JP5498023B2 - ジルコニウムの酸化物、セリウムの酸化物、イットリウムの酸化物、ランタンの酸化物および他の希土類の酸化物に基づく組成物、同組成物の調製方法ならびに触媒としての使用 - Google Patents
ジルコニウムの酸化物、セリウムの酸化物、イットリウムの酸化物、ランタンの酸化物および他の希土類の酸化物に基づく組成物、同組成物の調製方法ならびに触媒としての使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5498023B2 JP5498023B2 JP2008554760A JP2008554760A JP5498023B2 JP 5498023 B2 JP5498023 B2 JP 5498023B2 JP 2008554760 A JP2008554760 A JP 2008554760A JP 2008554760 A JP2008554760 A JP 2008554760A JP 5498023 B2 JP5498023 B2 JP 5498023B2
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- cerium
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 107
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 25
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 22
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 15
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 10
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 9
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 9
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 23
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 8
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 yttrium compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001785 cerium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002604 lanthanum compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P ceric ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[Ce+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 claims description 2
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 23
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910021193 La 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-sulfonyl chloride Chemical compound S1C(S(Cl)(=O)=O)=C(C)N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NGDQQLAVJWUYSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017493 Nd 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012494 Quartz wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyric acid Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)=O KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012452 mother liquor Substances 0.000 description 2
- CFYGEIAZMVFFDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Nd+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O CFYGEIAZMVFFDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;oxozirconium Chemical compound [Zr]=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical class OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWJNQYPJQDRXPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyanobenzohydrazide Chemical compound NNC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C#N TWJNQYPJQDRXPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000005632 Capric acid (CAS 334-48-5) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005635 Caprylic acid (CAS 124-07-2) Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000000703 Cerium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000264877 Hippospongia communis Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000021360 Myristic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Myristic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical class OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl chloride Chemical compound CC(Cl)=O WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940056585 ammonium laurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJCJAQSLASCYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;dodecanoic acid Chemical compound [NH4+].CCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O VJCJAQSLASCYAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HKVFISRIUUGTIB-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;cerium;nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Ce].