JP2007330265A - 新規なトランスポーターペプチド配列による生物学的エフェクターの細胞内送達 - Google Patents
新規なトランスポーターペプチド配列による生物学的エフェクターの細胞内送達 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
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- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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Abstract
【解決手段】明細書中に記載される輸送体ペプチドに対してファージライブラリーをスクリーニングする方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
本発明は、分子生物学の分野に関する。
細胞外媒体から細胞への、特に細胞の核への、目的の物質の効率的な輸送を可能にする技術は、バイオテクノロジーの分野で、かなり興味深い。これらの技術は、タンパク質またはペプチドの産生にとって、遺伝子の発現の調節にとって、細胞内シグナル伝達チャネルの解析にとって、そして種々の異なる物質が細胞内(または細胞の核)への輸送による効果の解析にとって、有用であり得る。そのような技術の1つの重要な適用は、遺伝子治療である。しかし、宿主のゲノムに作用することなく処置されるか、または活性物質の生物学的性質を変えることなく処置される、宿主中の細胞質または細胞の核に生物学的に活性な物質を輸送することは、遺伝子輸送ベクターの無能によって限定される。
本発明は、生物学的膜を横切って移動し得る輸送体ペプチドを提供する。本発明はまた、生物学的膜を横切ってエフェクターを移動させるような輸送体ペプチドを使用する方法に関する。
上記に加えて、本発明は、以下を提供する:
(項目1) 以下のアミノ酸配列
a)(X m RX o RX n );
b)(X m RRRX n );
c)(X m RRXRX n );および
d)(X m RXRRX n )、
からなる群より選択される、少なくとも一つのアミノ酸配列を含む輸送体ペプチドであって、
ここで、Xは非塩基性アミノ酸であり、
mは、0から14の整数であり、
nは、mとは独立した、0と14の間の整数であり、
oは、mおよびnとは独立した、0と5の間の整数であり、
ここで該輸送体ペプチドは、生物学的膜を横切って移動することが可能である、輸送体ペプチド。
(項目2) 前記アミノ酸配列がR−X−X−Rである、項目1の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目3) 前記輸送体ペプチドがエフェクターに結合した、項目1の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目4) 前記エフェクターが核酸である、項目3の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目5) 前記核酸がDNAである、項目3の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目6) 前記核酸がRNAである、項目3の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目7) 前記エフェクターがペプチドである、項目3の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目8) 前記エフェクターが薬学的に活性な薬剤である、項目3の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目9) 前記薬学的に活性な薬剤がトキシン、抗生物質、抗病原性薬剤、抗原、抗体フラグメント、免疫調節剤、酵素、および治療剤からなる群より選択される、項目8の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目10) 前記ペプチドが50アミノ酸長未満である、項目1の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目11) 前記ペプチドが25アミノ酸長未満である、項目1の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目12) 前記ペプチドが15アミノ酸長未満である、項目1の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目13) 移動が膵臓B細胞、肝細胞、大腸細胞、筋細胞、および肺細胞からなる群より選択される組織内で起こる、項目1の輸送体ペプチド。
(項目14) 輸送体ペプチドが、配列番号1〜6からなる群より選択される、膵臓B細胞の膜を横切る、項目1の輸送体ペプチドを移動する方法。
(項目15) 項目1の輸送体ペプチドを肝細胞の膜を横切って移動する方法であって、該輸送体ペプチドが、配列番号7〜10からなる群より選択される、方法。
