JP6351601B2 - 電気めっき金属グリッドを用いた光起電力装置 - Google Patents
電気めっき金属グリッドを用いた光起電力装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H10F10/16—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers
- H10F10/164—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells
- H10F10/165—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells
- H10F10/166—Photovoltaic cells having only PN heterojunction potential barriers comprising heterojunctions with Group IV materials, e.g. ITO/Si or GaAs/SiGe photovoltaic cells the heterojunctions being Group IV-IV heterojunctions, e.g. Si/Ge, SiGe/Si or Si/SiC photovoltaic cells the Group IV-IV heterojunctions being heterojunctions of crystalline and amorphous materials, e.g. silicon heterojunction [SHJ] photovoltaic cells
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Description
[0001]本開示は、概して太陽電池に関する。より具体的には、本開示は、電気めっき技術によって製造された金属グリッドを含む太陽電池に関する。
[0002]化石燃料の使用によって引き起こされた環境への悪影響及びそれらのコストの上昇により、よりクリーンで、安価な代替エネルギー源の緊急の必要性が生じた。異なる形態の代替エネルギー源の中でも、太陽光発電は、そのクリーンさ及び幅広い可用性により好まれてきた。
[0009]本発明の一実施形態は、太陽電池を提供する。太陽電池は、光起電力構造と、光起電力構造の上方に位置する前面金属グリッドとを含む。前面金属グリッドは、1つ又は複数の電気めっき金属層も含む。前面金属グリッドは、1つ又は複数のフィンガーラインも含み、各フィンガーラインの各端部が追加の金属ラインを介して隣接するフィンガーラインの対応する端部に連結されることによって、各フィンガーラインが開放端を有さないことを確実にする。
[0029]以下の説明は、当業者が実施形態を製造及び使用できるように示したものであり、ある具体的な用途及びその要件に関連して提供される。開示された実施形態に対する様々な変更形態が当業者には容易に明白となり、本明細書に定義される一般的原理は、本開示の精神及び範囲から逸脱することなく、他の実施形態及び用途に適用され得る。従って、本発明は、示された実施形態に限定されず、本明細書に開示された原理及び特徴に一致する最も広い範囲に合致するものである。
[0030]本発明の実施形態は、電気めっき金属グリッドを含む太陽電池の金属剥離を回避するための解決策を提供する。太陽電池は、結晶性Si(c−Si)基板、エミッタ層、パッシベーション層、金属接着層、及び前面及び裏面電極金属グリッドを含む。金属接着層は、スパッタリング又は蒸着等の物理的気相成長(PVD)技術を用いて形成される。前面金属グリッドは、金属接着層上に、単一層又は多層構造でもよい金属スタックを選択的に電気めっきすることによって形成される。金属ラインの剥離の原因となり得る応力を軽減するために、グリッドパターンは、開放端又は不連続点が存在しないことを確実にするように特別に設計される。裏面電極金属グリッドは、前面電極金属グリッドの形成に使用されたのと同じ方法を用いて形成することができる。さらに、金属グリッドのスクリーン印刷、電気めっき、又はエアロゾルジェット印刷による裏面電極の形成が可能である。
[0031]太陽電池電極として使用される電気めっき金属グリッドは、印刷されたAlグリッドよりも低い抵抗を示した。しかしながら、電気めっき金属ラインと、その下地の透明導電酸化物(TCO)層又は半導体層との接着が問題点となり得る。たとえ接着層を導入したとしても、電気めっき金属ラインの厚さが増加することから(低抵抗を確実にするため)、応力が高すぎる場合には、金属ラインの剥離がやはり生じ得る。金属ラインの剥離は、電気めっき金属と、その下地構造(これは、TCO層又は半導体構造でもよい)との界面に蓄積された応力の結果の場合がある。金属とシリコン基板との熱膨張係数の差及び太陽電池が置かれた環境の熱サイクルは、このような応力の原因となることが多い。応力の量が接着層によってもたらされた接着強さを上回ると、金属と下地層との結合が壊れる。
Claims (19)
- 光起電力構造と、
前記光起電力構造上に位置する前面金属グリッドであって、1つ又は複数の電気めっき金属層を含む前面金属グリッドと、
を含む太陽電池であって、
前記前面金属グリッドは、第1のフィンガーライン及び前記第1のフィンガーラインに隣接する第2のフィンガーラインを含む複数のフィンガーラインを含み、
