JP5281358B2 - 高分子、経上皮吸収促進剤、及び医薬用製剤 - Google Patents
高分子、経上皮吸収促進剤、及び医薬用製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5281358B2 JP5281358B2 JP2008275729A JP2008275729A JP5281358B2 JP 5281358 B2 JP5281358 B2 JP 5281358B2 JP 2008275729 A JP2008275729 A JP 2008275729A JP 2008275729 A JP2008275729 A JP 2008275729A JP 5281358 B2 JP5281358 B2 JP 5281358B2
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Description
T.K. Goshら著, Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Systems, Interpharm Press, Inc., Illinois, USA, 1997年 C.A.Lipinski ら, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 23巻, 3−25頁, 1997年 橋田充著、ドラッグデリバリーシステム、化学同人、1995年
本発明に係る高分子は、幹高分子の側鎖に膜透過ペプチドを有する、いわゆるグラフト型構造をとる。かかる高分子は、皮膚や鼻腔内粘膜等に投与された際に与える刺激が少なく、併存する薬物の吸収効率を向上できる。
本明細書において「膜透過ペプチド」とは、所望の薬物と併存した状態で上皮又は動物細胞に投与した際、その薬物単独での投与時に比べ、薬物の透過性を向上(例えば、透過速度の増加)できる任意のペプチドを指す。従って、膜透過ペプチドは、吸収を促進すべき薬物の種類に応じて適宜選択されてよい。
本発明に係る高分子の幹高分子は、特に限定されないが、皮膚や粘膜との親和性に優れることから親水性高分子であることが好ましい。ここで、親水性高分子とは、水溶性高分子か、または水中で膨潤する高分子を意味する。ここでいう水溶性高分子とは、常圧下、飽和濃度以下の濃度で高分子を水中に添加したとき、添加した全量が溶解し、均一な溶液を与える高分子をいう。高分子の溶解に必要な時間や温度は特に限定されない。
本発明の高分子は、幹高分子を構成する高分子に膜透過ペプチドを、常法に従って重合させればよい。用いる脱離基や具体的な合成手順は、用いる高分子及び膜透過ペプチドに応じて、適宜選択すればよい。
以上の高分子からなる経上皮吸収促進剤は、鼻腔内粘膜等の上皮に投与された際に与える刺激が少なく、併存する薬物の吸収効率を向上できることが確認されている。また、高分子の幹高分子として親水性のビニル系高分子を採用すれば、高分子は、親水性ゆえに、含水系においても好適に使用できることから、汎用性にも優れる。従って、薬物を含有する種々の剤型、例えば、液状又はゲル状等で鼻腔に適用されるものであってよい。なお、本明細書で「上皮」とは、身体の、自由に開いた表面のすべてを覆う細胞の外層を指し、皮膚及び粘膜を包含する。粘膜は、鼻粘膜、口腔粘膜、膣粘膜、直腸粘膜、眼粘膜等を指し、胃や腸などの消化管粘膜も含む。
本発明において、上記の高分子は、それ単独であってもよいが、共有結合あるいは非共有結合的相互作用による架橋構造を有していてもよい。架橋体は、上記の高分子よりも大きい分子量を有するため、上皮を格段に透過しにくく、安全性を大幅に向上できる。
本発明の医薬用製剤は、上記の経上皮吸収促進剤と、薬物とを含有する。
本発明の医薬用製剤は、薬物の優れた経上皮吸収促進作用を有する。従って、本発明の医薬用製剤に含まれる薬物は、全身性薬物又は局所用薬物のいずれであってもよく、特に限定されない。また、薬物は、その治療目的に応じて任意に選択でき、1種単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
薬物及び経上皮吸収促進剤に加えて、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で任意成分を適宜配合できる。このような任意成分としては、例えば、架橋剤、薬物溶解剤、乳化剤、保湿剤、清涼化剤、無機粉体、酸化防止剤、防腐剤、色素、pH調節剤、架橋コントロール剤が挙げられる。
Nビニルアセトアミド−アクリル酸ナトリウム共重合体である「adHERO GE167」(昭和電工社製)10gを、イオン交換水1Lに溶解し、その溶液にイオン交換樹脂「アンバーリスト15DRY」(オルガノ社製)を10g加えて撹拌した。2時間撹拌した後に、イオン交換樹脂を濾別し、濾液を凍結乾燥することで、プロトン化されたNビニルアセトアミド−アクリル酸共重合体(GE167−H)を8.6g得た。このGE167−Hについて、常法に従って中和滴定を行った結果、上記反応式におけるa:b=93:7であることが確認された。
1.0gのGE167−Hを、33mLのN’,N’ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解し、更に0.983gのジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミド(DCC)を添加した。この溶液を氷冷下10分間撹拌し、無水コハク酸0.548gを加えた。60℃で19時間に亘り撹拌を続け、反応を行った。反応の後、エタノール33mLを加えた後、アセトニトリル1Lに再沈殿を行って、減圧乾燥することで、スクシイミドエステル化されたGE167−OSuを0.740g得た。
