JP4746317B2 - 膜電極アッセンブリを製作する方法 - Google Patents
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 107
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 69
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 113
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims 2
- OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuryl difluoride Chemical compound FS(F)(=O)=O OBTWBSRJZRCYQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 19
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 graphitized sheet Chemical compound 0.000 description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical group C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006163 transport media Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003935 Flemion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010026749 Mania Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940023913 cation exchange resins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011437 continuous method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000295 expanded polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007603 infrared drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003010 ionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007592 spray painting technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical group FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8814—Temporary supports, e.g. decal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
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Description
CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2SO3H
本発明の電気化学的燃料電池10では、膜46は、モバイルイオンとして、H+を有する、カチオン透過性の陽子伝達膜である。燃料ガスは水素であり、酸化剤は酸素又は空気である。電池反応全体は、水素の水への酸化であり、アノード42及びカソード44における各々の反応は、次の通りである。
1/2O2+2H++2e=H2O
水素が燃料ガスとして使用されるので、電池反応全体の生成物は、水となる。典型的には、生成水は、酸素側の電極40であるカソード44で排出される。典型的には、水は、単なる流れ又は蒸発により逃散していく。しかし、所望ならば、水が形成されたとき該水を収集し、それを電池10の外部に運ぶための手段が提供されてもよい。
(例)
以下は、本願で説明されたプロセスに従って準備された膜電極アッセンブリの例である。触媒インクは、好ましくは、残りの重量%を占める炭素上に支持される重量にして約20%から約80%のPt又はPt合金を含む触媒から準備される。詳しくは、50%のPt及び50%の炭素Cの触媒が、この例では使用されている。この場合には、XC―72バルカン炭素(マサチューセッツ、ナティック、E−Tek社)上に支持された50重量%のPtの1グラムが使用される。
Claims (18)
- 膜電極アッセンブリを作るために利用可能な方法であって、
再使用可能であるのに十分な構造的安定性を有する非多孔性基体を提供し、該非多孔性基体は金属フィルムを備え、該金属フィルムは追加の構造的安定性を提供する別のフィルム材料に積層されており、
イオン伝達材料、導電材料、触媒及び溶媒を含むスラリーを形成し、
前記スラリーを前記非多孔性基体上に塗布し、
塗布された前記スラリーを乾燥して、デカルコマニアを形成し、
前記デカルコマニアを膜に結合させ、
前記基体が再使用可能であるように事実上損傷を受けない条件で、該基体を前記デカルコマニアから剥離させ、
前記スラリーを前記非多孔性基体に塗布し、塗布された前記スラリーを乾燥して第2のデカルコマニアを形成し、該第2のデカルコマニアを膜に結合させ、前記非多孔性基体を前記第2のデカルコマニアから剥離させることによって、前記非多孔性基体を再使用する、各工程を備える、方法。 - 前記剥離工程の後に、前記非多孔性基体をクリーニングする工程を更に備える、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記クリーニング工程は、前記非多孔性基体に、イソプロパノール及び通常のプロパノール、エタノール、メタノール、水、並びに、それらの混合物からなるグループから選択された溶媒を塗布する工程を更に備える、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 2つのデカルコマニアが形成され、該デカルコマニアの各々は、前記イオン伝達材料のガラス転移温度以上で前記膜の対向する両面にホットプレスされることにより結合されている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記乾燥工程は、前記スラリーを赤外線灯にさらす工程を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記塗布工程は、印刷プロセス及びスプレー塗布プロセスからなるグループから選択されたコーティングプロセスを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記結合工程は、前記イオン伝達材料のガラス転移温度以上でホットプレスする工程を更に備えている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記導電材料は、炭素であり、前記触媒は、金属である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン伝達材料は、パーフルオロスルホン系イオノマーである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 膜電極アッセンブリを作る方法であって、
再使用可能であるのに十分な構造的安定性を有する非多孔性基体のループを提供し、該非多孔性基体は金属フィルムを備え、該金属フィルムは追加の構造的安定性を提供する別のフィルム材料に積層されており、
イオン伝達材料、導電材料、触媒及び溶媒を含むスラリーを形成し、
前記スラリーを離散的な領域のパターンをなすように前記非多孔性基体上に塗布し、
前記スラリーを乾燥して、前記離散的な領域に対応する複数のデカルコマニアを前記非多孔性基体上に形成し、
前記デカルコマニアを複数の膜の両側に結合させて、複数の膜電極アッセンブリを形成し、
前記非多孔性基体のループから前記膜電極アッセンブリを剥離させ、
前記非多孔性基体をクリーニングし、
前記非多孔性基体のクリーニングされたループに前記スラリーを再塗布し、
再塗布された前記スラリーを乾燥して複数の第2のデカルコマニアを形成し、
前記複数の第2のデカルコマニアを第2の複数の膜の両側に結合させて、複数の第2の膜電極アッセンブリを形成し、
前記複数の第2の膜電極アッセンブリを前記非多孔性基体のループから剥離させる、各工程を備える、方法。 - 前記クリーニング工程は、前記非多孔性基体に、イソプロパノール及び通常のプロパノール、エタノール、メタノール、水、並びに、それらの混合物からなるグループから選択された溶媒を塗布する工程を更に備える、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記デカルコマニアを両側に結合させる工程は、同時に実行される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記非多孔性基体のループを連続的に移動させる工程を更に備える、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記塗布工程は、印刷プロセス及びスプレー塗布プロセスからなるグループから選択されたコーティングプロセスを含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記結合工程は、前記イオン伝達材料のガラス転移温度以上でホットプレスする工程を更に備えている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記導電材料は、炭素であり、前記触媒は、金属である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記イオン伝達材料は、パーフルオロスルホン系イオノマーである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 膜電極アッセンブリを作るために利用可能な方法であって、
再使用可能であるのに十分な構造的安定性を有する非多孔性基体を提供し、
イオン伝達材料、導電材料、触媒及び溶媒を含むスラリーを形成し、
前記スラリーを前記非多孔性基体上に塗布し、
塗布された前記スラリーを乾燥して、デカルコマニアを形成し、
前記デカルコマニアを膜に結合させ、
前記基体が再使用可能であるように事実上損傷を受けない条件で、該基体を前記デカルコマニアから剥離させる、各工程を備え、
前記非多孔性基体は金属フィルムを含み、該金属フィルムは、前記非多孔性基体の前記構造的安定性の少なくとも一部分を提供する別のフィルム材料に前記金属フィルムを積層することにより形成されている、方法。
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US10/171,295 US6933003B2 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2002-06-13 | Method of making membrane electrode assemblies |
PCT/US2003/018406 WO2003107468A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 | 2003-06-11 | Method of making membrane electrode assemblies |
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JP (1) | JP4746317B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100385721C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003237991A1 (ja) |
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WO2003107468A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
CA2488908A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
US20030232714A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
CA2488908C (en) | 2009-10-27 |
US6933003B2 (en) | 2005-08-23 |
CN1675787A (zh) | 2005-09-28 |
DE10392800T5 (de) | 2005-05-25 |
AU2003237991A1 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
JP2006513527A (ja) | 2006-04-20 |
DE10392800B4 (de) | 2009-06-25 |
CN100385721C (zh) | 2008-04-30 |
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