前記第1のフィンガーラインの両端部が2つの追加の金属ラインを介して前記第2のフィンガーラインの両端部に連結され、
前記第1のフィンガーライン、前記第2のフィンガーライン及び前記2つの追加の金属ラインは、一つのループを形成し、
前記第1又は第2のフィンガーラインの部分であって、前記第1又は第2のフィンガーラインと前記追加の金属ラインとの間の交差部の近くにある部分は、当該第1又は第2のフィンガーラインの中心部分よりも幅が大きく、
前記2つの追加の金属ラインは、当該第1又は第2のフィンガーラインの中心部分よりも幅が大きい、太陽電池。 - 前記2つの追加の金属ラインと前記第1及び第2のフィンガーラインとの交差部は、丸みが付けられる又は面取りがされる、請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記前面金属グリッドは、前記電気めっき金属層と前記光起電力構造との間に位置する金属接着層を含み、
前記金属接着層は、Cu、Al、Co、W、Cr、Mo、Ni、Ti、Ta、窒化チタン(TiNx)、チタンタングステン(TiWx)、ケイ化チタン(TiSix)、ケイ化窒化チタン(TiSiN)、窒化タンタル(TaNx)、ケイ化窒化タンタル(TaSiNx)、ニッケルバナジウム(NiV)、窒化タングステン(WNx)、及びこれらの組み合わせの内の1つ又は複数を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記光起電力構造は、透明導電酸化物(TCO)層を含み、前記金属接着層は、直接前記TCO層と接している、請求項3に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記電気めっき金属層は、
Cu層、
Ag層、及び
Sn層
の内の1つ又は複数を含む、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記前面金属グリッドは、前記電気めっき金属層と前記光起電力構造との間に金属シード層を有する、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記金属シード層は、蒸着及びスパッタリング堆積の一方を含む物理的気相成長(PVD)技術を用いて形成される、請求項6に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記光起電力構造は、
Siを含むベース層と、
前記ベース層の一方の面上に位置するエミッタ層と、
を含み、
前記エミッタ層は、
前記ベース層の前記一方の面上に位置するドーパントを拡散させたポリSi層、及び
前記ベース層の前記一方の面上に位置するドープされたアモルファスSi(a−Si)層
の内の少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記ドーパントは、
リン、及び
ホウ素
の一方を含む、請求項8に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記光起電力構造の下に位置する裏面金属グリッドであって、1つ又は複数の電気めっき金属層を含む裏面金属グリッドをさらに含み、
前記裏面金属グリッドは、第3のフィンガーライン及び前記第3のフィンガーラインに隣接する第4のフィンガーラインを含み、
前記第3のフィンガーラインの両端部は、第2の2つの追加の金属ラインを介して前記第4のフィンガーラインの両端部に連結され、
前記第3のフィンガーライン、前記第4のフィンガーライン及び前記第2の2つの追加の金属ラインは、一つのループを形成する、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池。 - 半導体構造の上に透明導電酸化物(TCO)層を堆積させて、光起電力構造を形成するステップと、
前記光起電力構造の上に前面金属グリッドを形成するステップと、
を含む太陽電池の製造方法であって、
前記前面金属グリッドは、1つ又は複数の電気めっき金属層を含み、
前記前面金属グリッドは、第1のフィンガーライン及び前記第1のフィンガーラインに隣接する第2のフィンガーラインを含む複数のフィンガーラインを含み、
前記第1のフィンガーラインの両端部が2つの追加の金属ラインを介して前記第2のフィンガーラインの両端部に連結され、
前記第1のフィンガーライン、前記第2のフィンガーライン及び前記2つの追加の金属ラインは、一つのループを形成し、
前記第1又は第2のフィンガーラインの部分であって、前記第1又は第2のフィンガーラインと前記追加の金属ラインとの間の交差部の近くにある部分は、当該第1又は第2のフィンガーラインの中心部分よりも幅が大きく、
前記2つの追加の金属ラインは、当該第1又は第2のフィンガーラインの中心部分よりも幅が大きい、太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記2つの追加の金属ラインと前記第1及び第2のフィンガーラインとの交差部は、丸みが付けられる又は面取りがされる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記前面金属グリッドは、前記電気めっき金属層と前記光起電力構造との間に位置する金属接着層を含み、
前記金属接着層は、Cu、Al、Co、W、Cr、Mo、Ni、Ti、Ta、窒化チタン(TiNx)、チタンタングステン(TiWx)、ケイ化チタン(TiSix)、ケイ化窒化チタン(TiSiN)、窒化タンタル(TaNx)、ケイ化窒化タンタル(TaSiNx)、ニッケルバナジウム(NiV)、窒化タングステン(WNx)、及びこれらの組み合わせの内の1つ又は複数を含む、請求項11又は12に記載の方法。 - 前記電気めっき金属層は、