[O-][N+]([O-])=O HKVFISRIUUGTIB-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001734 carboxylic acid salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- ITZXULOAYIAYNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(4+) Chemical class [Ce+4] ITZXULOAYIAYNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006704 dehydrohalogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- OQDJKSVVHFVCAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;diphosphate Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O OQDJKSVVHFVCAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007323 disproportionation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(iii) nitrate Chemical compound [Gd+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MWFSXYMZCVAQCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N monoethyl carbonate Chemical class CCOC(O)=O CQDGTJPVBWZJAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002446 octanoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- YWECOPREQNXXBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Pr+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YWECOPREQNXXBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZDZYSPAJSPJQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Sm+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YZDZYSPAJSPJQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003754 zirconium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L zirconyl chloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)=O IPCAPQRVQMIMAN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Description
(a)ジルコニウム化合物、セリウム化合物、イットリウム化合物、ランタン化合物および追加の希土類化合物を含む混合物を形成するステップと;
(b)前記混合物を塩基性化合物と接触させ、これにより沈殿物を得るステップと;
(c)前記沈殿物を水性媒体中で加熱するステップと;
(d)前のステップで得られた沈殿物に陰イオン界面活性剤、非イオン界面活性剤、ポリエチレングリコール、カルボン酸およびこれらの塩ならびにカルボキシメチル化脂肪族アルコールエトキシレートタイプの界面活性剤から選択される添加剤を加えるステップと;
(e)このようにして得られた沈殿物を焼成するステップと
を含むことを特徴とする。
R1−O−(CR2R3−CR4R5−O)n−CH2−COOH
(式中、R1は、飽和または不飽和の炭素鎖を示し、この長さは一般的に最大22個の炭素原子、好ましくは少なくとも12個の炭素原子であり;R2、R3、R4およびR5は、同一であってもよく、水素を表すことができ、さもなければ、R2は、CH3基を表すことができ、R3、R4およびR5は水素を表し;nは、ゼロでない50までの範囲、さらに具体的には5と15との間(これらの値を含む。)の範囲であり得る整数である。)
に相当し得る。注目すべきことは、界面活性剤は、R1がそれぞれ飽和および不飽和である、前記式の製品、さもなければ、−CH2−CH2−O−基およびC(CH3)−CH2−O−基の両方を含む製品の混合物から構成され得るということである。
セリウムの還元性の程度は、Ohkura Riken TP5000装置上でプログラムされた温度において還元を行うことによって測定される。この装置は、温度の関数として、本発明による組成物の水素消費量を測定し、これからセリウムの還元の程度を導き出すことができる。
30分保持して、次いで30℃に下げ;
Ar下で20分間、30℃で処理し;
還元:Ar中の10容量%で、H2下で、20℃/分で上昇する勾配で900℃まで温度を上昇させ;
較正、および
Ar下で900℃から30℃まで温度を下げる。
この実施例は、ジルコニウム63%、セリウム15%、ランタン2%、イットリウム15%およびプラセオジム5%(これらの比率は、酸化物ZrO2、CeO2、La2O3、Y2O3およびPr6O11の重量%として表されている。)を含む組成物に関するものである。
調製は、実施例1と同じ方法で行われた。様々な組成物の成分の比率および使用される反応成分の量は、それぞれ次の表1および2に示される。実施例6については、加熱は、150℃で30分間行われた。実施例7について、硝酸ガドリニウム溶液は、390g/lのGd2O3の濃度を有していた。実施例8について、硝酸サマリウム溶液は、422g/lのSm2O3の濃度を有していた。実施例10について、硝酸ネオジム溶液は、524g/lのNd2O3の濃度を有していた。表1において、REは、追加の希土類を示す。
この実施例は、ジルコニウム53%、セリウム20%、ランタン4%、イットリウム18%およびネオジム5%(これらの比率は、酸化物ZrO2、CeO2、La2O3、Y2O3およびNd2O3の重量%として表されている。)を含む組成物に関するものである。
実施例11と同じ組成物を、焼成ステップまでは同じ方法を進めることによって調製した。
焼成ステップまでは同じ手順により、実施例10と同じ組成物を調製した。次いで、最初に1000℃で4時間窒素下に第1の焼成を行った。周囲の条件に戻した後に、700℃において4時間空気中で第2の焼成を行った。
Claims (25)
- 少なくとも25%のジルコニウム酸化物、セリウム酸化物の15%と60%との間、イットリウム酸化物の10%と25%との間、ランタン酸化物の2%と10%との間および追加の希土類酸化物の2%と15%との間の重量比率にて、ランタン酸化物および追加の希土類(セリウム、ランタンおよびイットリウム以外)酸化物もまた含み、1150℃での10時間の焼成後に少なくとも15m2/gの比表面積および立方晶相も有することを特徴とする、ジルコニウム酸化物、セリウム酸化物およびイットリウム酸化物に基づく組成物。
- 追加の希土類が、ネオジム、プラセオジム、ガドリニウムおよびサマリウムから選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- イットリウム酸化物、ランタン酸化物および追加の希土類酸化物の合計の重量比率が、最大30%であることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- ジルコニウム酸化物の重量比率が、少なくとも40%であり、セリウム酸化物の重量比率が、最大40%であることを特徴とする、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ジルコニウム酸化物の重量比率が、少なくとも50%であり、セリウム酸化物の重量比率が、最大25%であることを特徴とする、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- イットリウム酸化物の重量比率が、少なくとも10%であり、イットリウム酸化物、ランタン酸化物および追加の希土類酸化物の合計の重量比率が、少なくとも20%であり、1200℃での10時間の焼成後に少なくとも8m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 1200℃での10時間の焼成後に少なくとも10m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- ジルコニウム酸化物の重量比率が、少なくとも50%であり、セリウム酸化物の重量比率が、15%と30%との間であり、イットリウム酸化物の重量比率が、10%と20%との間であり、ランタン酸化物の重量比率が、2%と5%との間であることを特徴とする、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- イットリウム酸化物の重量比率が、15%と20%との間であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 1000℃での4時間の焼成後、少なくとも30m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 追加の希土類が、プラセオジムまたはネオジムであり、1150℃での10時間の焼成後、少なくとも20m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 900℃での4時間の焼成後、少なくとも65m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 追加の希土類が、ネオジムまたはプラセオジムであり、1000℃での4時間の焼成後、少なくとも45m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 1150℃での10時間の焼成後、少なくとも20m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 1100℃での10時間の焼成後、少なくとも30m2/gの比表面積を有することを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも80%の還元性の程度(900℃で4時間焼成された組成物で測定されたもの)を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から11および14のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも85%の還元性の程度(900℃で4時間焼成された組成物で測定されたもの)を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から11および14のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも90%の還元性の程度(900℃で4時間焼成された組成物で測定されたもの)を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から11および14のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- (a)ジルコニウム化合物、セリウム化合物、イットリウム化合物、ランタン化合物および追加の希土類化合物を含む混合物を形成するステップと;
