JP6092107B2 - アレルギー性疾患の治療方法 - Google Patents
アレルギー性疾患の治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6092107B2 JP6092107B2 JP2013531958A JP2013531958A JP6092107B2 JP 6092107 B2 JP6092107 B2 JP 6092107B2 JP 2013531958 A JP2013531958 A JP 2013531958A JP 2013531958 A JP2013531958 A JP 2013531958A JP 6092107 B2 JP6092107 B2 JP 6092107B2
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Description
本願はUS仮出願第61/388,957号(2010年10月1日に出願)およびUS仮出願第61/470,837(2011年4月1日に出願)の優先権および利益を主張し、それらの内容全体はそっくりそのまま、本明細書において参照により援用される。
本発明は、アレルギー性疾患(例えば、アレルギー性鼻炎)の治療に用いるためのVTX−378またはその塩を含む医薬組成物であって、経鼻投与または他の投与経路に適した形である組成物を提供する。VTX−378は、新規な、強力かつ選択的な小分子TLR8アゴニストである。VTX−378またはその塩の製剤は、PCTパンフレット国際公開第10/014913号に記載されており、その内容は全体が本明細書で参照によって援用される。VTX−1463は、VTX−378の鼻腔内製剤である。本明細書で記載の通り、本発明の製剤はアレルギー性疾患(例えば、アレルギー性鼻炎)の治療方法に用いるのに適している。
本発明が提供するのは、アレルギー性疾患(例えば、アレルギー性鼻炎)の治療、寛解、または予防方法である。アレルギー性疾患は、アレルギー季節中でも外でも良い。アレルギー性疾患はまた、季節性でも通年性でも良い。本発明の1つの発見は、VTX−378が、新規、選択的、かつ強力なTLR8アゴニストであり、100nM前後のEC50を有することである(図8)。VTX−378(VTX−1463中の活性医薬成分)(なお、VTX−1463はVTX−378の鼻腔内製剤)との培養(incubation)によってPBMCを刺激し、多数のTh−1サイトカインおよびケモカイン(例えば、IL−10、IL−12、IFN、MCP−1およびMIP−1β)を産生する(図9)。本発明のもう1つの発見は、VTX−378が、患者における抗原暴露に対するアレルギー性反応を著しく減少することであり、優れた効果を有することである。VTX−378はまた、症状の急激な発生の制御および長期間の免疫調節の両方を提供する。例えば、VTX−378は、ブタクサ感受性が増したビーグル犬(アレルギー性鼻炎の特徴がはっきりしたモデル)において、アレルギー性介在物質の産生を著しく減少する(図1〜7)。VTX−378はまた、牧草アレルゲン(grass allergen)にさらされたアトピー性患者におけるアレルギー性鼻炎症状を減弱する。VTX−1463を漸増用量(25、50、75、100μg)または固定用量(62.5μg/週)として週に1回、4週間以上にわたって投与すると、プラセボに対して、総合経鼻症状スコア(total nasal symptom score)(TNSS)が著しく改善し、活動性前側鼻腔通気度検査(active anterior rhinomanometry)(AAR)で測定されるようにアレルゲン暴露に対する気流応答(airflow response)が著しく改善し、アレルゲン誘導の分泌物重量が減少し、総合眼球症状スコア(total ocular symptom score)(TOSS)が著しく改善する(図11〜14)。その優れた効果に加えて、VTX−1463は患者に安全であり、かつ耐容性がよい。
併用療法には、VTX−378またはその塩の投与に加えて、アレルギー性疾患(例えば、アレルギー性鼻炎)の予防または治療を助ける剤(modality)の1またはそれ以上の補助的使用が包含される。そのような剤(modality)には、以下に限定されないが、免疫療法薬、抗血管形成剤、サイトカイン、ホルモン、抗体、ポリヌクレオチド、光力学治療剤(photodynamic therapeutic agents)、非ステロイド性抗炎症薬、抗ヒスタミン剤、α−アドレナリン作動性アゴニスト、ステロイド剤およびそれらの任意の組み合わせが含まれる。本明細書で用いるように「と組み合わせて」とは、下記でより詳細に後述するような1またはそれ以上の別の剤を含む投与計画治療の一部としてVTX−378が投与されることを意味する。