(項目16) 項目1の輸送体ペプチドを大腸細胞の膜を横切って移動する方法であって、該輸送体ペプチドが、配列番号11である、方法。
(項目17) 項目1の輸送体ペプチドを筋細胞の膜を横切って移動する方法であって、該輸送体ペプチドが、配列番号12〜20からなる群より選択される、方法。
(項目18) 項目1の輸送体ペプチドを肺細胞の膜を横切って、移動する方法であって、該輸送体ペプチドが、配列番号21〜34からなる群より選択される、方法。
(項目19) エフェクターに結合した、項目1の輸送体ペプチドを含む、輸送体ユニット。
(項目20) 前記エフェクターが、核酸、ペプチド、および薬学的に活性な薬剤からなる群より選択される、項目19の輸送体ユニット。
(項目21) 項目19に記載の輸送体ユニットの治療的なまたは予防的な有効量および薬学的に受容可能なキャリアを含む薬学的組成物。
(項目22) 項目1の輸送体ペプチドとエフェクターとの間の移行可能な複合体を産生する方法であって、該方法は、該エフェクターを該輸送体ペプチドに結合体化して、輸送体ペプチド−エフェクター結合体を形成する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目23) エフェクターを真核生物細胞の細胞質および核へ移行する方法であって、該方法は、
a)該エフェクターを項目1の輸送体ペプチドへ結合体化して、輸送体ペプチドーエフェクター結合体を形成する工程、および
b)該輸送体ペプチドーエフェクター結合体を細胞に導入する工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目24) 前記導入工程は、前記輸送体ペプチドーエフェクター結合体の存在下で細胞培養液をインキュベートすることによって、または項目22に記載の細胞へ該輸送体ペプチドーエフェクター結合体を注入することによって、達成される、項目23に記載の方法。
(項目25) 前記真核生物細胞がヒト細胞である、項目23に記載の方法。
(項目26) 真核生物細胞内でエフェクターの細胞内濃度を増加する方法であって、該方法は、以下の工程:
a)該エフェクターを項目1の輸送体ペプチドに結合体化して、輸送体ペプチドーエフェクター結合体を形成する工程、
b)該真核生物細胞の活性な代謝を促進する条件下で、該輸送体ペプチドーエフェクター結合体の存在下で該細胞をインキュベートする工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目27) 前記真核生物細胞がヒト細胞である、項目26に記載の方法。
(項目28) 1以上の容器中に、治療的または予防的に有効量の項目21に記載の薬学的組成物を含む、キット。
(項目29) 疾患を処置または予防する方法であって、該方法は、そのような処置または予防が所望される被験体に、項目21に記載の薬学的構組成物を該被験体における該疾患を処置または予防するに十分な量で投与する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目30) 前記疾患が、糖尿病、大腸癌、呼吸器病、神経変性障害、心臓麻痺、およびウイルス感染からなる群より選択される、項目29に記載の方法。
(項目31) 輸送体ペプチドに対してファージライブラリーをスクリーニングする方法であって、該方法は、以下:
a)ファージディスプレイライブラリーを提供する工程、
b)特定の細胞型に対する前記ライブラリーをスクリーニングする工程、および
c)内在化したファージを有する細胞を決定する工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目32) 項目31に記載の方法であって、さらに、
d)内在化したファージ由来のDNAを同定する工程、および
e)発現されたペプチドを推定する工程、を含む、方法。
(項目33) 前記スクリーニング工程が少なくとも3サイクルのパニングを含む、項目31に記載の方法。
(項目34) 前記ファージディスプレイライブラリーが多価ファージディスプレイライブラリーである、項目31に記載の方法。
(項目35) アミノ酸配列が、配列番号1〜34をからなる群より選択される、輸送体ペプチド。
本発明は、薬物および治療剤の細胞内送達について、種々の細胞型を特異的に標的化するペプチド輸送系を提供する。当該分野において存在する輸送系は、あまりに限定されているので、一般的な適用ではない。なぜなら、これらは不十分であるか、宿主ゲノムへの影響を与えるか、活性物質の生物学的性質を変化させるか、標的細胞を殺すか、または、ウイルス複合体の使用のために、あまりに高い危険率が提示するので、ヒト被験体に使用することはできないかのいずれかであるからである。本発明のペプチド輸送系は、当該分野における輸送系の制限を克服するために、プロプロテインコンベルターゼ、および潜在的治療剤の細胞内送達に特異的なリガンドを使用する。本発明の系は、変化していない生物学的活性物質の効率的な送達を示す。この物質は、宿主のゲノムに影響せず、さもなければ非侵略性である。
