JP5255569B2 - 非水系リチウム型蓄電素子 - Google Patents
非水系リチウム型蓄電素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5255569B2 JP5255569B2 JP2009541180A JP2009541180A JP5255569B2 JP 5255569 B2 JP5255569 B2 JP 5255569B2 JP 2009541180 A JP2009541180 A JP 2009541180A JP 2009541180 A JP2009541180 A JP 2009541180A JP 5255569 B2 JP5255569 B2 JP 5255569B2
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- Prior art keywords
- activated carbon
- storage element
- positive electrode
- diameter
- active material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 57
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 143
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010280 constant potential charging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
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- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 3
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- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- RNAMYOYQYRYFQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)-6-methoxy-n-(1-propan-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl)-7-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropoxy)quinazolin-4-amine Chemical compound N1=C(N2CCC(F)(F)CC2)N=C2C=C(OCCCN3CCCC3)C(OC)=CC2=C1NC1CCN(C(C)C)CC1 RNAMYOYQYRYFQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002160 Celluloid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013131 LiN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002156 adsorbate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002802 bituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021469 graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium titanium Chemical compound [Li].[Ti] SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description
第二の要求事項は、出力特性が高いことである。例えば、高効率エンジンと蓄電システムとの組み合わせ(例えば、ハイブリッド電気自動車)、あるいは燃料電池と蓄電システムとの組み合わせ(例えば、燃料電池電気自動車)において、加速時には蓄電システムにおける高出力放電特性が要求されている。
1.負極にリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料を用いた非水系リチウム型蓄電素子において、該素子の正極活物質に用いる活性炭の、BJH法により算出した直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をV1(cc/g)、MP法により算出した直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をV2(cc/g)とする時、0.3<V1≦0.8かつ0.5≦V2≦1.0である事を特徴とする非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
2.正極活物質に用いる活性炭の、BJH法により算出した直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をV1(cc/g)、MP法により算出した直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をV2(cc/g)とする時、0.3≦V1/V2≦0.9である事を特徴とする、上記1に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
3.正極活物質に用いる活性炭の平均細孔径が17Å以上25Å以下であることを特徴とする上記1又は2に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
4.正極活物質に用いる活性炭のBET比表面積が1500m2/g以上3000m2/g以下である事を特徴とする、上記1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
5.負極活物質として用いるリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料が炭素質材料であり、BJH法により算出した該炭素質材料の直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をVm1(cc/g)、MP法により算出した直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をVm2(cc/g)とする時、0.01≦Vm1≦0.20かつ0.01≦Vm2≦0.40であることを特徴とする上記1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
12 正極活物質層
31 セパレータ
21 負極集電体
22 負極活物質層
41 ケース
本発明の蓄電素子に使用される正極活物質は細孔を有する活性炭であり、直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をV1(cc/g)、直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をV2(cc/g)とする時、本発明の第1の態様では、0.3<V1≦0.8かつ0.5≦V2≦1.0である事を特徴とする。本発明の第2の態様では、第1の態様の要件に追加して、0.3≦V1/V2≦0.9であることを特徴とする。本発明の第3の態様では、第1の態様または第2の態様の要件に追加してさらに、平均細孔径が17Å以上25Å以下であることを特徴とする。本発明の第4の態様では、第1から第3の態様いずれかの要件に追加して、BET比表面積が1500m2/g以上3000m2/g以下である事を特徴とする。
すなわち、活性炭の直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をV1(cc/g)、直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をV2(cc/g)とする時、0.3<V1≦0.8かつ0.5≦V2≦1.0であるのが好ましい。後述の実施例で示すように、メソ孔量V1とマイクロ孔量V2とは、上述の賦活方法において、最高賦活温度に達するまでの昇温時間を長くすることにより増加させることができる。