別の態様において、VTX−378またはその塩は、1またはそれ以上の免疫療法薬(例えば、抗体およびワクチン)と組み合わせて投与される。
ある特定の態様において、VTX−378またはその塩は、免疫調節剤と組み合わせて投与される。いくつかの態様において、VTX−378またはその塩は、免疫調節剤と一緒に製剤化される。「免疫調節剤」は、投与することによって、その患者の免疫系が抑制、遮蔽、または増強される物質である。例示的な剤には、サイトカイン産生を抑制するもの、自己抗原発現を減少または抑制するもの、あるいはMHC抗原をマスクするものが挙げられる。そのような剤には例えば、2−アミノ−6−アリール−5−置換ピリミジン(米国特許第4,665,077号を参照)、アザチオプリン(またはシクロホスファミド、もしアザチオプリンに副作用があるならば);ブロモクリプチン;グルタルアルデヒド(米国特許第4,120,649号に記載のように、MHC抗原をマスクする);MHC抗原およびMHCフラグメントのための抗イディオタイプ抗体;サイクロスポリンA;ステロイド剤、例えばグルココルチコステロイド(例えば、プレドニゾン、メチルプレドニゾロン、およびデキサメタゾン);サイトカインまたはサイトカイン受容体アンタゴニスト(例えば、抗インターフェロン−γ、−β、および-α抗体);抗腫瘍壊死因子−α抗体;抗腫瘍壊死因子−β抗体;抗インターロイキン−2抗体および抗IL−2受容体抗体;抗L3T4抗体;異種性抗リンパ球グロブリン;パン−T抗体、好ましくは抗CD3または抗CD4/CD4a抗体;LFA−3結合ドメインを含む可溶性ペプチド;ストレプトキナーゼ;TGF−β;ストレプトドルナーゼ;FK506;RS−61443;デオキシスペルグアリン;並びにラパマイシンが含まれる。サイトカインには例えば、これらに限定されないが、リンホカイン、モノカイン、および伝統的なポリペプチドホルモンが含まれる。サイトカインにおいて含まれるのは、成長ホルモン(例えば、ヒト成長ホルモン、N−メチオニルヒト成長ホルモン、およびウシ成長ホルモン);副甲状腺ホルモン;チロキシン;インスリン;プロインスリン;レラキシン;プロレラキシン;糖タンパク質ホルモン[例えば、卵胞刺激ホルモン(FSH)、甲状腺刺激ホルモン(TSH)、および黄体ホルモン(LH)];肝臓成長因子;線維芽細胞成長因子;プロラクチン;胎盤性ラクトゲン;腫瘍壊死因子−α;ミュラー管阻害物質;マウスゴナドトロピン関連ペプチド;インヒビン;アクチビン;血管性内皮成長因子;インテグリン;トロンボポエチン(TPO);神経成長因子(例えば、NGF−α);血小板成長因子;トランスフォーミング成長因子(TGF)(例えば、TGF−αおよびTGF−α);インスリン様成長因子IおよびII;エリスロポエチン(EPO);骨誘導因子;インターフェロン;コロニー刺激因子(CSF)[例えば、マクロファージCSF(M−CSF)];顆粒球マクロファージCgP(GM−CSP);および顆粒球CSF(G−CSF);インターロイキン(Il)(例えば、IL−1、IL−la、IL−2、1L−3、IL−4、IL−5、IL−6、IL−7、IL−8、IL−9、IL−1I、IL−12、IL−15);腫瘍壊死因子(例えば、TNF−αおよびTNF−β);並びに他のポリペプチド因子[例えば、LIFおよびkitリガンド(KL)]である。本明細書で用いるように、用語「サイトカイン」には、天然源または組換え細胞培養からのタンパク質および天然配列サイトカインの生物学的に活性な等価物が含まれる。
ある特定の態様において、単球またはマクロファージ機能を、例えば、少なくとも約25%、50%、75%、85%、90%、9%またはそれ以上増強させる化合物は、VTX−378またはその塩と組み合わせて用いることができる。そのような化合物は当該分野において知られており、これらには限定されないが、インターロイキン(例えば、IL−12)およびインターフェロン(例えば、αまたはγインターフェロン)などのサイトカインが含まれる。
本発明のVTX−378は、好ましくは鼻腔内投与される。あるいは、本発明のVTX−378は、経口、非経口、腹腔内、静脈内、動脈内、経皮、舌下、筋肉内、直腸、バッカル、リポソーム、吸入、膣、眼球内、カテーテルもしくはステントによる局所送達、皮下、脂肪内、関節内、くも膜下腔内、または皮内経路で、あるいは持続放出製剤の形で、投与される。
