JP6637008B2 - 排ガス浄化用触媒 - Google Patents
排ガス浄化用触媒 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6637008B2 JP6637008B2 JP2017191997A JP2017191997A JP6637008B2 JP 6637008 B2 JP6637008 B2 JP 6637008B2 JP 2017191997 A JP2017191997 A JP 2017191997A JP 2017191997 A JP2017191997 A JP 2017191997A JP 6637008 B2 JP6637008 B2 JP 6637008B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- catalyst
- gas purifying
- catalyst layer
- purifying catalyst
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 43
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- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 73
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- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 26
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
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- UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;1,3,5,2,4,6$l^{2}-trioxadisilaluminane 2,4-dioxide;dihydroxide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2].O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1.O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1 UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N propan-2-yl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC(C)C AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
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Description
特許文献1に開示される排ガス浄化装置は、排ガス浄化用触媒と、該排ガス浄化用触媒よりも排ガス流動方向の上流側に設けられた還元剤供給部と、を備える。排ガス浄化用触媒は、SCR触媒体を含む触媒層を有している。この排ガス浄化用触媒の上流側から排ガスに対して還元剤(例えば尿素水)を供給すると、該還元剤が加水分解してアンモニアが生成される。生成されたアンモニアは触媒体に吸着する。排ガス中のNOxは、触媒体に吸着されたアンモニアの還元作用によって窒素と水とに転換される。これによって排ガス中のNOxが浄化される。
内燃機関2には、酸素とディーゼル燃料とを含む混合気が供給される。内燃機関2は、この混合気を燃焼させ、燃焼エネルギーを力学的エネルギーへと変換する。このとき、燃焼された混合気は、排ガスとなって排気系に排出される。本実施形態の内燃機関2は、自動車のディーゼルエンジンを主体として構成されている。ただし、内燃機関2は、ディーゼルエンジン以外のエンジン(例えばガソリンエンジンなど)であってもよい。
なお、還元剤として、内燃機関2で用いられるものと同じディーゼル燃料を用いる場合には、排ガスにディーゼル燃料を直接噴射すればよい。そのため、還元剤供給機構5は、還元剤を貯留する貯留部5aを有していなくてもよい。また、流路5bは、ディーゼル燃料のタンクと吐出部5cとを連通するように構成されていてもよい。
(a)排ガスに含まれるHCやCOを浄化するディーゼル酸化触媒(DOC:Diesel Oxidation Catalyst);
(b)通常運転時に(リーン条件下の時に)NOxを吸蔵し、燃料を多めに噴射した時に(リッチ条件の時に)HC、COを還元剤としてNOxを浄化するNOx吸着還元(NSR:NOx Storage-Reduction)触媒;
(c)排ガスに含まれるNOx、HC、COを同時に浄化する3元触媒;
(d)排ガスに含まれるPMを除去するディーゼルパティキュレートフィルタ(DPF:Diesel Particulate Filter);
のうちの1つまたは2つ以上であってもよい。
なお、本実施形態では、第2の排ガス浄化用触媒10が、1つの触媒層20を有する。ただし、第2の排ガス浄化用触媒10は、触媒層20にかえて、例えば、排ガス流出側の端部15から隔壁16の延伸方向に沿って配置された第1の触媒層と、排ガス流入側の端部13から隔壁16の延伸方向に沿って配置された第2の触媒層と、を有していてもよい。その場合、第1の触媒層のX方向の長さLaと第2の触媒層のX方向の長さLbとの合計が、隔壁16の全長Lw以上の長さであるとよい。言い換えれば、La+Lb≧Lwであるとよい。これによって、NOx還元性やPM捕集性を、より安定的に発揮することができる。