電極に成型する手法としては、公知のリチウムイオン電池、キャパシタ等の電極製造技術により製造する事が可能であり、例えば、結着剤である樹脂の有機溶剤溶液を用いて、活物質層を集電体である金属上に塗着し、乾燥し、必要に応じてプレスすることにより得られる。また、活物質層には必要に応じて活物質のほかに、微粒子黒鉛、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、気相成長炭素繊維などを含有させることができる。
<実施例1>
破砕されたヤシ殻炭化品を、小型炭化炉において窒素中、500℃で炭化した。その後、窒素の代わりに1kg/hの水蒸気を予熱炉で加温した状態で炉内へ投入し、900℃まで8時間かけて昇温した後に取り出し、窒素雰囲気下で冷却して活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭を10時間通水洗浄を行った後に水切りした。その後、115℃に保持された電気乾燥機内で10時間乾燥した後に、ボールミルで1時間粉砕を行い、正極材料となる活性炭を得た。
正極の活性炭として、実施例1記載の本複合多孔性材料の原材料に用いた活性炭(BET比表面積が1620m2/g、メソ孔量(V1)が0.18cc/g、マイクロ孔量(V2)が0.67cc/g、V1/V2=0.27、平均細孔径が20.7Å)をそのまま正極活物質として用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で非水系リチウム型蓄電素子を作製した。
作製した蓄電素子を1mAの電流で4.0Vまで充電し、その後4.0Vの定電圧を印加する定電流定電圧充電を8時間行った。続いて、1mAの定電流で2.0Vまで放電した。放電容量は、0.39mAhであった。次に同様の充電を行い250mAで2.0Vまで放電したところ、0.17mAhの容量が得られた。すなわち、1mAでの放電容量に対する250mAでの放電容量の比は0.44であった。
破砕されたヤシ殻炭化品を、小型炭化炉において窒素中、500℃で炭化した。その後、窒素の代わりに1kg/hの水蒸気を予熱炉で加温した状態で炉内へ投入し、900℃まで10時間かけて昇温した後に取り出し、窒素雰囲気下で冷却して活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭を10時間通水洗浄を行った後に水切りした。その後、115℃に保持された電気乾燥機内で10時間乾燥した後に、ボールミルで1時間粉砕を行い、正極材料となる活性炭を得た。
破砕されたヤシ殻炭化品を、小型炭化炉において窒素中、500℃で炭化した。その後、窒素の代わりに1kg/hの水蒸気を予熱炉で加温した状態で炉内へ投入し、900℃まで6時間かけて昇温した後に取り出し、窒素雰囲気下で冷却して活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭を10時間通水洗浄を行った後に水切りした。その後、115℃に保持された電気乾燥機内で10時間乾燥した後に、ボールミルで1時間粉砕を行い、正極材料となる活性炭を得た。
作製した蓄電素子を1mAの電流で4.0Vまで充電し、その後4.0Vの定電圧を印加する定電流定電圧充電を8時間行った。続いて、1mAの定電流で2.0Vまで放電した。放電容量は、0.40mAhであった。次に同様の充電を行い250mAで2.0Vまで放電したところ、0.21mAhの容量が得られた。すなわち、1mAでの放電容量に対する250mAでの放電容量の比は0.53であった。
破砕されたヤシ殻炭化品を、小型炭化炉において窒素中、500℃で炭化した。その後、窒素の代わりに1kg/hの水蒸気を予熱炉で加温した状態で炉内へ投入し、900℃まで7時間かけて昇温した後に取り出し、窒素雰囲気下で冷却して活性炭を得た。得られた活性炭を10時間通水洗浄を行った後に水切りした。その後、115℃に保持された電気乾燥機内で10時間乾燥した後に、ボールミルで1時間粉砕を行い、正極材料となる活性炭を得た。
作製した蓄電素子を1mAの電流で4.0Vまで充電し、その後4.0Vの定電圧を印加する定電流定電圧充電を8時間行った。続いて、1mAの定電流で2.0Vまで放電した。放電容量は、0.44mAhであった。次に同様の充電を行い250mAで2.0Vまで放電したところ、0.25mAhの容量が得られた。すなわち、1mAでの放電容量に対する250mAでの放電容量の比は0.57であった。
正極の活性炭として、市販のピッチ系活性炭(BET比表面積2300m2/g、メソ孔量(V1)が0.11cc/g、マイクロ孔量(V2)が0.95cc/g、V1/V2=0.12、平均細孔径が17.6Å)を正極活物質として用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で電極を作製し、非水系リチウム型蓄電素子を作製した。
正極の活性炭として、市販のピッチ系活性炭(BET比表面積1960m2/g、メソ孔量(V1)が0.14cc/g、マイクロ孔量(V2)が0.78cc/g、V1/V2=0.18、平均細孔径が18.7Å)を正極活物質として用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同様の方法で電極を作製し、非水系リチウム型蓄電素子を作製した。
作製した蓄電素子を1mAの電流で4.0Vまで充電し、その後4.0Vの定電圧を印加する定電流定電圧充電を8時間行った。続いて、1mAの定電流で2.0Vまで放電した。放電容量は、0.49mAhであった。次に同様の充電を行い250mAで20Vまで放電したところ、0.22mAhの容量が得られた。すなわち、1mAでの放電容量に対する250mAでの放電容量の比は0.45であった。
Claims (5)
- 負極活物質にリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料を用いた非水系リチウム型蓄電素子において、該素子の正極活物質に用いる活性炭の、BJH法により算出した直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をV1(cc/g)、MP法により算出した直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をV2(cc/g)とする時、
0.3<V1≦0.8かつ0.5≦V2≦1.0
である事を特徴とする非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。 - 正極活物質に用いる活性炭の、BJH法により算出した直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をV1(cc/g)、MP法により算出した直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をV2(cc/g)とする時、
0.3≦V1/V2≦0.9
である事を特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。 - 正極活物質に用いる活性炭の平均細孔径が17Å以上25Å以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
- 正極活物質に用いる活性炭のBET比表面積が1500m2/g以上3000m2/g以下である事を特徴とする、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
- 負極活物質として用いるリチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料が炭素質材料であり、BJH法により算出した該炭素質材料の直径20Å以上500Å以下の細孔に由来するメソ孔量をVm1(cc/g)、MP法により算出した直径20Å未満の細孔に由来するマイクロ孔量をVm2(cc/g)とする時、
0.01≦Vm1≦0.20かつ0.01≦Vm2≦0.40
であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の非水系リチウム型蓄電素子。
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JP2003346801A (ja) * | 2002-05-27 | 2003-12-05 | Asahi Kasei Corp | 負極材料、その製造方法及び蓄電素子 |
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