本発明はまた、経鼻投与または他の投与経路に適した形態における、VTX−378またはその塩が充填された、1またはそれ以上の容器を含む医薬パックまたはキットも提供する。
実施例1:VTX−1463の選択性、薬効、および薬動力学に関するインビトロ特性
前臨床試験を、VTX−1463における活性医薬成分であるVTX−378について行った。ヒトにおいて、他のTLRと比較したTLR8のVTX−378特異性を、遺伝子導入を介して個別のTLR(2〜9)の発現が設計された、遺伝子導入されたヒト胚性腎臓293(HEK293)細胞において評価し、評価にはNF−κBドリブンレポーター(driven reporter)系を用いた。図8で示されるように、本試験系においてVTX−378は、強力なTLR8のアクチベーターであって〜100nMの50%有効濃度(EC50)を有し、弱いTLR7のアクチベーターであって〜2000nMのEC50を有した。VTX−378は、TLR2、TLR3、TLR5、TLR6またはTLR9に対して検出可能な活性を示さず、またTLR4に対しては活性が無いかほぼ無かった。VTX−378の薬理効果は、単離されたヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を用いて、インビトロにおいて明らかにされた。VTX−378との培養(incubation)はPBMCを刺激し、多数のTh−1サイトカインおよびケモカイン(例えば、IL−12、IFN、MCP−1およびMIP−1β)を産生した。図9および表1に示すように、VTX−378はまた、IL−10産生も刺激した。サイトカイン誘発(特に、IL−12産生を含む)の全体的なパターンは、他のヒトTLR刺激と比べて、TLR8刺激は区別される(表2)。
VTX−378の治療活性は、ブタクサ感受性が増したビーグル犬における、アレルギー性鼻炎の特徴がはっきりしたモデルで評価された(図1〜7)。音響鼻腔計測法(AcR)は、ブタクサ抗原の経鼻滴下後の経鼻粘膜における直接的効果を測定するために用いることができる。ブタクサ感受性犬を用いた複数の実験で、VTX−378(100〜1000μg)の鼻腔内投与は、抗原暴露に対するアレルギー性反応において、再現性のある、用量依存的で統計的に有意な減少を示した(図1)。VTX−378は、アレルギー性介在物質(例えば、経鼻ヒスタミン、経鼻ロイコトリエンC4/D4/E4、経鼻プロスタグランジンD2、および経鼻プロスタグランジンE2)の産生を著しく減少させた(図2〜5)。興味深いことに、VTX−378の応答は、鼻腔内ブタクサ暴露の24時間前に単回用量を投与後にすぐに生じた。本モデルの研究によって、2つのVTX−378投与(用量)は、単回投与(用量)より効果的であることも分かった(図6および7)。具体的に、VTX−378の1000μgの単回用量は鼻詰まりを56.5%±10.0%和らげたのに対して、4日後または7日後にも分けた2回用量では各々、鼻詰まりを65.4%±10.3%または71.9%±7.7%改善した。これらの知見が示唆するのは、TLR8アゴニストを週に1回、鼻腔内投与することによって、アレルギー性鼻炎の治療または予防において、類のない優れた薬理学的特性を有し得ることである。
1.行われた臨床研究の概要
VTX−1463は、3つの、ランダム化されたプラセボ対照試験において評価された。VRXP−B101研究では、ヒト初回投与用量漸増試験によって、37人の健康な被験者においてVTX−1463の安全性、耐容性、および薬物動態が評価された。VRXP−B102およびVRXP−B103研究は、牧草アレルゲン(grass allergen)にさらされたアトピー性患者において、アレルギー性鼻炎症状を和らげるにあたり、VTX−1463の安全性および薬効の評価を目的とした。VRXP−B102研究はアレルギー季節外の期間にVTX−1463の週に1回用量の2回を評価し、VRXP−B103研究ではアレルギー季節中にVTX−1463の週に1回用量の4回を評価した。研究は両方ともウイーン抗原暴露室(Vienna Challenge Chamber)(VCC)(ウイーン、オーストリア)で行われた。VCCは制御されかつ制御可能なパラダイム(paradigm)を提供し、それはアレルギー性鼻炎に対する薬剤の効果を再現性よく評価する。このモデルは環境的条件の制御を可能とし、従って野外試験で生じる交絡因子のいくつか[例えば、一般環境におけるアレルゲン源(load)の多様性、患者が室内で過ごした時間に関する変数性(variability)、および随伴性気道感染の発生]を取り除くことができる。VCCにおいて行われた薬効評価には、総合経鼻症状スコア(TNSS;鼻詰まり、鼻かゆみ、くしゃみおよび鼻漏の合計スコア)、活動性前側鼻腔通気度検査(active anterior rhinomanometry)(AAR)によって測定された経鼻通気抵抗、総合眼球症状スコア(Total Ocular Symptom Score)(TOSS;目のかゆみ、流涙、および眼の赤みの合計スコア)、種々のアレルギー症状スコア(Miscellaneous Allergy Symptom Score)(MASS;咳、かゆいのど、かゆい目および口蓋の合計スコア)、および経鼻分泌物重量が含まれる。