Cu層、
Ag層、及び
Sn層
の内の1つ又は複数を含む、請求項11から13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記前面金属グリッドは、前記電気めっき金属層と前記光起電力構造との間に金属シード層を有する、請求項11から14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記前面金属グリッドの形成ステップは、
前記金属シード層の上にパターニングされたマスキング層を堆積させるステップであって、前記マスキング層の開口部は、前記前面金属グリッドの位置に対応し、前記マスキング層は電気絶縁性である、ステップと、
前記太陽電池を電解質溶液中に沈めることによって、前記パターニングされたマスキング層を覆って1つ又は複数の金属層を電気めっきするステップと、
前記パターニングされたマスキング層を除去するステップと、
エッチングプロセスを行うことによって、前記電気めっき金属層によって覆われていない前記金属シード層の部分を除去するステップと、
を含む、請求項15に記載の方法。 - 前記光起電力構造の形成ステップは、低濃度ドープベース層の一方の面上にエミッタ層を形成するステップをさらに含み、
前記エミッタ層の形成ステップは、
前記ベース層の前記一方の面上に位置するポリSi層にドーパントを拡散させるステップ、及び
ドープされたアモルファスSi層を堆積させるステップ
の内の少なくとも1つを含む、請求項11から16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記ドーパントは、
リン、及び
ホウ素
の一方を含む、請求項17に記載の方法。 - 前記光起電力構造の下に位置する裏面金属グリッドであって、1つ又は複数の電気めっき金属層を含む裏面金属グリッドを形成するステップをさらに含み、
前記裏面金属グリッドは、第3のフィンガーライン及び前記第3のフィンガーラインに隣接する第4のフィンガーラインを含み、
前記第3のフィンガーラインの両端部は、第2の2つの追加の金属ラインを介して前記第4のフィンガーラインの両端部に連結され、
前記第3のフィンガーライン、前記第4のフィンガーライン及び前記第2の2つの追加の金属ラインは、一つのループを形成する、請求項11から18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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US201261709798P | 2012-10-04 | 2012-10-04 | |
US61/709,798 | 2012-10-04 | ||
PCT/US2013/063303 WO2014055781A1 (en) | 2012-10-04 | 2013-10-03 | Photovoltaic devices with electroplated metal grids |
US14/045,163 | 2013-10-03 | ||
US14/045,163 US9461189B2 (en) | 2012-10-04 | 2013-10-03 | Photovoltaic devices with electroplated metal grids |
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JP2015532535A5 JP2015532535A5 (ja) | 2016-08-04 |
JP6351601B2 true JP6351601B2 (ja) | 2018-07-04 |
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US (3) | US9461189B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2904643B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6351601B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN104781936A (ja) |
AU (2) | AU2013326971B2 (ja) |
MX (2) | MX351564B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2014055781A1 (ja) |
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US8969122B2 (en) | 2011-06-14 | 2015-03-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | Processes for uniform metal semiconductor alloy formation for front side contact metallization and photovoltaic device formed therefrom |
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