Classifications

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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
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  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
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  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
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  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/52—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of 30 or more atoms
  • C10M133/56—Amides; Imides
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
  • C10M143/06—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing butene
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
  • C10M159/12—Reaction products
  • C10M159/18—Complexes with metals
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M167/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound, a non-macromolecular compound and a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, each of these compounds being essential
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
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  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant Compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
  • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
  • C10N2040/26—Two-strokes or two-cycle engines
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
  • F02B75/00—Other engines
  • F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
  • F02B2075/022—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
  • F02B2075/025—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a fuel composition for two-cycle internal combustion engines which comprises a major amount of fuel boiling in the gasoline range and a minor amount of a lubricant composition comprising a lubricating oil and an additive formulation containing a molybdenum/sulfur complex of a basic nitrogen compound.
• spark-ignited two-cycle (two-stroke) internal combustion engines including rotary engines such as those of the Wankel type has steadily increased. They are presently found in power lawn mowers and other power-operated garden equipment, power chain saws, pumps, electrical generators, marine outboard engines, snowmobiles, motorcycles, and the like.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,708,809 to Davis discloses a lubricant composition for two-cycle engines comprising a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of at least one alkyl phenol having at least one hydrocarbon-based group of at least 10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• such lubricant composition will also contain a detergent- dispersant additive selected from (i) a neutral or basic metal salt of an organic sulfur acid, phenol or carboxylic acid, (ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituted amine, (iii) an acylated, nitrogen-containing compound having a substituent of at least 10 aliphatic carbon atoms, (iv) a nitrogen-containing condensate of a phenol, aldehyde and amino compound, and (v) an ester of a substituted polycarboxylic acid.
• a detergent- dispersant additive selected from (i) a neutral or basic metal salt of an organic sulfur acid, phenol or carboxylic acid, (ii) a hydrocarbyl-substituted amine, (iii) an acylated, nitrogen-containing compound having a substituent of at least 10 aliphatic carbon atoms, (iv) a nitrogen-containing condensate of a phenol, aldehyde
• U.S. Patent No. 4,724,091 to Davis discloses a lubricant composition for two-cycle engines comprising a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of a mixture of at least one alkyl phenol and at least one amino phenol, each phenol having at least one hydrocarbon-based group of at least about 10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• this composition will additionally contain a detergent-dispersant additive.
• a lubricant composition for two-cycle engines comprising a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of at least one sulfurized alkyl phenol or metal salt thereof having at least one hydrocarbon-based group of at least 10 aliphatic carbon atoms.
• This lubricant composition will also preferably contain a detergent-dispersant additive.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,705,643 to Nemo discloses a lubricating oil composition for two-cycle engines comprising a lubricating oil and an ashless detergent additive which is the hydrolyzed reaction product of an aliphatic branched chain carboxylic acid of 16 to 20 carbon atoms and a polyamine of at least 3 amine groups.
• the ashless detergent additive is the hydrolyzed reaction product of isostearic acid and tetraethylenepentamine.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,994,196 to Kagaya et al. discloses a two-cycle engine oil composition comprising a base oil and a calcium phenate detergent additive, wherein the base oil is a mixture of (a) a copolymer of an alpha-olefin with an ester of a dicarboxylic acid and (b) an ester of pentaerythritol and a fatty acid.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,888,776 to Silverstein discloses a two-cycle engine lubricant which comprises a major amount of a polypropylene glycol and minor amounts of a sulfurized oxymolybdenum organophosphorodithioate, a finely divided molybdenum disulfide and a halogenated hydrocarbon detergent, such as 1, 1, l-trichloroethylene, orthodichlorobenzene, perchlorinated biphenyl, and the like.
• Molybdenum/sulfur complexes of basic nitrogen compounds have previously been described in the art as useful antioxidant additives for lubricant compositions finding application, for example, as crosshead diesel engine lubricants, automobile and railroad crankcase lubricants, lubricants for heavy machinery, greases for bearings, and the like.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,263,152 to King et al. discloses an antioxidant additive for lubricating oils which is prepared by combining an acidic molybdenum compound, a polar promoter, a basic nitrogen-containing compound and a sulfur source to form a molybdenum and sulfur-containing complex. Similar molybdenum-containing antioxidant additives are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,285,822; 4,283,295; 4,272,387; 4,265,773; 4,261,843; 4,259,195; and 4,259,194.
