frame of the unit, as well as arranging the discs of the front and rear rows between each other. The criterion was the depth of loosening of the soil and its crumbling for normal seeding. The study of the arrangement of disk working bodies was carried out in the following gradation:

- the distance between the disks 114, 144 and 165 mm;

- depth of tillage 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mm;

- angles of attack of the discs of the front and rear batteries 21 °, 25 °, 28 ° and 13 °, 16 °, 19 °.

The depth of processing of the strips was changed by different ballast loads. Soil crushing was determined during the arrangement of disks according to the scheme:

-114×114 мм;

-144×144 _Мм;

- 165×165 мм (фиг. 5).The research results for three fractional replicas (165 ° × 165 mm; 144 × 144 mm; 114 × 114 mm) show that with a soil cultivation depth h = 40 mm, the crumbling of the soil does not depend on the arrangement of discs in the studied ranges:

-114 × 114 mm;

-144 × 144 _M m;

- 165 × 165 mm (Fig. 5).

The quality of the soil processing met the agrotechnical requirements for sowing small-seeded grasses when processing the formation to a depth of 60 mm. A further increase in the depth of passage of the disks and an increase in the distance between them led to a sharp decrease in crumbling of the soil. In addition, the increase in the distance between the discs is associated with the rejection of a significant part of the loosened soil outside the cultivated strip.

The studies conducted allowed us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Disk working bodies arranged in a two-track version according to the scheme 114 × 114 mm and 144 × 144 mm and mixed to the side relative to each other at half the distance between them, provided high-quality loosening of the soil in the range of stroke depth of 40-60 mm.

2. Clogging with soil and plant residues of the working bodies at a given stroke depth occurred when they approached, starting from 90 mm.

This served as a starting point for the development of a special design for a wide-grip combined unit, with which the strips were loosened in one pass, grass seeds were sown in them and the crops were leveled, and virgin soil was kept in wide rows between the strips.

In FIG. Figure 2 shows a combined 5.6-meter 8-lane unit that performs cutting strips 25-30 cm wide, 15-18 cm deep in one pass, sowing seeds of the giant beetroot to a depth of 8 cm and flattening the strips with a loop of inverted harrows was used on sandy soils .

The working bodies of the unit were mounted either on an all-welded frame or hinged. The rotation drive of the seed discs in cans was carried out from the support wheels of the unit.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows a combined 5.6-meter 8-lane aggregate for seeding grasses of Scaradaceae brambum and narrow-grain wheat, performing in one pass cutting strips 25-30 cm wide and 5-8 cm deep, sowing seeds to a depth of 2.5-3 cm and alignment of the bands with a chain train was applied on loamy soils.

In FIG. 4. shown a combined 14-meter 20-lane unit Designed for sowing non-flowing (sailing) seeds of rod and camphor, as well as very small seeds of fescue, performing in one pass cutting strips 15-20 cm wide, 5-8 cm deep, sowing seeds to a depth 0.5-1.0 cm and the alignment of crops with a special loop made of wire rod in the form of large rings, providing easy filling of seeds with fine-grained soil with a thickness of 1.0-1.5 cm (used on sandy loam soils).

The sowing devices for these non-flowing (sailing) seeds have no coulters and rollers, and inside the cans spring ejectors of seeds are arranged directly on the loosened strip, and for sowing loose and non-flowing (sailing) grass seeds, a canning type sowing device equipped with agitators for the first and spring ones is used pushers for the second seeds with a device in the bank of a smooth change in the size of the cells of the sowing discs, with a change in the gear ratio in the range i = 0.21-0.32.

The prototype of the experimental combined unit was developed and manufactured on the basis of the LD-10 disk cultivator. When testing prototype aggregates, the instability of the total sowing of seeds of dominant plant species was determined by a can sowing apparatus. Three repetitions. The seed embedment depth was determined by the etiolated portion of the seedlings. Repeat 25-fold. Experimental data on grass yields were processed by analysis of variance with finding the smallest significant difference in options. The data obtained in the experiments were processed by the method of variation statistics (N.A. Plokhinsky, 1969; E.K. Merkuryeva, 1964).

