RU2095955C1 - Method for soil-protecting crop rotation on slopes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves providing rotation field on average or highly washed out soil in lower part of arable slope with pronounced tendency to flow and linear (gully) erosion; four-year growing of perennial grasses in one field and grain mixture of perennial rye, downy vetch and winter rye in other field; changing fields upon expiration of mentioned term; performing slitting and covering of slits to regulate drainage and maintain high productivity of perennial grasses and rye upon second grass mowing and in the field with rye upon harvesting to obtain grain; harvesting rye for grain, grinding straw and throwing ground straw over field the year, when perennial grasses are sown by direct method together with winter rye. EFFECT: increased productivity and improved quality of soil. 4 cl

Description

 The method relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to fodder production and cultivation of fodder crops on eroded lands.

 On the lower third of the slopes, as a result of intense erosion processes, medium and strongly washed away soils formed. To stop further destruction and restore their fertility in this part of the slopes, soil-protective crop rotations with maximum saturation with perennial grasses (up to 80%) are recommended. Cereals in these crop rotations are mainly used as coverslips (for sowing grasses) and reservoir crops. However, a high saturation (80%) of crop rotation with perennial grasses during long-term operation creates the danger of the transition of washed-out lands adjacent to beams to the category of waste (1).

 Such crop rotation is unproductive and prevents the deepening of the specialization of farms. It is mainly acceptable for farms having the form of cattle and sheep.

 The most productive soil-protective crop rotation is known with a crop ratio of 50% perennial grasses and 50% cereals. It includes 1 4 fields - perennial grasses, 5 millet, 6 peas, 7 winter wheat, 8 barley (2). But with such a composition of crops, erosion from meltwater runoff even with soil-protective treatment (bottomless) develops to unacceptable sizes. Concentrated water flows pass in the lower part of the slope, where the soil-protection crop rotation fields are located, and there are not enough stubble residues to prevent streaming erosion.

 Thus, conditions are created that prevent the accumulation of humus.

 In this part of the slope, erosion is excluded only by well-developed perennial and winter crops.

Also known is a forage soil-protective crop rotation, including a three-year cultivation of perennial grasses, corn for silage, winter wheat, fodder beets and spring barley with sowing of perennial grasses, sowing of intermediate crops in two fields. In this rotation, the soil is occupied by vegetation all year round (3). According to the last criterion, the soil-protective crop rotation, which is closest to the proposed one, is accepted by us as a prototype. It includes two row crops of corn for silage and fodder beets. Under these crops, in May and June erosion develops from rainfall to catastrophic sizes (runoff of more than 80 t / ha). When inter-row cultivations on a slope of more than 3 ^{o a} large percentage of plants are pruned. Significant losses (up to 36%) of beets due to the sliding of harvesting units.

 In addition, in winter the soil in all fields leaves in a compacted state. As a result, the loss of snow water reaches over 80% with surface runoff. The drain passes at a very high modulus (intensity). All this, without special measures, favors the development of gully, streaming erosion and reduces the productivity of crop rotation. It should also be noted that in almost all zones of the Russian Federation sowing of winter rye is unrealistic due to the late harvesting of the predecessor (fodder beets). In addition, over 60% of the crop rotation area is annually cultivated at different depths, which significantly slows down the process of restoring the fertility of washed-out lands.

 The proposed crop rotation provides highly effective soil protection against erosion, increasing their fertility, increasing moisture supply and crop productivity. This is achieved by four-year-old cultivation of perennial herbs in one field with a combination with four-year-old cultivation of perennial rye in a mixture with winter vetch and rye in another, and after this period the crops are swapped in a two-field crop rotation. It includes 50% herbs and 50% cereals, which corresponds to the most productive crop rotation. In addition, a powerful herbage of cereal-leguminous components is created in the fields, characterized by high feed quality and high soil-protective efficiency.

 The soil of the crop rotation fields is treated once every 3 to 4 years, and immediately after cultivation, the crop is sown. As a result, the development of planar and other types of erosion, the accelerated mineralization of humus are excluded, and guaranteed conditions for restoration and increase in the fertility of washed soil are created.

 An example of a specific implementation.

 In the lower third of the slopes on medium- and highly washed away soils, a soil-protective crop rotation is distinguished. In this strip, fields with a multiple number that are equal in area are distinguished. In the fields of the first and second, autumnal layer-by-layer subsurface processing is performed: the first with the KPSh-5 plane cutter to a depth of 14 16 cm, the second with the PG-3-100 deep-cutter flat-cutter after 15 to 20 days to a depth of 28 30 cm. Before processing, the full dose of mineral fertilizers with MTZ- unit 80 + RUM-5.

 In spring, pre-sowing preparation of the soil and sowing on the first field of barley and under its cover is carried out by sowing the legume-cereal mixture of perennial grasses with the SZT-3.6 seeder, and on the second field annual grasses (vetch-oat mixture) are sown and again they are sown on hay layered subsurface tillage. The first disc harrow to a depth of 8 10 cm with rolling, and after 10 15 days flat-cutting to a depth of 25 27 cm with simultaneous rolling. Before sowing perennial rye, the soil is cultivated to a depth of 4-6 cm, then perennial rye is rolled and sown in optimal time for winter crops with a SZP-3.6 seeder with rollers.