2)レセプター結合性リガンドの内在化は、形質膜の特定の領域上の細胞表面レセプターの濃縮およびクラスリン被覆小胞の引き続く形成を含む(52)。
本発明の特定の実施形態についての前記の詳細な説明から、生物学的膜を横切るトランスロケーションの独特な方法が、記載されてきたことは、明らかである。特定の実施形態が、詳細に本明細書中に開示されてきたが、これは、説明のみの目的で例としてなされ、そして、以下に続く添付された特許請求の範囲に関して、限定されることを意図されない。特に、様々な置換、変化、および改変は、特許請求の範囲で定義されるような、本発明の意図および範囲から逸脱することなく、本発明に対してなされ得ることが本発明者らにより意図される。例えば、細胞の特定の型またはトランスロケーションされるべき特定のエフェクターの選択は、本明細書中に記載されている実施形態の見識とともに当業者にとって慣用的事柄であると考えられる。
(実施例I:内在化ペプチドモチーフの同定)
以下の基準を満足する新規のファージ系中のファージディスプレイライブラリーは、本発明に含まれる:4マー〜50マーのペプチド(>400コピー/ファージ)の多価提示;小さなサイズ(50nM);内在化ファージの効率的な回収;非内在性結合ファージの除去;および多数の個々のペプチド配列(109より多くのヘプタペプチド配列を提示している3×108個の独立したクローン)。
ファージディスプレイライブラリーを、多くのインシュリン分泌性細胞株、齧歯類およびヒトの単離された小島、ならびにFACS精製β細胞に対して、選り分け、そして、最後に小島の抽出および内在化ファージの回収の前に、動物(マウス、ラット、ブタ)へ直接注射する。パニング手順は、ファージ添加、回収および増幅の少なくとも三つのサイクルからなる。あるいは、最も選択的なリガンドを単離するために、他の細胞型に結合するファージを、β細胞に対するライブラリーを選り分ける前に、異なった非インシュリン分泌性細胞とともにそのライブラリーをインキュベーションすることによって減じる。リソソーム分解を止めるためのクロロキンを含んだ実験を、(44)に記載されているように実行する。これらの実験は、異なるペプチドキャリアを産生することを期待される。
パニングされたファージを単離し、多くの異なった細胞および器官とともにインキュベーションする。例えば、ある特定の実験において、パニングされたファージを、インシュリン分泌細胞および器官ならびに非インシュリン分泌細胞および器官と共にインキュベーションする。取り込みを、回収されたファージの数を数えることによって決定する。免疫細胞学の研究を、抗ファージ抗体を用いて行う。
単離されたファージ由来のDNAを、シークエンスし、発現されたペプチドが推定される。内在化を導くペプチドおよびこれらペプチドの変異バージョンを、化学的に合成し、N末端をFITCで標識するかまたはヨウ素化する。標識されたペプチドを、異なる細胞型に添加し、齧歯類およびヒトの小島を単離し、直接マウスに注射する。取り込みの特異性、細胞内の局在化、クリアランスおよび安定性を見積もる(56)。
インシュリン分泌性細胞および非インシュリン分泌性細胞の解析のために、特徴付けられたペプチドを以下の3つの既知の配列に連結する:YVAD(カスパーゼ阻害剤(29)、配列番号35)、VQRKRQKLMP(NF−κB核局在化阻害剤(30)、配列番号36)またはRPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQDT(JNK阻害剤(17)、配列番号37)。これらのペプチドを、化学的に合成し、インシュリン分泌性細胞および非インシュリン分泌性細胞に添加する。カスパーゼ、NF−κBおよびJNKを、一般的な活性化剤、エトポシド(57)またはアニソマイシン(58)によって活性化する。ペプチドによるカスパーゼ、NF−κBおよびJNKの阻害を、β細胞および非β細胞で、研究した。これらの実験は、ペプチドキャリアが、活性コンフォメーションの潜在的な薬剤をβ細胞内に特異的に輸送するか否かを示す。
GLP−1レセプター(GLP−1R)の発現は、主に脳および膵臓に限定される(66)。レセプターは、アゴニストの結合に続いて内在化される(56)。これらの特性は、GLP−1Rを、膵臓β細胞中への治療剤の優先的な送達を媒介するための魅力的なツールにする。この特性は、上述のように評価される。例えば、GLP−1Rを用いて集められた情報は、強化された選択性を有する二重特異性二量体の設計を補助する。
GLP−1RでトランスフェクトされたCOS−7細胞は、上述の富化実験のための基質として作用する。新しく同定されたモチーフを、それらの特異性およびエンドサイトーシスを導く能力について評価する。
いくつかの実施形態において、ペプチドを、レトロインベルソペプチドとして合成し得る。増強された安定性および低い免疫原性を有する、全D−レトロインベルソペプチドを上記のように解析する。
change in chirality)を組合わせることによって、CD4レセプターのヘアピンループのアナログを、操作した(Jamesonら、A
