JP5230202B2 - 呼吸デバイス及びそのキット - Google Patents
呼吸デバイス及びそのキット Download PDFInfo
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- JP5230202B2 JP5230202B2 JP2007545707A JP2007545707A JP5230202B2 JP 5230202 B2 JP5230202 B2 JP 5230202B2 JP 2007545707 A JP2007545707 A JP 2007545707A JP 2007545707 A JP2007545707 A JP 2007545707A JP 5230202 B2 JP5230202 B2 JP 5230202B2
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Description
幾つかの態様では、デバイスは取り外し自在であり、患者の鼻及び/又は口内に配置される。
医療の対象となる様々な病気の患者を、呼吸デバイスを使用して治療する方法は、口腔及び/又は鼻腔の中又はその周囲、代表的には、口又は外鼻孔の中又はその周囲の呼息流れに対する抵抗を発生する工程を含む。これらの方法は、上文中に説明したデバイスのうちの任意のデバイスを使用することを含む。例えば、固定流れ抵抗器、又は呼息に対する抵抗が吸息に対する抵抗よりも大きい可変流流れ抵抗器のいずれかの流れ抵抗器を配置することによって、空気流抵抗器を形成してもよい。
デバイス
本明細書中に説明した呼吸デバイスは、口及び/又は鼻の外鼻孔等の呼吸器のキャビティを通して肺に入ったり出たりする空気流を変化させる。呼吸デバイスは、代表的には、少なくとも部分的に空気流の妨げとなる空気流抵抗器を含む。この抵抗器は、特に、一方向の空気流(例えば呼息)に対し、逆方向(例えば吸気)よりも大きな抵抗を加える。詳細には、呼吸デバイスは、呼吸サイクルの呼息相中に呼息に対する抵抗を増大するのに使用してもよい。本明細書中に説明した多くの呼吸デバイスは、気道や空気流導管が虚脱しないようにし、薬物送出方法を提供し、望ましからぬ化学物質や作用物質を空気から除去する。
通路
本明細書中に説明した呼吸デバイスは、一般的には、空気流通路及び空気流抵抗器を備えている。空気流通路(又は「通路」)は、全体として、空気を通過させることができるチャンネルを形成する。通路は、任意の適当な大きさ又は形状であってもよい。しかしながら、通路は、患者が呼吸デバイスを着用したとき、通路が患者の肺に向かって繋がる開口部を含む。患者の肺は、患者の肺から遠ざかる方向に繋がる開口部と流体連通するように形成される。「患者」という用語は、呼吸デバイスの任意の使用者を説明するのに使用され、これには呼吸デバイスを治療の目的で使用するのでない使用者が含まれる。空気流通路は、任意の適当な長さであってもよい。例えば、通路は、空気流抵抗器と同じくらい短くてもよい(例えば、空気流抵抗器を支持するのに十分なだけ延びていてもよい)。同様に、空気流通路は、空気流抵抗器を支持するのに必要な空間よりも長くてもよい。例えば、鼻腔に少なくとも部分的に挿入されるようになった呼吸デバイスの態様では、空気流通路は、外鼻孔の平均的な長さとほぼ同じであってもよい。幾つかの態様では、通路は、鼻腔の平均的な長さに亘って延びる。
空気流抵抗器
空気流抵抗器は、代表的には、通路を通って流れる空気の少なくとも幾分かが空気流抵抗器を通過するように、少なくとも一つの空気流通路と連通した状態に位置決めされる。かくして、空気流抵抗器は、抵抗量、空気流の程度、又はデバイスの前後の又はデバイスの通路を通る圧力差を調節し、変更し、変化し、又は一定に保持にする。幾つかの態様では、空気流抵抗器は、一方向の空気流を逆方向の空気流よりも大きく抑制する。かくして、空気流抵抗器は、肺への及び肺からの空気流を調節する。デバイスの幾つかの態様は、使用中、呼気に対する抵抗が吸気に対する抵抗よりも大きい。
ホールドファスト
呼吸デバイスは、更に、デバイスを鼻腔及び/又は口腔と連通状態に解法自在に固定するためのホールドファストを備えていてもよい。ホールドファストは、デバイスを、呼吸器系のオリフィス内(実質的に内部)又はこのようなオリフィス上等の所望の位置に位置決めし及び固定するのを容易にする。詳細には、ホールドファストにより、呼吸器のキャビティ等の呼吸空気流が加わる任意の位置にデバイスを固定し、位置決めし、及び/又は安定化できる。
幾つかの実施例では、デバイスは、患者又はヘルスケア提供者によって、口腔と連通した状態で配置されなければならない。この場合、ホールドファストは、デバイスを口腔と連通した位置に固定するための任意の適当な機構を備えていてもよい。ホールドファストは、挿入式(例えばマウスピース型)であってもよいし、非挿入式であってもよい。非挿入式ホールドファストは、デバイスを固定するため、患者の顔の外面と一致するように形成された表面を備えていてもよい。例えば、ホールドファストは、デバイスを、使用者の呼吸器のキャビティと連通した状態で固定できる接着テープ、ストラップ、又は任意の他の構造であってもよい。ホールドファストは、使用者がデバイスを必要に応じて挿入したり取り外したりできるように、使用者の唇、歯肉、歯、舌及び/又は軟口蓋とインターフェースをなすような輪郭を持つ取り外し自在の領域を含んでいてもよい。別の態様では、デバイスは、歯肉及び歯又は唇の間の領域を使用することによって、所定位置に保持できる。
