JP5015590B2 - 燃料改質反応物の迅速加熱用の方法および装置 - Google Patents
燃料改質反応物の迅速加熱用の方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5015590B2 JP5015590B2 JP2006509497A JP2006509497A JP5015590B2 JP 5015590 B2 JP5015590 B2 JP 5015590B2 JP 2006509497 A JP2006509497 A JP 2006509497A JP 2006509497 A JP2006509497 A JP 2006509497A JP 5015590 B2 JP5015590 B2 JP 5015590B2
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- combustion
- heat exchange
- reformer
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- heat recovery
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Description
燃料電池は化学的酸化−還元反応で電気を供給し、他の発電方式より清浄度および効率に関して顕著な利点を有する。典型的には、燃料電池は燃料として水素、酸化剤として酸素を使用する。発電は一般的に反応物質の消費速度に比例する。
本発明は燃料改質炉で使用する1種以上の反応物質を急速に加熱するための装置を提供する。当該装置は燃焼室を取り囲む外壁を有する燃焼区画および当該燃焼室内に配置した1種以上の触媒を有している。当該1種以上の触媒は燃焼ガス類および熱発生につき当該燃焼室を通して非拡散型流路を提供する。熱回収区画は当該燃焼区画と流体連絡性があり、熱回収室を限定する外壁および少なくとも1つの熱交換構成要素がその中に配置されている。当該燃焼区画は当該熱回収区画に比べて上部にあり、加熱した燃焼ガス類は当該熱回収区画へと押し下げられる。当該熱交換構成要素のそれぞれは燃料改質反応物を受け入れる入口および加熱した反応物質を当該熱回収区画から導くための出口を有している。場合により、少なくとも熱交換構成要素の1つは当該加熱した燃焼ガス類および水の間で熱を交換して改質炉で使用する蒸気を発生させる。当該燃焼および熱回収区画はお互いに連続している外壁を有して好ましくは円筒の形状である筐体を形成する。当該筐体は約10インチ未満、好ましくは約8インチ未満、そしてより好ましくは約6インチ未満の内径を有する。
本発明は添付する図と組合せた以下の説明を参考にして理解することができる。
本発明の例証である実施形態を以下に記述する。明瞭さの関係で、実際の実施形態の特徴全部が本明細書に説明されているとは限らない。当該実際の実施形態のいかなる開発においてでも、システムに関連および事業に関連した制約の順守などのような、1つの実施から他の実施と変化するであろう開発者の特定目標を達成するために数多くの実施特異的な決定を行わねばならないことは当然理解されるであろう。それ以上に、そのような開発努力は複雑で時間を要するであろうが、本開示の利益を有する当技術分野の当事者にとって日常的な業務であることは理解されるであろう。
図2は本発明の予備改質炉の横断面図である。予備改質炉10は、予備改質炉反応物類への熱の発生、改質反応で使用する蒸気の発生、および種々な燃料電池排気ガス類および燃料電池用の品質ではないリフォーメートの酸化による処理を含んだ多くの機能を有する。自己熱改質を意図している場合、当該供給条件および当該触媒によるが当該改質炉の運転温度は約550℃から約900℃の範囲でありうるので改質炉反応物の予備加熱が特に望ましい。
本発明は更に予備改質炉および改質炉を含む燃料処理装置の急速起動用の方法を提供する。当該方法は予備改質炉中で燃料および酸素含有ガスを燃焼触媒にて燃焼して燃焼区画内に加熱した燃焼ガス類を生成させる。
2つの異なる反応が改質プロセスで典型的に行われる。式IおよびIIが当該炭化水素としてメタンとしたときの典型的な反応式である:
CH4+1/2O2 ⇒ 2H2+CO (I)
CH4+H2O ⇒ 3H2+CO (II)
当該炭化水素流の主な不純物の1つは硫黄で、硫黄は改質プロセスにより硫化水素に転換する。当該改質炉または当該改質炉の下流の構成部分は好ましくは硫化水素を吸着し、転換できる酸化亜鉛および/または他の材料を含むことができ、支持体(例えば、モノリシック、押出し物、ペレットなど)を含んでも良い。脱硫は以下の反応式IIIに従って硫化水素を水に転換することを行う:
H2S+ZnO ⇒ H2O+ZnS (III)
H2O+CO ⇒ H2+CO2 (IV)
CO+1/2O2 ⇒ CO2 (V)
H2+1/2O2 ⇒ H2O (VI)
当該処理は一酸化炭素の酸化に関して1種以上の触媒の存在下で実施され、触媒はペレット、球状、モノリスなどの適した形状であってよい。一酸化炭素に関する酸化触媒は既知であり、典型的には貴金属(例えば、白金、パラジウム)および/または遷移金属(例えば、鉄、クロム、マンガン)、および貴金属または遷移金属の化合物、特に酸化物が含まれる。好ましい酸化触媒はアルミナウォッシュコート上の白金である。当該ウォッシュコートはモノリス、押出し物、ペレットまたは他の支持体に塗布されたものがよい。セリウムまたはランタンのような付加的材料を性能の改善のために添加しても良い。多くの他の剤形がアルミナ触媒上のロジウムの優れた性能を主張する幾人かの実施者により文献で言及されてきた。ルテニウム、パラジウム、金および他の材料は同様にこの使用において活性であると文献で言及されてきた。
本発明の予備改質炉および改質炉を含んでいる発電システムおよび燃料電池スタックを図1に示すが、当該燃料電池スタックは概括的にDで示した。燃料電池スタックDには、典型的に一緒に運転する多くの燃料電池を含む燃料電池スタックの形をした1つ以上の燃料電池が含まれている。本明細書で燃料電池スタックと称しているが、燃料電池スタックDには単一燃料電池のみ、複数の別々に動く燃料電池、複数の別々に動くか連動した燃料電池スタックを含んでいてよい。適切な燃料電池の例にはプロトン交換膜(PEM)燃料電池およびアルカリ性燃料電池が含まれる。