• the present invention is directed to minimizing the problems of varnish build-up and ring sticking in two-cycle engines through the provision of effective additives for fuel-lubricating oil combinations which eliminate or reduce two-cycle engine varnish deposits and piston ring seal failure.
• the present invention provides a fuel composition for two-cycle engines comprising a major amount of fuel boiling in the gasoline range and a minor amount of a lubricant composition comprising:
• a sulfurized molybdenum-containing composition prepared by (i) reacting an acidic molybdenum compound and a basic nitrogen compound selected from the group consisting of a succinimide, a carboxylic acid amide, a hydrocarbyl monoamine, a hydrocarbyl polyamine, a Mannich base, a phosphoramide, a thiophosphora ide, a phosphonamide, a dispersant viscosity index improver, or a mixture thereof, in the presence of a polar promoter, to form a molybdenum complex wherein from 0.01 to 2 atoms of molybdenum are present per basic nitrogen atom, and the promoter is present in the ratio of 0.01 to 50 moles of polar promoter per mole of molybdenum; and (ii) reacting the molybdenum complex with a sulfur-containing compound in an amount sufficient to provide about 1.5 to 4.0 atoms of sulfur per atom of molybdenum, to thereby form a
• the present invention is based upon the unexpected discovery that additive formulations containing a molybdenum/sulfur complex of a basic nitrogen compound, plus a carboxylic acid amide and a succinimide are surprisingly effective agents for deposit control and reduction of piston ring sticking when combined in fuel-lubricating oil mixtures in two-cycle engines.
• the fuel composition of the present invention will comprise a major amount of fuel boiling in the gasoline range and a minor amount of a lubricant composition comprising a base oil of lubricating viscosity and an additive formulation containing (1) a sulfurized molybdenum-containing composition, (2) a carboxylic acid amide, and (3) a succinimide.
• the sulfurized molybdenum-containing composition employed in the present invention may be generally characterized as a molybdenum/sulfur complex of a basic nitrogen compound.
• molybdenum/sulfur complexes are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,263,152 to King et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• molybdenum compositions employed in this invention are not known with certainty; however, they are believed to be compounds in which molybdenum, whose valences are satisfied with atoms of oxygen or sulfur, is either complexed by, or the salt of, one or more nitrogen atoms of the basic nitrogen containing compound used in the preparation of these compositions.
• the molybdenum compounds used to prepare the molybdenum/sulfur complexes employed in this invention are acidic molybdenum compounds.
• acidic is meant that the molybdenum compounds will react with a basic nitrogen compound as measured by ASTM test D-664 or D-2896 titration procedure.
• molybdenum compounds are hexavalent and are represented by the following compositions: molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate and other alkaline metal olybdates and other molybdenum salts such as hydrogen salts, e.g., hydrogen sodium molybdate, MoOCl 4 , Mo0 2 Br 2 , Mo 2 0 3 Cl 6 , molybdenum trioxide or similar acidic molybdenum compounds.
• Preferred acidic molybdenum compounds are molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, and alkali metal molybdates. Particularly preferred are molybdic acid and ammonium molybdate.
• the basic nitrogen compound used to prepare the molybdenum/sulfur complexes must have a basic nitrogen content as measured by ASTM D-664 or D-2896. It is preferably oil-soluble. Typical of such compositions are succinimides, carboxylic acid amides, hydrocarbyl monoamines, hydrocarbon polya ines, Mannich bases, phosphoramides, thiophosphoramides, pho ⁇ phonamides, dispersant viscosity index improvers, and mixtures thereof. These basic nitrogen-containing compounds are described below (keeping in mind the reservation that each must have at least one basic nitrogen) .
• any of the nitrogen-containing compositions may be after-treated with, e.g., boron, using procedures well known in the art so long as the compositions continue to contain basic nitrogen. These after-treatments are particularly applicable to succinimides and Mannich base compositions.
• succinimide The mono and polysuccinimides that can be used to prepare the molybdenum/sulfur complexes described herein are disclosed in numerous references and are well known in the art. Certain fundamental types of succinimides and the related materials encompassed by the term of art "succinimide” are taught in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,219,666; 3,172,892; and 3,272,746, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The term “succinimide” is understood in the art to include many of the amide, imide, and amidine species which may also be formed.