材料
呼吸デバイスは、一つ又はそれ以上の任意の適当な材料で形成されていてもよい。特定の実施例では、一つ又はそれ以上の形状記憶エレメントを、ホールドファストの部分として空気流抵抗器に、又は通路に合わせた所与の形体で備えている。これらの実施例では、可撓性を提供し、加えられた力が取り除かれるに従って所定の形体をとる任意の便利な形状記憶材料を使用してもよい。例えば、形状記憶合金を使用してもよい。様々な形状記憶合金が周知であり、これらの形状記憶合金には、米国特許第5,876,434号、米国特許第5,797,920号、米国特許第5,782,896号、米国特許第5,763,979号、米国特許第5,562,641号、米国特許第5,459,544号、米国特許第5,415,660号、米国特許第5,092,781号、及び米国特許第4,984,581号、に開示された形状記憶合金が含まれる。これらの特許に触れたことにより、これらの特許に開示された内容は本明細書中に含まれたものとする。使用される形状記憶合金は、一般的に生体親和性合金でなければならない。生体親和性合金には、メムリ社(コネチカット州ブルックフィールド)がニチノール(ニチノール(Nitinol)は登録商標である)の名称で販売しているニッケル−チタニウム(NiTi)形状記憶合金が含まれる。この他の興味深い材料には、ばね鋼、及びポリプロピレンやポリエチレン等の形状記憶ポリマー又はプラスチック材料が含まれる。
呼吸デバイスの作動
空気流抵抗器は、任意の方向に配置されていてもよい。例えば、デバイスの幾つかの実施例では、空気流抵抗器は、両フラップが、吸息中に閉鎖位置にあり、呼息中に開放位置にあるように配向されたバルブフラップを備えている。呼吸デバイスは、空気流抵抗器が呼息に対する抵抗を増大し、吸息に対する抵抗が比較的低いか或いは無視できるように配向されていてもよい。しかしながら、これらのデバイスは、吸息に対して大きな抵抗を提供し、呼息に対して小さな抵抗を提供するように、逆方向に配向できる。このような配向は、様々な、肺の障害、心臓の障害、炎症性障害、神経学的障害、又は他の障害に対して使用してもよく、このように抵抗を変化させることにより、胸内圧力及び気道圧力を変化させるという利点が得られる。デバイスのこの態様は、本明細書中の他の場所に記載した他の実施例と構造的に同じであってもよい。幾つかの態様では、呼吸デバイスは逆にすることができ、そのため、使用者はいずれの方向でも(例えば、一方の方向で吸息に対する抵抗を呼息に対する抵抗よりも増大するため、又は別の方向で呼息に対する抵抗を吸息に対する抵抗よりも増大するため)使用できる。幾つかの態様では、呼吸デバイスは、空気流抵抗器の方向が直ちに明らかであるように形成される。例えば、呼吸デバイスは、一方の端部の形状及び大きさが異なっていてもよく、又は視覚的表示が設けられていてもよい。一つの態様では、呼吸デバイスは、一方の方向でのみ、呼吸器のオリフィスに固定的に嵌着するように(例えば、空気流抵抗器が、呼息を、吸気を抑制するよりも大きく抑制するように)形成されていてもよい。例えば、フランジ又は他の機械的ストップを使用して適正な配向を確保すると同時に、デバイスが呼吸器のオリフィス内に更に入り込むことがないようにしてもよい。
呼吸デバイスの使用
本明細書中に説明した呼吸デバイス及び方法は、様々な治療上の目的及び治療以外の目的について使用してもよい。これらの使用の幾つかを以下に説明する。本明細書中に説明した呼吸デバイス及び方法は、他の方法で使用してもよく、これらは、網羅的であると考えられるものではない。
例
以下の例は、単なる例であって限定ではない。
A.口腔での取り外し自在の適用
口腔で使用するようになった呼吸デバイス(図1、図2、及び図3に示すデバイスのうちの任意のデバイス)を、医療従事者又は対象者が、対象者の口の中に置く。呼吸デバイスを対象者の歯、歯肉、舌、唇、口蓋、又は口腔の形状、又は顎、鼻、頤(おとがい)、又は皮膚を含む周囲の解剖学的構造によって所定位置に固定してもよい。呼吸デバイスは、更に(別の態様では)、接着剤、固定ストラップ、又は他のホールドファストを使用して固定してもよい。接着剤を使用すると、デバイスと口腔との間のシールが更に改善される。デバイスは、患者が起きているとき又は就寝しているとき、夜間でも日中でも着用してもよい。幾つかの場合では、デバイスを長期間に亘って(例えば、数分間、数時間、数日)連続的に着用してもよい。これらのデバイスは、COPD、心不全、睡眠時無呼吸、不眠症、高血圧、胃食道逆流疾患、裂孔ヘルニア、及び上文中で言及した医療の対象となる他の状態を患っている対象者に利点を提供しようとするものである。
B.鼻腔での取り外し自在の適用
鼻腔で使用するようになった呼吸デバイス(例えば、図4、図5、図20、及び図21に示す任意のデバイス)を、医療従事者又は対象者自身が、対象者の一つ又はそれ以上の外鼻孔の中に置く。呼吸デバイスは、鼻腔と、デバイスのホールドファストとの間の相互作用によって、図4及び図5に示すように、対象者の外鼻孔内の所定の場所に固定されてもよい。接着剤を使用すると、デバイスと鼻腔との間のシールが更に改善される。デバイスは、患者が起きているとき又は就寝しているとき、夜間でも日中でも着用してもよい。幾つかの場合では、デバイスを24時間ぶっとおしで着用してもよい。これらのデバイスは、COPD、心不全、睡眠時無呼吸、不眠症、高血圧、胃食道逆流疾患、裂孔ヘルニア、及び上文中で言及した医療の対象となる他の状態を患っている対象者に利点を提供しようとするものである。