 Perennial rye is harvested for green feed or grain, for the production of grass meal, concentrates, etc. A field with perennial grasses is also used in the same direction. During the harvesting process, the topsoil (0 10 cm) is compacted and becomes an obstacle to the seepage of snow water. This may lead to a decrease in crop rotation productivity, earlier loss of perennial grass stand. To exclude an undesirable process in the technology of caring for perennial crops in the proposed soil-protective crop rotation, slotting ЩП-3-70 with a distance between pairs of slots of 3 5 m with rolling is introduced. It is carried out immediately after the last harvest (the second mowing of grasses, perennial rye for grain or its ottawa for green forage) of the grass stand. This sequence of snapping in time and space allows you to restore grass by the beginning of winter along the trail of the gap. At the same time, the moisture supply of perennial grass stands is doubled, and its productivity is maintained for three, four years.

In the second year, in perennial rye grass, a direct sowing seeder (SZPP-4) in the autumn sowing season sow winter wide-row vetch (45x15x15 cm). With this scheme of sowing winter wicks, rye plants are minimally damaged, nitrogen nutrition of the grass stand is improved in general, its feed value is increased, the collection of high-value fodder grain is significantly increased, favorable conditions are prepared for planting the next crop
winter rye.

 In the third year after harvesting a mixture of perennial rye and winter vetch on grain, direct sowing is carried out in the stubble of these winter rye crops and immediately after sowing the soil is cultivated to a depth of 35 cm with a Paraglau plow with a minimum loosening of the layer of 10 cm. Before the soil is treated, the required dose is applied mineral fertilizers. Technological operations in this sequence create favorable conditions for the germination of rye seeds, its subsequent growth and development. At the same time, high water penetration of frozen and thawed soil (at the level of deep chill) is maintained, the formation of an ice crust is excluded.

 In the spring, a legume-cereal mixture of perennial herbs is sown in rye. Rye for grain is then harvested at a high cut, at the same time chopped straw and leave it on the field. The last operation makes it possible to save perennial grasses from being injured by equipment, freezing out and in subsequent years to maintain their high productivity. It is also a means of increasing soil fertility.

In the fourth year, on the field with perennial grasses, after the first mowing and grazing of the ottawa, deep layered soil cultivation is carried out just before sowing perennial rye. It includes disking in two tracks to a depth of 8
12 cm with rolling (pre-apply the required dose of mineral fertilizers), cultivating KPI-3.8 to a depth of 14 16 cm with rolling, loosening to a depth of 40 45 cm with a PCh-2.5 chisel with a device for additional loosening of PTS-2.5, then rolling with smooth water filling rollers and sowing of perennial rye with the SZP-3.6 seeder with rollers. Deep loosening of compacted eroded soils by chisel makes it possible to develop a powerful root system of rye and subsequent crops, which is the main condition for the formation of a powerful cultivated soil horizon on eroded soils.

The cycle of these works is repeated every four years. It is important that deep layer tillage in the crop rotation is carried out in each field after 3 to 4 years, and the field is again quickly engaged in culture, which eliminates the accelerated mineralization of humus and erosion processes. According to our studies, for the sixth year, the exclusion to a minimum of processing the humus content in the soil increased by 0.54% with an average grass stand annual crops. In the proposed crop rotation, conditions are created for the powerful development of the grass stand and the ability to increase the humus content in eroded soils over the indicated period to 1.0%; the number of water-resistant aggregates of the largest fractions by 20 30%
The experiments of the Belgorod Agricultural Institute confirmed the high productivity of perennial rye for 3 years. The yield of green mass reached 300 350 t / ha, grain 10 12 t / ha. The culture has high feed value, environmental sustainability and can become the basis for the deployment of soil-protective crop rotation on eroded soils.

 Thus, in comparison with the prototype, erosion processes in the fields of the proposed soil protection crop rotation are completely eliminated, the moisture supply of plants is significantly increased due to the maximum retention of surface runoff of melt and storm water. The soil remains covered with thick grass stands for a year with a ratio of 50% of cereals and 50% of perennial grasses, providing the highest productivity of crop rotation on eroded lands and their deep cultivation. Reducing to a minimum the tillage reduces fuel consumption compared to the prototype by 2 3 times.

Sources of literature
1. Kolomiychenko V.V. Feed production on slope lands M. Rosselkhozizdat, 1985, p. 23 42.

 2. The fight against soil erosion. CPU, Voronezh, s. 16-23.

 3. Blagoev V.V. and others. A method of constructing soil-protective fodder crop rotation. A.S. USSR N 1757494. A 01 B 79/02 (adopted as a prototype).

Claims (4)

 1. A method of creating a soil-protective crop rotation on sloping lands, including sowing, soil cultivation, applying fertilizers, characterized in that for deep cultivation of washed soils, increasing crop productivity and eliminating erosion, four-year-old cultivation of perennial grasses in one field is combined with four-year-old cultivation of perennial rye in grain mixtures with winter vetch and rye in another field, and after four years of culture, the fields are changed.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the vetch is sowed with winter straight wide-ribbon method in perennial rye in the second year of its vegetation, and winter rye in the direct way for the third year and under the seeds is deeply cultivated without soil tillage with minimal loosening of layer 0 10 cm  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the field with perennial grasses, after the second mowing, sizing is carried out, and in the field with perennial rye after harvesting the grain, sizing is carried out with rolling.  4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the year of sowing perennial grasses in winter rye it is harvested for grain with grinding and spreading straw on the field.