In FIG. Figure 6 shows a can-type apparatus for sowing cereal grasses, the design feature of which is a smooth change in the size of the cells of the sowing discs. This allows for each type of grass seed to select the appropriate cell sizes (see table. 2).

The results shown in table 2 show that when sowing seeds of different degrees of weediness, the gear ratio should vary in the range i = 0.21-0.32. The optimal gear ratio for sowing low-blocked seeds is 0.21, in which the seeds are evenly and not thickened in the soil.

The depth of embedding of the seeds of the breadcrumbs, Scaradaceum agaricus, rod and fescue depends on the device of the loops.

However, from an increase in the number of links in the loop, it does not significantly change (h = 8–9 mm), as can be seen from the data in Table 3.

Table 3

Change in the depth of planting grass seeds depending on the number of plume links

However, from an increase in the number of links in the plume, it does not substantially change (h = 8–9 mm), as can be seen from the data in Table 3, and without loops, the seeds of cereals, except for rod and fescue, remain almost uncovered. The proposed method using loops provides a compact seeding of seeds into the soil, which is a guarantee of obtaining their seedlings.

The application of the method with combined units allows for multi-row planting of grasses, which to some extent imitates the restoration of wild-growing grass cover on pastures.

To justify the different sowing of grasses of different species, experiments were laid down in the form of a matrix of a full-factor experiment. The number of options is 24. In each variant eight rows were seeded. The soil was treated with strips 20 cm wide and 15 cm deep. Row length 5 m. Row spacing - 45 cm. Background - virgin soil. The seeds of the calyx (B), Siberian granary (G), rod (P) and fescue (T) were sown on treated rows. Repeat 4-fold. Norm - 20-40 germinating seeds per 1 running meter of a row.

The varying attribute was the number of rows of each species. For cereals, it was changed in the range of 0-3 pcs., And for barley, it was in the range of 0-4 pcs. Control plots were repaired under the same conditions. Each of them included eight rows of one of the sown species.

The crop counts in the experiments were carried out for three years. The results are shown in table 4.

*) where: P - rod; B - calyx; F - breadcrumbs; T - fescue

Processing data of two fractional replicas, including a different number of rows of each of the four species of fodder plants by the method of variance analysis of one-factor experiment (Table 3) showed that in the case when the crop is taken from eight rows of rods, the null hypothesis about the equality of the compared variances rejected. Conversely, when yields of cereal grass are taken as a standard, the null hypothesis is not rejected.

It was established that the options, including 3 rows of rods, were superior in yield to others. The equal participation of the brambweed, brambling, barley and fescue provide almost the same yield as with three rows of brambling. However, the most optimal is the pasture model, which includes 40-50% of the barley by share.

When reducing the distance between the front and rear discs to 90 mm, clogging and sticking of the sections of the discs with plant residues and soil is caused.

With an increase in the distance between them more than 90 mm, it led to a sharp decrease in crumbling soil.

When planting seeds, namely, rod, to a depth of less than 1 cm, they were blown away by the wind, carried away by ants. With a depth of incorporation of more than 8 cm, the field germination of seedlings of the Scarabaceous henna decreased.

When sowing in December, there was less field germination, and in this regard, the yield of fodder mass.

With a row spacing of less than 20 cm and more than 60 cm, seed productivity decreases.

The proposed method is resource-saving (partial tillage), it allows to improve pasture land by 1.5-2.0 times.

The proposed method is industrially applicable and can increase field germination by 2-3 times compared with the control.

The proposed method of phytomelioration, restoration, and increasing the productivity of downed and degraded pasture lands in a sparing mode allows for reclamation by sowing seeds of valuable fodder grasses, modifications of the combined unit that perform loosening of sod strips with alternating wider rows of virgin soil, sowing seeds of different types of grass to the optimum depth and alignment of strips with loops. This method of phytomelioration does not destroy the whole turf of the pasture, prevents wind erosion, creates optimal conditions for the development of seeded grasses and sharply reduces the aggressive competition of native vegetation.