C.鼻腔での取り外し自在のフィルタの適用
呼吸デバイスの使用方法の一実施例では、図24又は図25のいずれかに示す呼吸デバイスを、医療従事者又は対象者が、対象者の一つ又はそれ以上の外鼻孔の中に置く。呼吸デバイスは対象者の外鼻孔に固定される(例えば、デバイスのホールドファストと対象者の外鼻孔との間の相互作用によって)。接着剤を使用すると、デバイスと鼻腔との間のシールが更に改善される。デバイスは、患者が起きているとき又は就寝しているとき、夜間でも日中でも着用してもよい。幾つかの場合では、デバイスを連続的に着用してもよい。これらのデバイスは、アレルギー、アレルギー関連疾患、副鼻腔炎、鼻後方漏、及び上文中に説明した医療の対象となる病気を患っている対象者に利点を提供するものである。
D.外鼻孔の開口部への取り外し自在の適用
呼吸デバイスの使用方法の一実施例では、図22に示すデバイスを医療従事者又は対象者が、対象者の一つ又はそれ以上の外鼻孔の中に置く。この場合、呼吸デバイスは、患者の外鼻孔によって所定の場所に保持される。デバイスは、患者が起きているとき又は就寝しているとき、夜間でも日中でも着用してもよい。幾つかの場合では、デバイスを連続的に着用してもよい。このようにして、これらのデバイスは、睡眠時無呼吸、いびき、及び本明細書中に記載した、医療の対象となるその他の病気を患っている対象者、並びに運動者としてのパフォーマンスの向上を臨む対象者に利点を提供するものである。
2、3 溝
4 空気流抵抗器
5 ホールドファスト
6 通路
10 内フレーム
12 外フレーム
14 ポジショナ
16 患者の鼻腔
28 ホールドファスト
Claims (12)
- 対象者が睡眠している間に対象者の鼻腔(16)と連通した状態で固定されて使用される鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
鼻腔(16)と連通するように形成された通路(6)と、
前記通路(6)と連通し、前記通路(6)を通して吐き出される空気に対する抵抗(Re)を、前記通路(6)を通して吸い込まれる空気に対する抵抗(Ri)よりも大きく増大するように形成された、空気流抵抗器(4)と、
前記呼吸デバイス(1)を、対象者の口を覆わずに、鼻腔(16)と連通した状態で鼻の外側に固定するように形成された、軟質で且つ柔軟性のある接着性のホールドファスト(5、28)とを含む、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記空気流抵抗器(4)は、前記空気流抵抗器(4)を横切る空気流又は前記空気流抵抗器(4)の前後の圧力差が閾値レベルを越えたとき、前記通路(6)を通して吐き出される空気に対する抵抗を減少するように形成されている、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記空気流抵抗器(4)は、前記空気流抵抗器(4)を横切る空気流又は前記空気流抵抗器(4)の前後の圧力差が閾値レベルよりも下に低下したとき、前記通路(6)を通して吐き出される空気に対する抵抗を増大するように形成されている、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記空気流抵抗器(4)はフラップバルブ(36、42)を含む、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記空気流抵抗器(4)は、前記呼吸デバイス(1)を着用している使用者の吸息:呼息比を、約3:1乃至約1:10であるように変化する、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記ホールドファスト(5、28)は、フォームを含む、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記ホールドファスト(5、28)は、前記呼吸デバイス(1)を少なくとも部分的に、対象者の鼻腔(16)の開口部上に固定するように形成されている、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記ホールドファスト(5、28)は、前記呼吸デバイス(1)を両鼻腔(16)と連通した状態で固定する、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、更に、
薬物又は薬剤、及び臭気物質からなる群から選択された有効物質を含む、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記空気流抵抗器(4)は、前記通路(6)内に固定される、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)において、
前記ホールドファスト(5、28)は、前記通路(6)を少なくとも部分的に取り囲む、鼻腔用呼吸デバイス。 - 請求項1に記載の鼻腔用呼吸デバイス(1)と、
前記呼吸デバイス(1)の使用についての説明書とを含むキット。
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