なお、第2の排ガス浄化用触媒10が、触媒層20にかえて、例えば、排ガス流出側の端部15から隔壁16の延伸方向に沿って配置された第1の触媒層と、排ガス流入側の端部13から隔壁16の延伸方向に沿って配置された第2の触媒層と、を有する場合には、第1の触媒層と第2の触媒層との厚みが同じであってもよいし異なっていてもよい。好適な一態様では、第1の触媒層の厚みTaと第2の触媒層の厚みTbとの合計が、隔壁16の厚みTw以下である。言い換えれば、Ta+Tb≦Twであるとよい。
すなわち、隔壁16は多孔質であり、その内部に複数の内部細孔18を有している。触媒層20は、隔壁16の内部細孔18を構成する壁表面に保持されている。このことにより、触媒層20は、内部細孔18の対向する壁表面同士を架橋するように、立体網目状に形成されている。触媒層20の任意の断面では、内部細孔18が複数の小細孔19に分割されている。小細孔19は、隔壁16の厚み方向に三次元的に連通されており、排ガスの通り道となっている。したがって、触媒層20では、排ガスと触媒体17との接触性を高めることができる。また、排ガスは、小細孔19が多いほど触媒層20の内部で拡散、対流し易くなる。このため、触媒層20では、排ガスの通過に時間がかかることとなり、排ガスと触媒体17との反応性を高めることができる。これにより、有害成分の浄化性能、例えばNOx浄化性能を好適に向上することができる。
5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量は、排ガスの拡散性や対流性をより良く向上する観点から、基材11の容積1Lあたり、概ね40000mm3以上、好ましくは50000mm3以上、より好ましくは67000mm3以上、特には88000mm3以上であるとよい。5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量の上限値は、特に限定されるものではないが、圧損をより良く低減する観点から、基材11の容積1Lあたり、概ね200000mm3以下、典型的には150000mm3以下、例えば121000mm3以下であってもよい。
まず、シリカとアルミナとを含んだCHA型アルミノケイ酸塩を、溶媒としてのイオン交換水に分散させた。この分散液に酢酸銅を添加して、80℃まで加熱した。次に、80℃で12時間撹拌した後、固形分をろ過し、洗浄した。得られた固形物を200℃で5時間乾燥させて、Cuイオン交換ゼオライト(Cu担持量3wt%)を作製した。次に、作製したCuイオン交換ゼオライト(1000g)と、シリカゾル(300g)と、純水(1000g)とを混合し、ボールミルで1時間撹拌することにより、前駆スラリーを調製した。そこに、造孔材(平均粒径が1μmの樹脂材料)を50g(基材1Lあたり5g)添加して、ボールミルでさらに撹拌することにより、原料スラリーを調製した。
例2では、上記前駆スラリーに添加する造孔材の量を100g(基材1Lあたり10g)としたこと以外は例1と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
例3では、上記前駆スラリーに添加する造孔材の量を500g(基材1Lあたり50g)としたこと以外は例1と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
例4では、基材を、気孔率61%、隔壁の厚み11ミルのものに変更し、かつ、ウォッシュコート層のコート量を、基材の容積1Lあたり110gとしたこと以外は例1と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
例5では、基材を、気孔率70%、隔壁の厚み13ミルのものに変更し、かつ、ウォッシュコート層のコート量を、基材の容積1Lあたり60gとしたこと以外は例3と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
例6では、上記前駆スラリーに添加する造孔材の量を50g(基材1Lあたり3g)としたこと以外は例5と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
比較例1では、上記前駆スラリーに造孔材を添加せず、そのまま原料スラリーとして用いたこと以外は例1と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
比較例2では、基材を、気孔率75%のものに変更し、かつ、ウォッシュコート層のコート量を、基材の容積1Lあたり60gとしたこと以外は例3と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
比較例3では、ウォッシュコート層のコート量を、基材の容積1Lあたり40gとしたこと以外は例2と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
比較例4では、造孔材を、平均粒径5μmのものに変更したこと以外は例2と同様にして、排ガス浄化用触媒を得た。
まず、上記作製した排ガス浄化用触媒について、触媒層の形成されている隔壁部分を切り出した。このとき、各例につき、排ガス浄化用触媒の排ガス流出側の端部から隔壁の延伸方向に沿って20mm離れた位置を中心として、約10mm角のサンプルを採取した。
次に、水銀圧入法により、0.01〜200MPaの圧力範囲で測定を行うことで、110μm〜0.007μmの範囲の細孔径を評価した。次に、細孔直径(μm)を横軸に、細孔容量(mm3/g)を縦軸に表した細孔分布を作成した。そして、細孔直径が小さい側から5μmまでの領域の積算面積を5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量として算出し、基材の容積1Lあたりに基準化した。結果を表1の「基材の単位容積あたりの5μm以下の細孔容積」の欄に示す。