• succinimide The predominant product however is a succinimide and this term has been generally accepted as meaning the product of a reaction of an alkenyl substituted succinic acid or anhydride with a nitrogen-containing compound.
• Preferred succinimides because of their commercial availability, are those succinimides prepared from a hydrocarbyl succinic anhydride, wherein the hydrocarbyl group contains from about 24 to about 350 carbon atoms, and an ethylene amine, said ethylene amines being especially characterized by ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetra ine, and tetraethylene pentamine.
• Particularly preferred are those succinimides prepared from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride of 70 to 128 carbon atoms and tetraethylene pentamine or triethylene tetramine or mixtures thereof.
• succinimide also included within the term “succinimide” are the cooligomers of a hydrocarbyl succinic acid or anhydride and a poly secondary amine containing at least one tertiary amino nitrogen in addition to two or more secondary amino groups. Ordinarily this composition has between 1,500 and 50,000 average molecular weight.
• a typical compound would be that prepared by reacting polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride and ethylene dipiperazine.
• Carboxylic acid amide compositions are also suitable starting materials for preparing the molybdenum/sulfur complexes employed in this invention. Typical of such compounds are those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,405,064, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. These compositions are ordinarily prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid or anhydride or ester thereof, having at least 12 to about 350 aliphatic carbon atoms in the principal aliphatic chain and, if desired, having sufficient pendant aliphatic groups to render the molecule oil soluble with an amine or a hydrocarbyl polyamine, such as an ethylene amine, to give a mono or polycarboxylic acid amide.
• hydrocarbyl monoamines and hydrocarbyl polyamines preferably of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,574,576, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the hydrocarbyl group which is preferably alkyl, or olefinic having one or two sites of unsaturation, usually contains from 9 to 350, preferably from 20 to 200 carbon atoms.
• hydrocarbyl polyamines are those which are derived, e.g., by reacting polyisobutenyl chloride and a polyalkylene polyamine, such as an ethylene amine, e.g., ethylene diamine, diethylene tria ine, tetraethylene pentamine, 2-aminoethylpiperazine, 1, 3-propylene diamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, and the like.
• ethylene amine e.g., ethylene diamine, diethylene tria ine, tetraethylene pentamine, 2-aminoethylpiperazine, 1, 3-propylene diamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, and the like.
• Mannich base compositions Another class of compounds useful for supplying basic nitrogen are the Mannich base compositions. These compositions are prepared from a phenol or C 9 _ 20 g alkylphenol, an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde or formaldehyde precursor such as paraformaldehyde, and an amine compound.
• the amine may be a mono or polyamine and typical compositions are prepared from an alkylamine, such as methylamine or an ethylene amine, such as, diethylene triamine, or tetraethylene pentamine, and the like.
• the phenolic material may be sulfurized and preferably is dodecylphenol or a C 80 _ 100 alkylphenol.
• Typical Mannich bases which can be used in this invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• Mannich bases prepared by reacting an alkylphenol having at least 50 carbon atoms, preferably 50 to 200 carbon atoms with formaldehyde and an alkylene polyamine HN(ANH) n H where A is a saturated divalent alkyl hydrocarbon of 2 to 6 carbon atoms and n is 1-10 and where the condensation product of said alkylene polyamine may be further reacted with urea or thiourea.
• compositions useful for preparing the molybdenum/sulfur complexes employed in this invention are the phosphoramides and phosphonamides such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,909,430 and 3,968,157, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. These compositions may be prepared by forming a phosphorus compound having at least one P-N bond.
• They can be prepared, for example, by reacting phosphorus oxychloride with a hydrocarbyl diol in the presence of a monoamine or by reacting phosphorus oxychloride with a difunctional secondary amine and a mono-functional amine.
• Thiophosphoramides can be prepared by reacting an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound containing from 2 to 450 or more carbon atoms, such as polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polypropylene, ethylene, 1-hexene, 1,3-hexadiene, isobutylene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, and the like, with phosphorus pentasulfide and a nitrogen-containing compound as defined above, particularly an alkylamine, alkyldiamine, alkylpolyamine, or an alkyleneamine, such as ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and the like.
