JP6727755B2 - エレクトロクロミック装置、光学フィルタ、撮像装置、レンズユニットおよび窓材、エレクトロクロミック装置の駆動方法 - Google Patents
エレクトロクロミック装置、光学フィルタ、撮像装置、レンズユニットおよび窓材、エレクトロクロミック装置の駆動方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6727755B2 JP6727755B2 JP2015050475A JP2015050475A JP6727755B2 JP 6727755 B2 JP6727755 B2 JP 6727755B2 JP 2015050475 A JP2015050475 A JP 2015050475A JP 2015050475 A JP2015050475 A JP 2015050475A JP 6727755 B2 JP6727755 B2 JP 6727755B2
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/155—Electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F2001/15145—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material the electrochromic layer comprises a mixture of anodic and cathodic compounds
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- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B11/00—Filters or other obturators specially adapted for photographic purposes
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/04—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions
- G09G3/16—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of a single character by selection from a plurality of characters, or by composing the character by combination of individual elements, e.g. segments using a combination of such display devices for composing words, rows or the like, in a frame with fixed character positions by control of light from an independent source
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
- G09G3/2014—Display of intermediate tones by modulation of the duration of a single pulse during which the logic level remains constant
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Description
前記駆動回路は、PWM駆動の1周期における着色のための電圧印加の時間が、前記エレクトロクロミック素子における電気化学反応の過渡応答時間よりも小さい場合、前記PWM駆動の1周期における電圧非印加の時は前記一対の電極間を短絡させ、
前記PWM駆動の1周期における前記電圧印加の時間が、前記エレクトロクロミック素子における電気化学反応の過渡応答時間以上の場合、前記PWM駆動の1周期における電圧非印加の時は、前記一対の電極間を短絡させず、前記駆動回路と前記一対の電極との間を開回路とすることを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック装置である。
前記駆動回路は、駆動回路Aと、駆動回路Bとを有し、
前記駆動回路AのPWM駆動における電圧非印加時の抵抗値は、前記エレクトロクロミック素子の抵抗値よりも大きく、
前記駆動回路BのPWM駆動における電圧非印加時は、前記一対の電極間を短絡させることを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック装置である。
図1は、本発明の駆動装置を用いたEC装置の一例を示す模式図である。図1のEC装置は、一対の電極間に配置されている、EC材料を含むEC層を有するEC素子1と、EC素子1を駆動する駆動装置(駆動電源8、駆動回路A・駆動回路B、制御器10)を有する。
図2は、本発明で用いるEC素子の一例を示す模式的断面図である。図2のEC素子1は、透明な電極3,5を形成した透明な基板2,6を、電極3,5面が対向するようスペーサ4を介して貼り合せ、一対の電極3,5とスペーサ4で形成された空隙内に、電解質および有機EC材料を溶媒に溶解したEC層7が存在する構造である。電極3、5の間に電圧を印加することで、有機EC材料は電気化学的反応を起こす。尚、本発明は、有機EC素子に好ましく適用されるが、無機EC材料を用いた無機EC素子に対して適用しても構わない。
EC素子を調光素子に用いる場合、光学系への影響を小さくするために消色状態では高い透過率を保つことが好ましい。そのため、基板2,6は可視光を十分に透過させる透明基板であることが好ましく、一般的にはガラス材が用いられ、Corning#7059やBK−7等の光学ガラス基板を好適に使用することができる。また、プラスチックやセラミック等の材料であっても十分な透明性があれば適宜使用が可能である。基板2,6は剛性で歪みを生じることが少ない材料が好ましい。また、基板として可撓性が少ないことがより好ましい。基板2,6の厚みは一般に、数十μmから数mmである。
EC素子を調光素子に用いる場合、光学系への影響を小さくするために消色状態では高い透過率を保つことが好ましい。そのため、電極3,5は可視光を十分に透過させる透明電極であることが好ましく、可視光領域における高い光透過性とともに高い導電性を有した材料からなることがより好ましい。これらの材料として、例えば、酸化インジウムスズ合金(ITO)、酸化スズ(NESA)、酸化インジウム亜鉛(IZO)、酸化銀、酸化バナジウム、酸化モリブデン、金、銀、白金、銅、インジウム、クロムなどの金属や金属酸化物、多結晶シリコン、アモルファスシリコン等のシリコン系材料、カーボンブラック、グラフェン、グラファイト、グラッシーカーボン等の炭素材料などを挙げることができる。また、ドーピング処理などで導電率を向上させた導電性ポリマー(例えば、ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェン、ポリアセチレン、ポリパラフェニレン、ポリエチレンジオキシチオフェンとポリスチレンスルホン酸の錯体(PEDOT:PSS)など)も好適に用いられる。本発明のEC素子においては、消色状態で高い透過率を有することが好ましいため、例えば、ITO、IZO、NESA、PEDOT:PSS、グラフェンなどが特に好ましく用いられる。これらはバルク状、微粒子状など様々な形態で使用できる。尚、これらの電極材料は、単独で使用してもよく、あるいは複数併用してもよい。
