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ES2160132T3 - Composicion lubricante para refrigerantes a base de amoniaco utilizada en sistemas de refrigeracion por compresion. - Google Patents

Composicion lubricante para refrigerantes a base de amoniaco utilizada en sistemas de refrigeracion por compresion.

Info

Publication number
ES2160132T3
ES2160132T3 ES95112476T ES95112476T ES2160132T3 ES 2160132 T3 ES2160132 T3 ES 2160132T3 ES 95112476 T ES95112476 T ES 95112476T ES 95112476 T ES95112476 T ES 95112476T ES 2160132 T3 ES2160132 T3 ES 2160132T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
sub
group
lubricant composition
cooling systems
compression cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES95112476T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Glenn D Short
Lars Ivan Sjoholm
Thomas E Rajewski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CPI Engineering Services Inc
Original Assignee
CPI Engineering Services Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by CPI Engineering Services Inc filed Critical CPI Engineering Services Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2160132T3 publication Critical patent/ES2160132T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/20—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/20—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M107/30—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M107/32—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones; Polyesters; Polyethers
    • C10M107/34—Polyoxyalkylenes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/06—Well-defined aromatic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/104—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing two carbon atoms only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/105—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing three carbon atoms only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/106—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of alkylene oxides containing four carbon atoms only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/103—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups
    • C10M2209/107—Polyethers, i.e. containing di- or higher polyoxyalkylene groups of two or more specified different alkylene oxides covered by groups C10M2209/104 - C10M2209/106
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
    • C10M2211/022—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/06—Perfluorinated compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/30—Refrigerators lubricants or compressors lubricants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/32—Wires, ropes or cables lubricants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/34—Lubricating-sealants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/36—Release agents or mold release agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/38—Conveyors or chain belts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/40—Generators or electric motors in oil or gas winning field
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/42—Flashing oils or marking oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/44—Super vacuum or supercritical use
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/50—Medical uses

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

SE PRESENTA UNA COMPOSICION DE FLUIDO DE MISCIBILIDAD Y SOLUBILIDAD ADECUADA EN REFRIGERANTES DE CLOROFLUOROCARBONO, HIDROCLOROFLUOROCARBONO E HIDROFLOROCARBONO QUE INCLUYE UN REFRIGERANTE SELECCIONADO ENTRE EL GRUPO QUE CONSTA ESENCIALMENTE DE REFRIGERANTES DE AMONIACO, CLOROFLUOROCARBONOS, HIDROCLOROFLUOROCARBONOS E HIDROFLUOROCARBONO Y UNA COMPOSICION LUBRICANTE HECHA CON UN OXIDO ORGANICO Y UN ALCOHOL Y QUE COMPRENDE UN GLICOL DE POLIALQUILENO DE LA FORMULA Z-((CH{SUB, 2}-CH/R{SUB, 1})-O){SUB, N}-(CH{SUB, 2}-CH(R{SUB, 1})-O-){SUB, M}){SUB, P}-H EN DONDE Z ES UN RESIDUO DE UN COMPUESTO QUE TIENE ENTRE 1 Y 8 HIDROGENOS ACTIVOS Y UN NUMERO MINIMO DE ATOMOS DE CARBONO DE SEIS (6) CARBONOS EN DONDE Z ES UN GRUPO DE ARILO Y UN NUMERO MINIMO DE ATOMOS DE CARBONO DE DIEZ (10) EN DONDE Z ES UN GRUPO DE ALQUILO, R1 ES HIDROGENO, METILO, ETILO, O UNA MEZCLA DE LOS MISMOS, N ES 0 O UN NUMERO POSITIVO, M ES UN NUMERO POSITIVO, Y P ES UN ENTERO QUE TIENE UN VALOR IGUAL AL NUMERO DE HIDROGENOS ACTIVOSDE Z.
ES95112476T 1994-08-30 1995-08-08 Composicion lubricante para refrigerantes a base de amoniaco utilizada en sistemas de refrigeracion por compresion. Expired - Lifetime ES2160132T3 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/298,342 US5595678A (en) 1994-08-30 1994-08-30 Lubricant composition for ammonia refrigerants used in compression refrigeration systems

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2160132T3 true ES2160132T3 (es) 2001-11-01

Family

ID=23150090

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES95112476T Expired - Lifetime ES2160132T3 (es) 1994-08-30 1995-08-08 Composicion lubricante para refrigerantes a base de amoniaco utilizada en sistemas de refrigeracion por compresion.

Country Status (14)

Country Link
US (1) US5595678A (es)
EP (1) EP0699737B1 (es)
JP (1) JP3782490B2 (es)
KR (1) KR100348666B1 (es)
CN (1) CN1050628C (es)
BR (1) BR9503826A (es)
CA (1) CA2155261C (es)
DE (1) DE69521376T2 (es)
DK (1) DK0699737T3 (es)
ES (1) ES2160132T3 (es)
IL (1) IL115048A (es)
NO (1) NO309390B1 (es)
TW (1) TW470772B (es)
ZA (1) ZA956885B (es)