まず、上記採取したサンプルに対して、エアーが評価する部分のみを通過可能なように、目詰めの加工を施した。次に、PMI社製のパームポロメータのホルダにサンプルをセットし、ガス圧を変化させながら、1〜200L/minでサンプルにエアーを流通させ、加圧下におけるエアーの流量を測定した。そして、下記の式から、エアー流通時の入口と出口の差圧が10kPaのときの透過係数を求めた。結果を表1の「透過係数」の欄に示す。
K=QVT/AM
(ただし、K=透過係数(単位:μm2)、Q=加圧下におけるエアーの流量(単位:μm3/s)、V=エアーの粘度(単位:Pa・s)、T=サンプルの厚み(単位:μm)、A=サンプルの断面積(単位:μm2)、M=エアー流通時のガス圧力(単位:Pa))
まず、上記作製した排ガス浄化用触媒に、予め750℃で40時間の水熱エージングを施した。
次に、エンジンベンチを使用し、図1に示すような排ガス浄化システムを構築した。具体的には、内燃機関として、2.2Lのコモンレール式のディーゼルエンジンを使用した。また、ディーゼルエンジンの排気管には、第1の排ガス浄化用触媒としてのDOC触媒と、第2の排ガス浄化用触媒としての上記水熱エージング後の排ガス浄化用触媒とを、この順に配置した。また、還元剤として、市販の尿素水(AdBlue(商標))を使用した。そして、上記第2の排ガス浄化用触媒の上流側で、インジェクタを用いて排ガスに尿素水を添加した。なお、尿素水の添加量は、SCR触媒の作用によって尿素水がアンモニア(NH3)となるときのアンモニアとNOxとの当量比が1となるように調整した。
次に、排ガス浄化触媒の温度が250℃の定常条件で、吸入空気量が30g/秒のときのNOx浄化率を測定した。そして、排ガス浄化用触媒の入側のNOx濃度(触媒入りガスのNOx濃度)と、排ガス浄化用触媒の出側のNOx濃度(触媒出ガスのNOx濃度)とに基づいて、下記の式からNOx浄化率を算出した。結果を表1の「NOx浄化率」の欄に示す。
また、触媒層の形成時に造孔材を使用しなかった比較例1、および平均粒径が大きな造孔材を使用した比較例4では、触媒層の透過係数が相対的に小さく、また、NOx浄化率も相対的に低かった。この理由としては、比較例3と同様に、触媒体と排ガスとの反応が不十分だったことが考えられる。
一方、触媒層の透過係数が相対的に大きい比較例2でも、NOx浄化率が低かった。この理由としては、貫通孔が多すぎるために排ガスが触媒層を素早く通り抜けてしまい、触媒体と排ガスとの反応が不十分だったことが考えられる。
(1)5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量が、基材の単位容積あたり24000mm3以上(例えば、24000〜121000mm3);
(2)透過係数が、0.6〜4.4μm2;
をいずれも満たすことで、触媒体と排ガスとの接触性が向上したことや、触媒層内に排ガスが拡散し易くなり、触媒体と排ガスとの反応性が向上したことが考えられる。
2 内燃機関
5 還元剤供給機構
9 第1の排ガス浄化用触媒
10 第2の排ガス浄化用触媒
11 基材
16 隔壁
17 触媒体
18 内部細孔
19 小細孔
20 触媒層
Claims (10)
- 内燃機関の排気経路に配置され、該内燃機関から排出される排ガスを浄化する排ガス浄化用触媒であって、
排ガス流入側の端部が開口した入側セルと、排ガス流出側の端部が開口した出側セルとが、多孔質な隔壁によって仕切られているウォールフロー構造の基材と、
前記隔壁の少なくとも内部に配置され、触媒体を含む触媒層と、
を備え、
前記触媒層は、以下の条件:
(1)水銀圧入法で測定された細孔分布に基づく細孔径と細孔容量との関係において、5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量が、前記基材の容積1Lあたり24000mm3以上である;
(2)パームポロメータで測定される透過係数が、0.6μm2以上4.4μm2以下である;
を満たす、排ガス浄化用触媒。 - 前記透過係数が、1.9μm2以上である、請求項1に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記透過係数が、2.4μm2以下である、請求項1または2に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量が、前記基材の容積1Lあたり67000mm3以上である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記5μm以下の細孔の細孔容量が、前記基材の容積1Lあたり121000mm3以下である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記触媒層が、前記出側セルと接するように配置されている、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記隔壁の延伸方向において、前記触媒層が前記隔壁の全長を覆っている、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記触媒体が、ゼオライト、シリコアルミノホスフェート、アルミノホスフェートおよびイオン交換ゼオライトのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 前記内燃機関が、ディーゼルエンジンである、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の排ガス浄化用触媒と、
前記排ガス浄化触媒よりも排ガス流動方向の上流側で前記排ガスに対して還元剤を供給する還元剤供給機構と、
を備えた、排ガス浄化装置。
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