(b)前記混合物を塩基性化合物と接触させて、これにより沈殿物を得るステップと;
(c)前記沈殿物を水性媒体中で加熱するステップと;
(d)前のステップで得られた沈殿物にカルボン酸およびこれらの塩から選択される添加剤を加えるステップと;および
(e)このようにして得られた沈殿物を焼成するステップと
を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1から15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物の調製方法。 - (a’)ジルコニウム化合物、セリウム化合物、イットリウム化合物、ランタン化合物および追加の希土類化合物を含む混合物を形成するステップと;
(b’)前記混合物を塩基性化合物と接触させて、これにより沈殿物を得るステップと;
(c’)前記沈殿物を水性媒体中で加熱するステップと;
(d’)前のステップで得られた沈殿物にカルボン酸およびこれらの塩から選択される添加剤を加えるステップと;および
(e’)このようにして得られた沈殿物を不活性ガス下または真空下で第1の焼成を行い、次いで酸化雰囲気下で第2の焼成を行うステップと
を含むことを特徴とする、請求項16から18のいずれか一項に記載の組成物の調製方法。 - ジルコニウム化合物、セリウム化合物、イットリウム化合物、ランタン化合物および追加の希土類化合物として、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、酢酸塩、塩化物または硝酸セリウムアンモニウムから選択された化合物を使用することを特徴とする、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- ステップ(c)または(c’)の沈殿物の加熱が、少なくとも100℃の温度で行われることを特徴とする、請求項19から21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 沈殿物が、ステップ(d)または(d’)の終了時におよび焼成の前に洗浄されることを特徴とする、請求項19から22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から18のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を含むことを特徴とする排ガスの処理用触媒。
- 触媒として請求項24に記載の触媒または請求項1から18のいずれか一項に記載の組成物を使用することを特徴とする、内燃機関エンジンの排ガスの処理方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
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FR0601407 | 2006-02-17 | ||
FR0601407A FR2897609B1 (fr) | 2006-02-17 | 2006-02-17 | Composition a base d'oxydes de zirconium, de cerium, d'yttrium, de lanthane et d'une autre terre rare, procede de preparation et utilisation en catalyse |
FR0610032 | 2006-11-16 | ||
FR0610032A FR2908761B3 (fr) | 2006-11-16 | 2006-11-16 | Composition a base d'oxydes de zirconium,de cerium, d'yttrium, de lanthane et d'une autre terre rare,a haute reductibilite,procede de preparation et utilisation en catalyse |
PCT/EP2007/051387 WO2007093593A1 (fr) | 2006-02-17 | 2007-02-13 | Composition a base d'oxydes de zirconium, de cerium, d'yttrium, de lanthane et d'une autre terre rare, procede de preparation et utilisation en catalyse |
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JP2009526729A JP2009526729A (ja) | 2009-07-23 |
JP5498023B2 true JP5498023B2 (ja) | 2014-05-21 |
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US (1) | US7964527B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1991354B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5498023B2 (ja) |
KR (3) | KR101076945B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2642237C (ja) |
DK (1) | DK1991354T3 (ja) |
PL (1) | PL1991354T3 (ja) |
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WO (1) | WO2007093593A1 (ja) |
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-
2007
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- 2007-02-13 KR KR1020117004510A patent/KR101076945B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2007-02-13 KR KR1020117020245A patent/KR101142669B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2007-02-13 CA CA2642237A patent/CA2642237C/fr active Active
- 2007-02-13 EP EP07704559.9A patent/EP1991354B1/fr active Active
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PL1991354T3 (pl) | 2020-12-14 |
US7964527B2 (en) | 2011-06-21 |
RU2008137138A (ru) | 2010-03-27 |
KR20080094694A (ko) | 2008-10-23 |
EP1991354A1 (fr) | 2008-11-19 |
KR20110101255A (ko) | 2011-09-15 |
KR20110027847A (ko) | 2011-03-16 |
KR101076945B1 (ko) | 2011-10-26 |
CA2642237C (fr) | 2016-08-23 |
CA2642237A1 (fr) | 2007-08-23 |
US20090274599A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
EP1991354B1 (fr) | 2019-12-25 |
KR101142669B1 (ko) | 2012-05-21 |
RU2398629C2 (ru) | 2010-09-10 |
KR101030623B1 (ko) | 2011-04-20 |
DK1991354T3 (da) | 2020-03-16 |
WO2007093593A1 (fr) | 2007-08-23 |
JP2009526729A (ja) | 2009-07-23 |
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