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JP2977046B2 (ja) * 1992-11-27 1999-11-10 株式会社ジャパンエナジー アンモニア冷凍装置、該冷凍装置に用いる作動流体組成物及びアンモニア圧縮機の潤滑方法
JP4079469B2 (ja) * 1996-06-25 2008-04-23 出光興産株式会社 冷凍機油組成物
TW385332B (en) * 1997-02-27 2000-03-21 Idemitsu Kosan Co Refrigerating oil composition
DE19719430C1 (de) * 1997-05-12 1999-02-04 Rwe Dea Ag Polyalkylenglykole als Schmiermittel für CO¶2¶-Kältemaschinen
JP4092780B2 (ja) * 1997-10-17 2008-05-28 ダイキン工業株式会社 冷凍・空調装置
CN1097087C (zh) * 1997-10-17 2002-12-25 大金工业株式会社 压缩制冷机润滑油及使用它的制冷/空调装置
US6503417B1 (en) 1998-04-13 2003-01-07 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Ternary compositions of ammonia, pentafluoroethane and difluoromethane
KR100396361B1 (ko) * 1998-07-21 2003-09-02 가부시키가이샤 저펜에너지 암모니아 냉매를 사용하는 냉동기용 윤활제
JP4129324B2 (ja) * 1998-09-21 2008-08-06 新日本石油株式会社 冷凍機油
GB0107502D0 (en) * 2001-03-26 2001-05-16 Ici Plc Lubricant compositions
GB9901667D0 (en) * 1999-01-26 1999-03-17 Ici Plc Lubricant composition
US6548457B1 (en) * 1999-04-15 2003-04-15 Japan Energy Corporation Lubricant for refrigerating machine employing ammonia refrigerant
JP4603117B2 (ja) * 1999-12-28 2010-12-22 出光興産株式会社 自然系冷媒用冷凍機油組成物
JP2001192684A (ja) * 2000-01-12 2001-07-17 Japan Energy Corp アンモニア冷凍装置
JP2001200285A (ja) * 2000-01-21 2001-07-24 Japan Energy Corp アンモニア冷媒を使用する冷凍機用潤滑剤
GB0002260D0 (en) * 2000-02-02 2000-03-22 Laporte Performance Chemicals Lubricating oils
ATE303427T1 (de) * 2000-03-16 2005-09-15 Lubrizol Corp Verwendung von schmiermittelzusammensetzungen für ammoniak basierte kaltemittel mit guter dichtungsleistungsfähigkeit
US20020134530A1 (en) * 2001-03-20 2002-09-26 American Air Liquide, Inc. Heat transfer fluids and methods of making and using same
US6677284B2 (en) 2001-03-15 2004-01-13 The Lubrizol Corporation Lubricant composition for ammonia based refrigerants with good seal performance
CN1703500A (zh) * 2002-10-03 2005-11-30 卢布里佐尔公司 可用于提高蒸气压缩系统中油分离性能的润滑剂
US6880360B2 (en) 2002-10-03 2005-04-19 York International Corporation Compressor systems for use with smokeless lubricant
EP1780479A4 (en) * 2004-07-01 2013-12-11 Daikin Ind Ltd FREEZER AND AIR CONDITIONING
US7628933B2 (en) * 2005-08-19 2009-12-08 Glenn D. Short Lubricating oil compositions using polyalkylene glycol derivatives
DE102006004895A1 (de) * 2006-02-03 2007-08-23 Clariant International Limited Wärmeträger mit verbesserter Temperaturstabilität auf Basis höherer Polyglykole
EP2260231B1 (en) * 2008-04-01 2021-07-14 Honeywell International Inc. Methods for using two-phase refrigerant-lubricant mixtures in vapor-compression refrigeration devices
WO2009146122A1 (en) * 2008-04-04 2009-12-03 Dow Global Technologies Inc. Refrigerant composition
FR2971512B1 (fr) 2011-02-10 2013-01-18 Arkema France Compositions binaires de 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene et d'ammoniac
CN103031186A (zh) * 2011-10-09 2013-04-10 中国石油化工股份有限公司 提高含铜氨液的氨压缩机油抗氧化性的方法
FR2986007B1 (fr) * 2012-01-25 2015-01-23 Arkema France Compositions de transfert de chaleur presentant une miscibilite amelioree avec l'huile de lubrification
CN102618367B (zh) * 2012-03-09 2013-10-30 广西大学 沼气发电燃气轮机的润滑油组合物
FR3008419B1 (fr) 2013-07-11 2015-07-17 Arkema France Compositions a base de 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene presentant une miscibilite amelioree
US20150197706A1 (en) * 2014-01-13 2015-07-16 Jax Inc. Ammonia refrigeration compressor and transfer pump lubricating oil based on alkylated naphthalenes

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69521376D1 (de) 2001-07-26
JP3782490B2 (ja) 2006-06-07
EP0699737A3 (en) 1997-03-26
DE69521376T2 (de) 2001-11-15
DK0699737T3 (da) 2001-08-27
NO953383L (no) 1996-03-01
CN1127291A (zh) 1996-07-24
CA2155261C (en) 2007-10-23
CN1050628C (zh) 2000-03-22
IL115048A (en) 1999-11-30
TW470772B (en) 2002-01-01
EP0699737B1 (en) 2001-06-20
KR960007746A (ko) 1996-03-22
IL115048A0 (en) 1995-12-08
CA2155261A1 (en) 1996-03-01
JPH08100187A (ja) 1996-04-16
BR9503826A (pt) 1996-09-10
NO309390B1 (no) 2001-01-22
KR100348666B1 (ko) 2003-01-06
EP0699737A2 (en) 1996-03-06
US5595678A (en) 1997-01-21
NO953383D0 (no) 1995-08-29
ZA956885B (en) 1996-03-25

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