rationally designed CD4 analogue inhibits experimental allergic.encephalomyelitis、Nature、368、744−746(1994)およびBradyら、Reflection on a Peptide、Nature、368、692−693(1994))。D−エナンチオマーと逆合成とを組合せた最終的な結果は、各々のアミド結合中のカルボニル基およびアミノ基の位置が交換され、一方、各々のα炭素での側鎖の基の位置は保存されていることである。Jamesonらは、伝えるところによれば、それら逆向きのDペプチドについて生物学的活性の増加を実証した。それは、普通の全Lエナンチオマーのインビボでの限定された活性(タンパク質分解への感受性による)と対照的である。
Ligands for the Human Class I Histocompatibility Molecule HLA−A2、1.Med.Chem.39、2030−2039(1996))。その著者らは、そのような非天然リガンドが、増強された安定性および高いMHC結合能力を有していたことを報告する。
いくつかの実施形態において、ペプチドを、修飾ペプチドとして合成し得る。修飾ペプチドは上記のように解析される。
多価リガンドは、数オーダーの大きさにまで増大されたアビディティを示す(60)。その親和性は、増大された速度の内在化で翻訳する(42)。単一特異的な二量体は高いアビディティを示し、二重特異的な二量体は特異的な細胞標的化剤としての、実施上の可能性を強化し得るより高度な選択性を有しそうである(61)。多価のペプチド(単一特異的および多数特異的の両方)を、例えば、柔軟なペプチジル骨格または糖ベースの骨格のいずれかを有する、ペプチド模倣物として合成する(61−63)。
単離された異なるペプチド配列は、異なった細胞区画(例えば、核、ミトコンドリア、細胞質など)に局在化し得る。これは、ヨウ素化ペプチドおよびFITC標識ペプチドを用いて注意深く見積もられる。この情報は、機能の研究の設計に使用される。例えば、細胞質に蓄積しているペプチドは、NF−κB核移行を阻害されるために好まれるのに対して、核に入るペプチドは、JNKの阻害に最も適している。いくつかの実施形態において、核局在化モチーフのような配列を、キャリアを適切な区画に向けなおすために加える。
カスパーゼ阻害剤、NF−κB阻害剤またはJNK阻害剤に連結した、β細胞標的化ペプチド(例えば、LエナンチオマーまたはDエナンチオマー、多価のペプチド)を、β細胞株、FACS精製β細胞および単離されたヒト小島ならびに齧歯類小島に加えた。アポトーシスを、IL−β(TNFαおよびIFNγとともに)によって誘導し、アポトーシス耐性を評価する。
NODマウスに、糖尿病前状態および糖尿病後状態中にエフェクターペプチド(カスパーゼ阻害剤、NF−κB阻害剤またはJNK阻害剤に連結したβ細胞標的化ペプチド)を注射する。注射の投薬量および頻度を、上記のとおり決定する。その後、糖尿病の発生を測定する。
ペプチドの免疫原的可能性を、齧歯類およびウサギで評価する。
特定の細胞による、効率的な取り込みを方向付けるペプチドモチーフを、実施例IIIに記載する。これらのペプチドを、確立された手順を用いて、例えば、INS−1、βTC−3およびヒト小島cDNAライブラリー由来の同起源のレセプターのクローニングおよび特徴づけに使用する(64;65)。
クローン化されたレセプターの組織分布を、インシュリン分泌性細胞ならびに器官およびインシュリン非分泌性細胞ならびに器官のノーザンブロットおよびウエスタンブロットによって評価する。結合の動力学、クリアランスおよび取り込みの特異性を、COS−7細胞中のレセプターの一時的なトランスフェクションによって評価する。コントロールペプチドは、変異した配列および例えば、GLP−1、GIP、グルカゴン、セクレチンなどのような、公知のペプチドである。これらのレセプターに対する代替の内在化モチーフを、上記のように、トランスフェクトしたCOS−7細胞でライブラリーを選り分けることによって特徴付ける。
(ファージの調製および富化手順)
キャプシドの表面にランダムな15マーのエピトープを提示している3×108の独立したファージのライブラリーを、標準の手順を使用することによって生成した(67)。ファージを増幅し、その後、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)沈殿によって精製し、最後に、記載されているように(67)、Tris−EDTA緩衝液(10:1 mM、TE)中に1マイクロリットルあたり1010の感染粒子の濃度に再懸濁した。ファージ(1012)を、1時間から24時間の間、培養培地中の細胞に加えた。より長いインキュベーション時間は、エンドサイトース小胞中でタンパク質分解を逃れたファージの単離を有利にするために好適であった。結合および内在化に続いて、細胞を洗浄し、非内在化ファージをズブチリシン(3mg/ml)(44)による消化によって破壊した。広範囲の洗浄に続いて、その後、内在化したファージを2%デオキシコレート、10mM