The optimal time for sowing grasses is winter: cereals - in September-October, rod and camphor - in November. This causes the friendly germination of grass seeds in the early spring thaw, and seedlings - with the onset of positive temperatures in March.

Sowing different seeds of grasses and semi-shrubs-improvers with a combined unit into strips in a random order ensures the growth of pasture yields up to 1.5 kg / ha of dry matter with an actual yield of 0.68 kg / ha, or 2.2 times more. The optimal model of the newly created pasture should include 30-50% of barley and as many cereals.

The efficiency of using the proposed method with a combined unit is made at reduced costs and compared with serial seeders APP-3.6 and AP-4.2.

The developed method of phyto-reclamation restoration of heavily downed and degraded pasture lands of the Western Caspian by strip sowing of forage grasses in turf provides labor costs savings of 37 and 69%, respectively, direct operating costs up to 70% and total energy up to 70-77%. Savings in reduced costs are 67-74%. Using a combined unit with three modifications allows you to recoup the costs of their production during the year. The effectiveness of the phytomeliorative reclamation method of heavily downed and degraded pasture lands also consists in saving seeds twice, instead of 3 kg / ha, sowing is carried out at a rate of 1.5 kg / ha.

Thus, the method is new, has an inventive step and can be industrially applicable.

Claims (4)

1. A method of phytomeliorative restoration of downed and degraded pasture land, including cultivating turf, sowing grasses, characterized in that the sowing of grasses and shrubs is improvers with violence and patency: giant scorpion ( Elymus giganteas Vahl. ), Wheatgrass ( Agropyronorumum. ex Link) Schult., Agropyron sibiricum (Willd.) PB, Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. et Schult. ), calyx ( Elymus junceus Fisch. ), thistle ( Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. ), camphor ( Camphorosma lessingii Litv. ) and fescue (Festuca sulcata Beck.) carried out a number of these species at a time, but raznoryadkovymi 15–30 cm wide, and when loosening different-order strips between them, virgin (sod) row spacings between 45–50 cm wide are preserved; moreover, three modifications of wide-spread combined units are used in one pass to perform work on the strip sowing of these species in the sod of natural pastures tractor technological operations for loosening strips to a depth of 5-18 cm, sowing seeds, seeding them and leveling strips, which is carried out either by inverted harrows on sandy soils, or a chain train on loamy soils or a loop from a wire rod in the form of rings on sandy loam soils, and spherical and needle discs are used as tillage working bodies, and the optimal depth of cultivation of soddy soil with spherical discs up to 80 mm is achieved by arranging the front and rear discs 144 mm apart friend and for sowing loose and non-loose (sailing) seeds of grass and shrubs, a can type sowing device is used from serial tillers and seeders equipped with tedders for the first and spring seed ejectors for the second, with a device in the bank for smoothly changing the size of the cells of the sowing disks with a gear ratio range within i = 0.21-0.32, where i = gear ratio. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the seeds of the giant beetle ( Elymus giganteus Vahl. ) Are sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the crested surface of loosened strips with a depth of 15-18 cm and a width of 25-30 cm, while Seeding is carried out at an optimum depth of 5-8 cm, followed by alignment of the strips with inverted harrows in the winter to September-October. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the mixture of seeds of calyx ( Elymus junceus Fisch. ) And narrow-grain wheatgrass is sown with an 8-lane combined 5.6-meter aggregate on the surface of loosened strips 25-30 cm wide, 5-8 deep cm and close to a depth of 2.5-3 cm, followed by alignment of the bands with a chain train in winter time - September-October. 4. The method according to p. 3, characterized in that the seeds of semi-shrubs - thistle ( Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. ), Camphor ( Camphorosma lessingii Litv. ) And fescue ( Festuca sulcata Beck. ) Are sown with a 20-lane combined 14-meter the aggregate to the surface of loosened strips 15-20 cm wide, to the bottom of open furrows 5-8 cm deep directly from seed sowing cans without coulters and rollers, is embedded in the soil up to 0.4-1.0 cm, and then with a cable from wire rod in the form of rings they fall asleep with soil up to 1 cm thick in winter time - in November.

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