• an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound containing from 2 to 450 or more carbon atoms such as polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polypropylene, ethylene, 1-hexene, 1,3-hexadiene, isobutylene, 4-methyl-l-pentene, and the like
• VI improvers dispersant viscosity index improvers
• hydrocarbon polymer especially a polymer derived from ethylene and/or propylene, optionally containing additional units derived from one or more co-monomers such as alicyclic or aliphatic olefins or diolefins.
• the functionalization may be carried out by a variety of processes which introduce a reactive site or sites which usually has at least one oxygen atom on the polymer.
• the polymer is then contacted with a 1 nitrogen-containing source to introduce nitrogen-containing 2 functional groups on the polymer backbone.
• Commonly used 3 nitrogen sources include any basic nitrogen compound 4 especially those nitrogen-containing compounds and 5 compositions described herein.
• Preferred nitrogen sources 6 are alkylene amines, such as ethylene amines, alkyl amines, 7 and Mannich bases.
• 8 9 Preferred basic nitrogen compounds for use in this invention 0 are succinimides, carboxylic acid amides, and Mannich bases.
• 1 2 Representative sulfur sources for preparing the molybdenum
• 20 agents are traditional sulfur-containing antioxidants such 2 2 1 1 as wax sulfides and polysulfides, sulfurized olefins,
• ester-olefins and sulfurized alkylphenols and the metal 24 salts thereof.
• the sulfurized fatty acid esters are prepared by reacting 27 sulfur, sulfur monochloride, and/or sulfur dichloride with 28 an unsaturated fatty ester under elevated temperatures.
• Typical esters include C j -C 20 alkyl esters of C 8 -C 2 30 unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic, oleic, 31 ricinoleic, petroselinic, vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, 32 oleostearic, licanic, paranaric, tariric, gadoleic, 33 arachidonic, cetoleic, etc.
• mixed unsaturated fatty acid esters such as are obtained from animal fats and vegetable oils, such as tall oil, linseed oil, olive oil, caster oil, peanut oil, rape oil, fish oil, sperm oil, and so forth.
• Exemplary fatty esters include lauryl tallate, methyl oleate, ethyl oleate, lauryl oleate, cetyl oleate, cetyl linoleate, lauryl ricinoleate, oleyl linoleate, oleyl stearate, and alkyl glycerides.
• Cross-sulfurized ester olefins such as a sulfurized mixture of C j0 -C 25 olefins with fatty acid esters of C 10 -C 25 fatty acids and C j -C 25 alkyl or alkenyl alcohols, wherein the fatty acid and/or the alcohol is unsaturated may also be used.
• Sulfurized olefins are prepared by the reaction of the ⁇ -C ⁇ olefin or a low-molecular-weight polyolefin derived therefrom with a sulfur-containing compound such as sulfur, sulfur monochloride, and/or sulfur dichloride.
• aromatic and alkyl sulfides such as dibenzyl sulfide, dixylyl sulfide, dicetyl sulfide, diparaffin wax sulfide and polysulfide, cracked wax-olefin sulfides and so forth.
• They can be prepared by treating the starting material, e.g., olefinically unsaturated compounds, with sulfur, sulfur monochloride, and sulfur dichloride.
• the paraffin wax thiomers described in U.S. Patent No. 2,346,156.
• Sulfurized alkyl phenols and the metal salts thereof include compositions such as sulfurized dodecylphenol and the calcium salts thereof.
• the alkyl group ordinarily contains from 9-300 carbon atoms.
• the metal salt may be preferably, a Group I or Group II salt, especially sodium, calcium, magnesium, or barium.
• Preferred sulfur sources are sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, R 2 S ⁇ where R is hydrocarbyl, preferably C j -C 10 alkyl, and x is at least 3, mercaptans wherein R is CJ-CJ Q alkyl, inorganic sulfides and polysulfides, thioacetamide, and thiourea.
• Most preferred sulfur sources are sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, and inorganic sulfides and polysulfides.
• the polar promoter used in the preparation of the molybdenum complexes employed in this invention is one which facilitates the interaction between the acidic molybdenum compound and the basic nitrogen compound.
• a wide variety of such promoters are well known to those skilled in the art.
• Typical promoters are 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butane-diol, diethylene glycol, butyl cellosolve, propylene glycol, 1,4-butyleneglycol, methyl carbitol, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, N-methyl-diethanol-amine, dimethyl formamide, N-methyl acetamide, dimethyl acetamide, methanol, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethyl phosphoramide, tetrahydrofuran and water.