本発明の他の実施形態においては、迅速起動するための一体化した燃料処理装置を提供する。当該一体化装置には加熱した燃料改質反応物を燃料改質炉へ供するように構成された予備改質炉が含まれる。当該予備改質炉には燃焼室を取り囲んだ外壁を有する燃焼区画および当該燃焼室内に配置された触媒を有している。当該触媒は、燃焼ガス類および熱を当該燃焼区画と流体連絡性がある熱回収区画に通す通路用に当該触媒を貫いて非拡散型流路を備えている。当該熱回収区画は熱回収室を限定する外壁および前記熱回収室内に少なくとも1つの熱交換構成要素を有する。当該熱交換構成要素は改質炉反応物を受け入れるための入口および当該熱回収区画から加熱した反応物を導くための出口を有している。当該熱交換構成要素の入口および出口は好ましくは当該熱回収区画の外壁のより低い部分に位置する。当該燃焼区画は当該熱回収区画より上に位置しているので、加熱された燃焼ガス類の当該熱回収区画への通過は排除の結果である。当該燃焼区画の外壁および当該熱回収区画の外壁は当該予備改質炉の筐体を形成する。当該筐体は好ましくは約7:1から約4:1の間の比率である長さと直径を有する。燃料改質炉は当該予備加熱炉からの加熱された反応物を受け入れる熱交換構成要素の出口につながっている。好ましくは、当該燃料改質炉は底部原料供給型水蒸気改質炉である。更に、当該予備改質炉は燃料電池からの排気ガスを受け入れ、当該排気ガスを燃焼燃料と酸素含有ガス類とともに当該燃焼区画に導くように構成できると考えられる。
Claims (22)
- 燃料改質炉で使用する反応物の急速加熱用の装置であって、当該装置は:
燃焼室および当該燃焼室内に配置された触媒で当該燃焼室を通じて燃焼ガス類と熱の通過用に非拡散型流路を供している当該触媒を取り囲んでいる外壁を有する燃焼区画;
場合により、前記燃焼室の上流に、2種以上の燃焼反応物を混合するための混合装置;
場合により、前記燃焼室の上流に、当該触媒に接触する前に当該燃焼反応物の予備加熱用の加熱手段;および
当該燃焼室と流体連絡性がある熱回収区画であって、熱回収室を限定する外壁、前記熱回収室内に配置された少なくとも1つの熱交換構成要素、前記熱交換構成要素は改質炉反応物を受け入れる入口および当該熱回収区画から燃料改質炉に加熱した改質炉反応物を導く出口を有するものを含む当該熱回収区画;を含み、
当該燃焼区画は当該熱回収区画より高い位置にある、前記反応物の急速加熱用の装置。 - 当該加熱手段は当該装置の外部にある熱源である、請求項1の装置。
- 当該加熱手段は当該燃焼室内に配置された熱放射構成要素である、請求項1の装置。
- 当該触媒はモノリス触媒である、請求項1の装置。
- 当該熱交換構成要素がコイル状管である、請求項1の装置。
- 当該熱回収室はその中に配置された少なくとも2つの熱交換構成要素を有している、請求項1の装置。
- 当該少なくとも2つの熱交換構成要素は1番目および2番目の熱交換構成要素を含み、当該1番目の熱交換構成要素は当該2番目の熱交換構成要素の表面積より小さな熱交換用の表面積を有している、請求項6の装置。
- 当該2番目の熱交換構成要素は水を水蒸気に変換する、請求項7の装置。
- 当該燃焼区画の外壁および熱回収区画の外壁は当該装置用の筐体を形成する、請求項1の装置。
- 熱交換構成要素の入口および出口は当該熱回収区画の外壁のより下方の部分に位置している、請求項9の装置。
- 当該筐体が円筒形である、請求項9の装置。
- 当該円筒は25.4センチメーター未満の内径を有する、請求項11の装置。
- 当該円筒は20.32センチメーター未満の内径を有する、請求項12の装置。
- 当該円筒は15.24センチメーター未満の内径を有する、請求項13の装置。
- 当該筐体は長さと直径を有し、前記長さと直径の間の比率が7:1から4:1の間である、請求項9の装置。
- 急速起動用の一体化燃料処理装置であって、当該装置は:
加熱した燃料改質反応物を燃料改質炉に供給するように構成された予備改質炉であって、燃焼室および当該燃焼室内に配置されていて燃焼ガス類と熱を通過させるために全体に非拡散型流路を備えた触媒を取り囲む外壁を有する燃焼区画;
熱回収室を限定する外壁を有し、少なくとも1つの熱交換構成要素が前記熱回収室内に配置され、前記熱交換構成要素は反応物を受け入れる入口および当該熱回収区画の外に加熱された反応物を導く出口を有し、当該燃焼区画とは流体連絡性がある熱回収区画;を含み、当該燃焼区画が当該熱回収区画より上部に置かれている前記予備改質炉;および
当該予備改質炉から加熱した反応物を受け入れるために当該熱交換構成要素の出口に接続されている燃料改質炉;
を含む、前記一体化燃料処理装置。 - 当該燃料改質炉は底部供給型の水蒸気改質炉である、請求項16の一体化燃料処理装置。
- 当該予備改質炉は燃料電池から排気ガスを受け、当該排気ガスを当該燃焼区画に導くように構成されている、請求項16の一体化燃料処理装置。
- 当該燃焼区画の外壁および当該熱回収区画の外壁は当該予備改質炉用の筐体を形成する、請求項16の一体化燃料処理装置。
- 当該筐体は長さおよび直径があり、前記長さと直径の比率は7:1から4:1の間である、請求項19の一体化燃料処理装置。
- 熱交換構成単位の入口および出口は当該熱回収区画の外壁のより低い部分に位置している、請求項16の一体化燃料処理装置。
- 迅速起動用の一体化燃料処理装置であって、当該装置は:
燃料改質炉に加熱した改質反応物を供するように配列した予備改質炉であって、筐体、加熱した燃焼ガス類を生成するためにその中に配置した燃焼触媒を有する燃焼室、およびその中に少なくとも1つの熱交換構成要素を配置し、前記熱交換構成要素は反応物を受け入れる入口および加熱した反応物を当該熱回収区画より外に導く出口を有し、当該筐体の長さと直径が7:1から4:1の間の比率である燃焼室を含む前記予備改質炉;および
当該予備改質炉から加熱した反応物を受け入れるために加熱交換構成要素の出口が燃料改質炉と接続されている燃料改質炉;
を含む前記一体化燃料処理装置。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/408,080 US7235217B2 (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2003-04-04 | Method and apparatus for rapid heating of fuel reforming reactants |
US10/408,080 | 2003-04-04 | ||