VRXP−B101は、2つの部分からなる、ランダム化されたプラセボ対照試験において、健康な被験者(n=37)に対してVTX−1463の鼻腔内投与による安全性、耐容性、および薬物動態が評価された。試験の第1の部分は、32μg〜500μgの範囲のVTX−1463の単回漸増用量を投与された同齢集団を評価した。試験の第2の部分は、7日で250μgおよび500μgに分けた2回用量を投与された別齢集団を評価した。薬物動態分析は、平均Tmaxが鼻腔内投与後0.3〜0.5時間の範囲で生じ、平均半減期(t 1/2)が鼻腔内投与後1.0〜1.6時間の範囲に生じたことを示した。32μgおよび64μg用量群に関して、VTX−1463の数量化できるレベルは、検出レベル以下であった(0.1ng/mL)。測定可能なVTX−1463レベルが血漿中に現れたのは、125、250および500μg用量の投与後、各々、平均して1.8、2.4および4.0時間後であった。
VRXP−B102は、複数回(反復)投与(用量)レベルの、ランダム化されたプラセボ対照試験であり、VCCにおいて行われた。本試験の主な目的は、牧草アレルゲン(grass allergen)にさらされたアトピー性患者において、アレルギー性鼻炎症状の減弱について、VTX−1463の安全性および薬効を評価することである。牧草花粉アトピーが確認された、無症状または症状がごくわずかな70患者をランダムに、花粉の季節でない時期に、2回、週1回のVTX−1463またはプラセボの100、250、または500μg用量を鼻腔内投与した。2回目の用量から24時間後に患者はベースライン評価が行われ、次いで暴露室において6時間の牧草アレルゲン暴露が行われた。アレルゲン暴露室(allergen exposure chamber)にいる間、患者は症状スコア(TNSS、MASS、TOSS)、活動性前側鼻腔通気度検査(active anterior rhinomanometry)、スパイロメトリーおよび鼻分泌物重量について一連の評価がされた。
VRXP−B103研究は、アトピー性個体におけるランダム化されたプラセボ対照試験であり、VCCにおいて行われた。VRXP−B103では、投与された個別(個体)(individual)用量はかなり低く、また環境の牧草花粉カウントを評価しながら、アレルギー季節におけるVTX−1463の薬効を評価する目的であるという点でVRXP−B102と異なっていた。VRXP−B103研究では、4週間にわたり週に1回で総用量250μgのVTX−1463を投与し、それを漸増用量(25、50、75、100μg)または固定用量(62.5μg/週)として投与し、プラセボと比較した(図10)。これらの用量投与計画は、VTX−1463の耐容性を改善する目的で選択され、またVTX−1463の250μg用量レベルは有効であり、かつ2回目の用量は1回目の用量よりも耐薬性がある、というVRXP−B102試験における知見に基づく。牧草花粉へのアトピーが確認された、無症状または症状がごくわずかな80患者を試験に参加させて、4回目の用量の48時間後、VCCにおいて6時間の牧草アレルゲン暴露を行った。
VTX−1463は、アレルギー性鼻炎の治療または予防のための、週に1回の鼻腔内投与される、新規で選択的なTLR8アゴニストである。この産物は単独の剤として提供され、アレルゲンとの同時投与ではない。VCCで行われた、牧草花粉アレルギー患者に対しての2つの独立したプラセボ対象試験からのデータは、臨床上効果を示した。VTX−1463は季節性(および/または通年性)アレルゲンに対して、短期的な症状軽減を提供するとともに、長期的な免疫調節を提供する薬効(潜在力)(これは、樹状細胞のTLR8および鼻粘膜の単球の活性化に基づく)を有する。
Claims (19)