• Preferred are water and ethylene glycol. Particularly preferred is water.
• the polar promoter is separately added to the reaction mixture, it may also be present, particularly in the case of water, as a component of non-anhydrous starting materials or as waters of hydration in the acidic molybdenum compound, such as (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 0 24 .4 H 2 0. Water may also be added as ammonium hydroxide.
• a method for preparing the molybdenum/sulfur complexes used in this invention is to prepare a solution of the acidic molybdenum precursor and a polar promoter with a basic nitrogen-containing compound with or without diluent. The diluent is used, if necessary, to provide a suitable viscosity for easy stirring.
• Typical diluents are lubricating oil and liquid compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
• ammonium hydroxide may also be added to the reaction mixture to provide a solution of ammonium molybdate.
• This reaction is carried out at a temperature from the melting point of the mixture to reflux temperature. It is ordinarily carried out at atmospheric pressure although higher or lower pressures may be used if desired.
• This reaction mixture is treated with a sulfur source as defined above at a suitable pressure and temperature for the sulfur source to react with the acidic molybdenum and basic nitrogen compounds. In some cases, removal of water from the reaction mixture may be desirable prior to completion of reaction with the sulfur source.
• the ratio of molybdenum compound to basic nitrogen compound is not critical; however, as the amount of molybdenum with respect to basic nitrogen increases, the filtration of the product becomes more difficult. Since the molybdenum component probably oligomerizes, it is advantageous to add as much molybdenum as can easily be maintained in the composition.
• the reaction mixture will have charged to it from 0.01 to 2.00 atoms of molybdenum per basic nitrogen atom.
• the sulfur source is usually charged to the reaction mixture in such a ratio to provide 1.5 to 4.0 atoms of sulfur per atom of molybdenum.
• the polar promoter which is preferably water, is ordinarily present in the ratio of 0.1 to 50 moles of promoter per mole of molybdenum. Preferably from 0.5 to 25 and most preferably 1.0 to 15 moles of the promoter is present per mole of molybdenum.
• the additive formulation employed in the present invention contains (1) a sulfurized molybdenum-containing composition, (2) a carboxylic acid amide, and (3) a succinimide.
• the carboxylic amide component of the presently employed additive formulation may be any of the carboxylic acid amide compounds described herein as useful in the preparation of the molybdenum/sulfur complex.
• Preferred carboxylic acid amide components include those amides derived from a carboxylic acid of the formula R 2 COOH, wherein R 2 is C 12 -C 2Q alkyl, and an ethylene amine, such as triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine.
• the succinimide component of the presently employed additive formulation may be any of the succinimide compounds described herein as useful in the preparation of the molybdenum/sulfur complex.
• Preferred succinimide components include those derived from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride, wherein the polyisobutenyl group contains from about 50 to 250 carbon atoms, and an ethylene amine, such as triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine.
• the additive formulation employed in the present invention may additionally contain a flocculant inhibitor and/or a lubricity agent, such as a polyisobutene. If necessary, a diluent oil may also be included.
• additives such as viscosity index improvers, antioxidants, dispersants, coupling agents, pour point depressants, extreme pressure agents, color stabilizers, rust inhibitors, anticorrosion agents, and the like, may also be present in the additive formulation.
• the lubricant composition employed in the present invention comprises a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor amount of the additive formulation described above.
• the base oil employed may be any of a wide variety of oils of lubricating viscosity.
• the base oil can be a refined paraffin type base oil, a refined naphthenic base oil, or a synthetic hydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon oil of lubricating viscosity.
• the base oil can also be a mixture of mineral and synthetic oils.
• the mineral lubricating oils are preferred, since they are presently in more general use in two-cycle engines.
• the presently employed lubricant composition containing the additive formulation described herein can be conveniently prepared using conventional techniques by admixing the appropriate amount of each component of the additive formulation with a lubricating oil.
• the amount of the molybdenum-containing additive will vary from about 0.05 to 15% by weight and preferably from about 0.2 to 10% by weight, based on the total lubricant composition, including base oil.
• the carboxylic acid amide component will vary from about 0.05 to 20% by weight and preferably from about 0.2 to 15% by weight.
• the succinimide component will vary from about 0.5 to 15% by weight and preferably from about 0.2 to 10% by weight.