EC層7は、電解質と、低分子系有機材料等の有機EC材料の少なくとも一種とを溶媒に溶解したものであることが好ましい。
駆動電源8は、EC素子にEC材料が電気化学反応を生じるのに必要な電圧V1を印加する。EC素子が有するEC材料が複数種類の材料である場合、V1は一定電圧であることが好ましい。材料の酸化還元電位差やモル吸光係数の差に起因して吸収スペクトルが変化する場合があるためである。一方で、EC素子が単材料である場合は、正常な電気化学反応が生じる範囲でV1の値を変化させても構わない。駆動電源の電圧印加開始あるいは印加状態の保持は制御器10の信号で行われる。本発明では、EC素子が光透過率を制御する期間においては、一定電圧の印加状態が保持されている。
本発明の光学フィルタは、上述した本発明のEC装置と、前記EC装置に接続されている能動素子と、を有する。能動素子は、EC装置を通過光の光量を制御する素子である。具体的には、トランジスタやMIM素子が挙げられる。例えば図1で示したEC装置を光学フィルタとして適用することが挙げられる。光学フィルタは、カメラの如き撮像装置に用いられてもよく、撮像装置に用いられる場合、撮像装置本体に設けられても、レンズユニットに設けられてもよい。以下、光学フィルタとして、減光(Neutral Density,ND)フィルタを構成した場合について説明する。
本発明の撮像装置は、上述した本発明の光学フィルタと、光学フィルタを通過した光を受光する受光素子とを有する。
本発明の窓材は、EC素子と、上述した本発明のEC素子の駆動装置を有する。図7は、本発明の窓材を示す図であり、図7(a)は斜視図、図7(b)は図7(a)のX−X’断面図である。
本実施例では、有機EC材料として酸化反応により中性種からカチオンを形成して着色する上記化合物1〜3及び下記化合物4を用い、図1に示す駆動装置を作製した。
Claims (9)
- 一対の電極と前記一対の電極の間に配置されているエレクトロクロミック層とを有するエレクトロクロミック素子と、前記エレクトロクロミック素子に接続されている駆動回路と、を有するエレクトロクロミック装置であって、
前記駆動回路は、PWM駆動の1周期における着色のための電圧印加の時間が、前記エレクトロクロミック素子における電気化学反応の過渡応答時間よりも小さい場合、前記PWM駆動の1周期における電圧非印加の時は前記一対の電極間を短絡させ、
前記PWM駆動の1周期における前記電圧印加の時間が、前記エレクトロクロミック素子における電気化学反応の過渡応答時間以上の場合、前記PWM駆動の1周期における電圧非印加の時は、前記一対の電極間を短絡させず、前記駆動回路と前記一対の電極との間を開回路とすることを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック装置。 - 前記PWM駆動時における電圧非印加の時に、前記一対の電極間を短絡させるか、または前記駆動回路と前記一対の電極との間を開回路とするか、を判別する判別手段をさらに有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエレクトロクロミック装置。
- 前記エレクトロクロミック層は、複数種類のエレクトロクロミック材料を有することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のエレクトロクロミック装置。
- 前記エレクトロクロミック素子の可視光領域における吸収スペクトルが平坦であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のエレクトロクロミック装置。
- 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載のエレクトロクロミック装置と、前記エレクトロクロミック装置に接続されている能動素子とを有することを特徴とする光学フィルタ。
- 請求項5に記載の光学フィルタと、前記光学フィルタを通過した光を受光する受光素子とを有することを特徴とする撮像装置。
- 複数のレンズを有する光学系と、請求項5に記載の光学フィルタとを有することを特徴とするレンズユニット。
- 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載のエレクトロクロミック装置を有することを特徴とする窓材。
- 一対の電極と、前記一対の電極の間に配置されているエレクトロクロミック層を有するエレクトロクロミック素子と、前記エレクトロクロミック素子に接続されている駆動回路とを有するエレクトロクロミック装置の駆動方法であって、
前記駆動回路は、PWM駆動の1周期における着色のための電圧印加の時間が、前記エレクトロクロミック素子における電気化学反応の過渡応答時間よりも小さい場合、前記PWM駆動の1周期における電圧非印加の時は前記一対の電極間を短絡させ、
前記PWM駆動の1周期における前記電圧印加の時間が、前記エレクトロクロミック素子における電気化学反応の過渡応答時間以上の場合、前記PWM駆動の1周期における電圧非印加の時は、前記一対の電極間を短絡させず、前記駆動回路と前記一対の電極との間を開回路とすることを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック装置の駆動方法。
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US11054792B2 (en) | 2012-04-13 | 2021-07-06 | View, Inc. | Monitoring sites containing switchable optical devices and controllers |
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SG10201807277UA (en) | 2014-03-05 | 2018-09-27 | View Inc | Monitoring sites containing switchable optical devices and controllers |
US10294415B2 (en) | 2014-06-09 | 2019-05-21 | iGlass Technology, Inc. | Electrochromic composition and electrochromic device using same |
US10344208B2 (en) | 2014-06-09 | 2019-07-09 | iGlass Technology, Inc. | Electrochromic device and method for manufacturing electrochromic device |
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US20220404676A1 (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2022-12-22 | Sage Electrochromics, Inc. | Stack Voltage Based Closed-Loop Feedback Control of Electrochromic Glass |
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