36mgのGE167−OSuを、1.15mLのDMFに溶解した。これに、オクタDアルギニン(NH2−rrrrrrrr、林化成社製)のDMF溶液(1mg/10μL)350μLを混合し、40℃で24時間に亘り震蕩し、反応を行った。反応の後、特級エタノール2mLを添加し、500mLのアセトニトリルへ再沈殿を行い、濾過により濾物を回収した。この濾物を、セルロース透析チューブ(シームレスセルロースチューブ,和光純薬社製)に入れ、チューブの両口を縛った後、イオン交換水を用いて2日間に亘り透析を行った。その後、チューブの内容物を凍結乾燥して、オリゴアルギニンが導入された高分子(GE167−r8)を36.8mg得た。
膜透過ペプチドを導入する際、オクタLアルギニン(NH2−RRRRRRRR,林化成社製)を用いた点を除き、実施例1と同様の手順で高分子(GE167−R8)を合成した。
まず、エーテルでの麻酔下、マウスの尾部から血液を採取し、血糖値を測定した。続いて、マウスの鼻腔内に、ヒト組換えインスリン(25IU/mL)及び実施例1で合成した高分子(0.1w/v%)のPBS溶液を、インスリンの投与量が10IU/kg、高分子の投与量が0.4mg/kgになるように同時に投与した。エーテルによる麻酔を継続しつつ、投与から10、30、60、90、及び120分経過した後、マウス尾部から血液を採取し、血糖値を測定した。この結果を図3に示す。なお、図3における対照はインスリン及び高分子のいずれも含有しないPBS溶液を投与した場合、比較例1はインスリンのみを実施例1と等量含有するPBS溶液を投与した場合に対応する。
まず、エーテルでの麻酔下、マウスの尾部から血液を採取し、血糖値を測定した。続いて、マウスの鼻腔内に、エキセンディン−4(50μg/mL)と、実施例1又は実施例2で合成した高分子(0.1w/v%)のPBS溶液を、エキセンディン−4の投与量が20μg/kg、高分子の投与量が0.4mg/kgになるように同時に投与した。エーテルによる麻酔を継続しつつ、投与から10、30、60、90、及び120分経過した後、マウス尾部から血液を採取し、血糖値を測定した。この結果を図4に示す。なお、図4における対照はエキセンディン−4及び高分子のいずれも含有しないPBS溶液を投与した場合、比較例2はエキセンディン−4のみを実施例1及び実施例2と等量含有するPBS溶液を投与した場合に対応する。
〔経鼻投与〕
ラット(Wistar系,b.w.228〜295g)をウレタン(1.25g/kg,i.p.)麻酔し、大腿動脈に採血用カニューレを留置した。気管カニューレを挿入し、食道を小さく切開した後、食道カニューレを口腔側に向かって挿入し固定した。更に、鼻腔から口腔内への薬物移行を避けるため、鼻口蓋管を接着後、鼻腔内に塩酸ツロブテロールのPBS溶液(30mg/mL)と、実施例1又は実施例2で合成した高分子(0.1w/v%)のPBS溶液を、塩酸ツロブテロールの投与量が0.3mg/body、高分子の投与量が0.1mg/bodyになるように投与した。その後、動脈カニューレを介して約0.5mLの経時的採血を行った。血液サンプルを遠心分離した後、血漿を分離し、LC−MS/MSによりツロブテロールの定量を行った。比較例3は塩酸ツロブテロールのみを実施例1及び実施例2と等量含有するPBS溶液を投与した場合に対応する。
ラット(Wistar系,b.w.233〜270g)をウレタン(1.25g/kg,i.p.)麻酔し、大腿動脈に採血用カニューレを留置した。塩酸ツロブテロールのPBS溶液(0.6mg/mL)を、塩酸ツロブテロールの投与量が0.3mg/bodyになるように静脈内投与し、その後、動脈カニューレを介して約0.5mLの経時的採血を行った。血液サンプルを遠心分離した後、血漿を分離し、LC−MS/MSによりツロブテロールの定量を行った。
経時的ツロブテロール濃度からモーメント解析によりAUC0〜∞を算定し、静脈内投与のAUC値に対する各経鼻投与AUC値から、下記の式に基づいてBA(bioavailability,生物学的利用率(%))を算定した。
BA=(AUC経鼻投与/経鼻投与量)/(AUC静脈内投与/静脈内投与量)×100
Claims (5)
- 細胞膜透過ペプチドを側鎖に有し、幹高分子の重量平均分子量が500以上である高分子からなる経上皮吸収促進剤。
- 前記細胞膜透過ペプチドを構成するアミノ酸の少なくとも1つが塩基性アミノ酸である請求項1記載の経上皮吸収促進剤。
- 前記細胞膜透過ペプチドが、7以上12以下のアルギニンがペプチド結合したアルギニンオリゴマー、GRKKRRQRRRPPQなるアミノ酸配列を有するペプチド(通称Tat)、RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKKなるアミノ酸配列を有するペプチド(通称ペネトラチン)、又はGWTLNSAGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKILなるアミノ酸配列を有するペプチド(通称トランスポータン)である請求項1記載の経上皮吸収促進剤。
- 前記高分子が、共有結合による架橋構造又は非共有結合的相互作用による架橋構造を有する請求項1から3いずれか記載の経上皮吸収促進剤。
- 請求項1から4いずれか記載の経上皮吸収促進剤と、薬物と、を含有する医薬用製剤。
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