• the two-cycle engine fuel composition contemplated by the present invention comprises a major amount of fuel boiling in the gasoline range and minor amount of the lubricant composition disclosed herein.
• the lubricant composition will generally be added directly to the fuel to form a mixture of lubricant and fuel which is then introduced into the two-cycle engine cylinder.
• the resulting fuel composition will contain from about 15 to 250 parts fuel per 1 part lubricant, and more typically about 50 to 100 parts fuel per 1 part lubricant.
• the lubricant may be directly injected into the combustion chamber along with the fuel or into the fuel just prior to the time the fuel enters the combustion chamber.
• the fuel employed in the present fuel composition is a hydrocarbon distillate fuel boiling in the gasoline range.
• other fuel additives may also be included such as antiknock agents, e.g., methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, tetramethyl or tetraethyl lead, or other dispersants or detergents such as various substituted amines, etc.
• lead scavengers such as aryl halides, e.g., dichlorobenzene or alkyl halides, e.g., ethylene dibromide.
• antioxidants, metal deactivators, pour point depressants, corrosion inhibitors and demulsifiers may be present.
• a 5000 ml flask was added 1200 grams of a polyamide prepared from a C lg carboxylic acid and tetraethylene pentamine and containing 6.4% nitrogen, 1200 grams hydrocarbon thinner, 42 grams molybdenum trioxide, and go grams water.
• the mixture was refluxed at 100 ⁇ C for 3 hours. The temperature was gradually increased over approximately 1 hour to 170"C while distilling water. The temperature was maintained an additional hour after the water was removed. The temperature was lowered to 100°C-120°C and the mixture filtered and returned to the reaction vessel. To the solution was added 21 grams of sulfur. The mixture was heated to 160°C-180°C for 7 hours. The pressure was slowly reduced to about 50 mm of mercury to remove the hydrocarbon thinner. This produced a product containing 5.88% nitrogen, 2.29% molybdenum, and 1.63% sulfur.
• the molybdenum/sulfur complexes of Examples 1, 2 and 4 were formulated to provide lubricant compositions containing 10% of the carboxylic acid amide reaction product of isostearic acid and tetraethylene pentamine, 2% of a polyisobutenyl succinimide prepared from polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight of about 950 and tetraethylene pentamine, 2% of the molybdenum/sulfur complex of Examples 1, 2 and 4, respectively, 5% of a polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of about 950 as a lubricity agent, 0.5% of a flocculant inhibitor, 1% of a diluent oil and about 79.5% of a base oil.
• the base oil contains about 10% of a 150 bright stock, about 70% of a mixture of 350N and 650N neutral oils, and about 20% of a petroleum distillate
• test engine used was an Outboard Marine Company Johnson Model No. J70ELEIE outboard engine, which is a 70 horsepower, water-cooled, three-cylinder, two-cycle engine.
• test procedure involved a two-hour break-in period, wherein the engine was run at 3,000 rpm for 1 hour, then at 4,000 rpm for 1 hour, using a fuel:lubricant ratio of 50:1.
• test was then conducted for 98 hours using a 50:1 fuel to lubricant ratio on a 55 minute wide-open throttle, 5 minute idle cycle.
• the total test time, including break-in, was 100 hours.
• the engine was disassembled and rated.
• the average piston rating and average second-ring sticking rating for 3 cylinders was measured. in the rating system employed, the higher the numerical rating, the better the cleanliness performance, with 10.0 being the maximum rating. Except for the piston rings, the ratings are for cleanliness.
• the piston rings are rated for the degree of sticking, with a rating of 10.0 indicating a completely free piston ring.
• the second-ring sticking values include a National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) rating, a visual rating, and an adjusted rating, which is an average of the NMMA and visual ratings.
• NMMA National Marine Manufacturers Association
• the reference oil employed in this test was NMMA reference oil TCW II, used as an industry standard in two-cycle engine tests to measure engine cleanliness.
• the TCW II reference oil is a standard mineral lubricating oil containing a commercial ashless dispersant for gasoline two-cycle engines.
• the reference oil is available from Citgo Petroleum Corporation, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
• Table 1 demonstrate that the fuel composition of the present invention is highly effective in reducing piston deposits and piston ring sticking in two-cycle engines, and generally exceeds the performance of a fuel containing the industry standard reference oil.

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