PCT/US2004/009786 WO2004090075A2 (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2004-03-30 | Method and apparatus for rapid heating of fuel reforming reactants |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2006523603A JP2006523603A (ja) | 2006-10-19 |
JP5015590B2 true JP5015590B2 (ja) | 2012-08-29 |
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JP2006509497A Expired - Fee Related JP5015590B2 (ja) | 2003-04-04 | 2004-03-30 | 燃料改質反応物の迅速加熱用の方法および装置 |
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US (1) | US7235217B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1611221A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5015590B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101118825B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100519707C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2004227329B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BRPI0409144A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2521292C (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1090661A1 (ja) |
MX (1) | MXPA05010579A (ja) |
MY (1) | MY138396A (ja) |
NO (1) | NO20055174L (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI392543B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004090075A2 (ja) |
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2003
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- 2004-03-30 BR BRPI0409144-2A patent/BRPI0409144A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-03-30 CN CNB2004800135022A patent/CN100519707C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-03-30 WO PCT/US2004/009786 patent/WO2004090075A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-03-30 MX MXPA05010579A patent/MXPA05010579A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2004-03-30 KR KR1020057018879A patent/KR101118825B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
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NO20055174L (no) | 2006-01-03 |
CN1791663A (zh) | 2006-06-21 |
JP2006523603A (ja) | 2006-10-19 |
US20040194384A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
WO2004090075A3 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
MXPA05010579A (es) | 2005-11-23 |
KR20060004927A (ko) | 2006-01-16 |
TW200505576A (en) | 2005-02-16 |
NO20055174D0 (no) | 2005-11-03 |
CN100519707C (zh) | 2009-07-29 |
AU2004227329A1 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
AU2004227329B2 (en) | 2010-10-07 |
MY138396A (en) | 2009-05-29 |
EP1611221A2 (en) | 2006-01-04 |
HK1090661A1 (en) | 2006-12-29 |
BRPI0409144A (pt) | 2006-03-28 |
TWI392543B (zh) | 2013-04-11 |
WO2004090075A2 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
EP1611221A4 (en) | 2011-05-04 |
CA2521292C (en) | 2012-01-03 |
KR101118825B1 (ko) | 2012-03-22 |
CA2521292A1 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
US7235217B2 (en) | 2007-06-26 |
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