Tris−HClおよび2mM EDTA、pH8.0を含む緩衝液中で細胞を溶解することによって、回収した。回収したファージを、最後にE.coli細胞(XL−1−Blue)で増幅し、上記のとおり精製した。その後、この富化されたファージの調製物を、2回目の富化に使用する。3回から5回連続して、特定のファージ保有ペプチド配列の富化を得るために実行した。
上記富化スキームに沿って単離された単一のファージを、増幅し、培養培地中の細胞に24時間加えた。その後、培地を洗い落とし、細胞を5分間、冷メタノール−アセトン(1:1)で固定した。ファージキャプシドに対して方向付けられた抗体を、フルオレセイン結合体化二次抗体とともに使用した。古典的な蛍光顕微鏡的研究アッセイおよび共焦点顕微鏡アッセイを実行した。組織を、処理前にパラフィン中に埋め込んだ。
ペプチドを、C末端アミド基と共におよび、必要ならば、FITCで標識するかまたはヨウ素化して、古典的なF−moc化学(Auspep、Australia)を使用することによって合成した。すべてのペプチドを、HPLCで精製し、質量分析法で解析した。
JNK、NF−κBおよびカスパーゼが、異なる細胞株(例えば、βTC−3、INS−1、HeLa、WiDr、HepG2、NIH3T3、COS−7)中で、エトポシド(VP−16、Alexis)で1時間かけて、活性化される1時間前に、ペプチドを加える。細胞抽出物を、JNK活性(基質として、c−Junを用いた固相JNKアッセイを用いて(68))、NF−κB核移行(電気泳動的移動度シフトアッセイ(30))およびカスパーゼ活性(入手可能な市販のキットおよび(Upstate Biochemicals)抗体を用いて)について処理する。
アポトーシスを、Hoechst33342および前述のような(68;69)ヨウ素化プロピジウムを組合わせて使用することによって測定する。
小島をGotohら(70)の方法で単離する。ヒト小島を「Insel Spital」(Bern、Switzerland)から得る。
注射の正確な投薬量および時間枠を、各々のペプチドに対して最適化する。しかし、JNK1ペプチドを用いた以前の実験は、2日毎に投薬される、PBS中の1mMペプチド溶液100μlが、妥当なスタート地点であることを示す。
λZAP発現性原核生物/真核生物発現ベクター中のINS−1 cDNAライブラリーは、IB1 cDNAおよびIB2 cDNA(71,72)をクローニングするために使用されてきた。このライブラリーは、単純なヘルパーファージの除去(Stratagene)によって、真核生物のCMVプロモーターの制御下で、容易にプラスミドライブラリーへ転換される。
薬物送達のためにβ細胞を特異的に標的化する能力は、I型糖尿病の処置において、絶大な影響を有する。本質的にβ細胞の機能(すなわち、インシュリン分泌)を変えないβ細胞破壊のブロッカーは、すでに存在(例えば、JBD、bcl−2)し、これらの分子のうちの1つ(JBD)の小さなペプチドへの変換は、完全な生物学的活性を保持することが示されてきた。
滴定実験を、表3に示された時間、βTC−3細胞とともにインキュベーションされたファージP1(配列番号1)を用いて実行した。投入ファージ/回収ファージの比もまた、示される。滴定実験は、最初のP1 ファージ投入の10%ほどが回収され得るということを示した。
取り込みの特異性の決定を、5個の異なる細胞株で回収されたファージの数を滴定することによって、実行した。ファージ(108)を、指示された細胞株とともに16時間インキュベーションし、内在化したファージおよび回収したファージの数を表4に見られるように計算した。インテグリン内在化モチーフを提示するコントロールファージは、すべての細胞株に対して回収されたファージと似た数(1〜3×106)を示した。これは、P1(配列番号1)がβTC−3細胞によって、テストされた他のどの細胞株よりも、10,000から1,000,000倍効率的に取り込まれることを示す。
次いで、ペプチドをファージP1に提示されたペプチドの配列から合成した。P1 5マーペプチドの配列を、FITCで標識した10アミノ酸のランダム配列と連結した。コントロール配列は、P1 5マー配列を(Ala)5で置き換えたことを除いて、同一である。ペプチド(10μM)を、1時間細胞に加え、細胞を洗浄し、冷メタノール−アセトン(1:1)で固定した。FITCで標識したP1ペプチドは、βTC−3細胞中で可視化され得たが、他の細胞型では可視化されなかった。
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- 明細書中に記載される輸送体ペプチドに対してファージライブラリーをスクリーニングする方法。
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Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
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R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
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