- さらに医薬的に許容される担体または希釈剤を含む、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該アゴニストが、毎日、週に3回(間欠的)、週に2回、週に1回、14日に1回、月に1回、または6〜8週に1回投与される、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該アゴニストが、鼻腔内に単回用量の形態で投与される、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該アゴニストの単回用量が、約25マイクログラム(μg)〜約1000μgである、請求項4の医薬組成物。
- 該アゴニストの単回用量が、1500μg、2000μg、2500μg、または3000μgである、請求項4の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルギー性疾患が、アレルギー性鼻炎、アレルギー性結膜炎、アレルギー性気管支喘息、アトピー性湿疹、アナフィラキシー、虫刺され、薬物アレルギー、食物アレルギー、多発アレルギー、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルギー性疾患が、季節性または通年性である、請求項7の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルギー性疾患が、アレルゲンによって引き起こされる、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルゲンが、花粉、雑草、ハチ毒、昆虫毒、ペニシリン、食物アレルギー、動物死骸(animal detritus)、カビ、真菌アレルゲン、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項9の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルゲンが樹木花粉である、請求項9の医薬組成物。
- 該樹木花粉が、ヒマラヤスギ、キササゲ、ニレ、ヒッコリー(hickory)、オリーブ、ペカン、アメリカスズカケノキ(Sycamore)、クルミ、セイヨウトネリコ、トネリコバカエデ、コットンウッド、ナツメヤシ、カエデ、フェニックスパーム、ポプラ、ヤナギ、マツ、カシノキ、カバノキ、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される、請求項11の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルゲンが牧草花粉である、請求項9の医薬組成物。
- 該牧草花粉が、バミューダグラス(Bermuda grass)花粉、ジョンソングラス(Johnson grass)花粉、ケンタッキーブルーグラス(Kentucky bluegrass)花粉、カモガヤ(Orchard grass)花粉、ハルガヤ(Sweet vernal grass)花粉、セントアウグスティングラス(St. Augustine grass)花粉、オオアワガエリ(Timothy grass)花粉、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される、請求項13の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルゲンが雑草である、請求項9の医薬組成物。
- 該雑草が、ブタクサ、ナガバギシギシ(curly dock)、ラムズクウォーター(lambs quarter)、アカザ、オオバコ、ヒメスイバ、ヤマヨモギ、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される、請求項15の医薬組成物。
- 該アレルギー性疾患の予防、寛解または治療に役立つ、1またはそれ以上の剤をさらに投与することを特徴とする、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該剤が、免疫療法薬、抗血管形成剤、サイトカイン、ホルモン、抗体、ポリヌクレオチド、光力学治療剤(photodynamic therapeutic agents)、非ステロイド性抗炎症薬、抗ヒスタミン剤、α−アドレナリン作動性アゴニスト、ステロイド剤、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項17の医薬組成物。
- 該剤が、ベンゾ[b]アゼピンTLR8アゴニスト投与の前に、同時に、または後に投与される、請求項17の医薬組成物。
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