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EP0089861B1 - Verfahren zum Verstärken von Gewölben oder ähnlichen Konstruktionen - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Verstärken von Gewölben oder ähnlichen Konstruktionen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0089861B1
EP0089861B1 EP83400387A EP83400387A EP0089861B1 EP 0089861 B1 EP0089861 B1 EP 0089861B1 EP 83400387 A EP83400387 A EP 83400387A EP 83400387 A EP83400387 A EP 83400387A EP 0089861 B1 EP0089861 B1 EP 0089861B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
arch
vault
grout
process according
intrados
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83400387A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0089861A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Louis Fernand Thibonnet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Campenon Bernard SA
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Campenon Bernard SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to AT83400387T priority Critical patent/ATE39514T1/de
Publication of EP0089861A1 publication Critical patent/EP0089861A1/de
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Publication of EP0089861B1 publication Critical patent/EP0089861B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D22/00—Methods or apparatus for repairing or strengthening existing bridges ; Methods or apparatus for dismantling bridges
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E04G23/0233—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements of vaulted or arched building elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for reinforcing an arch, this term designating a bridge arch, an arch, a vault or the like.
  • Document FR-A-2 126661 describes a process for making a lining of the tunnel consisting of prefabricating a relatively thin vault, of profile adapted to that of the arch formed by the roof and the sides of the tunnel, in placing this vault under the 'intrados of this arch, to maintain it there, then to insert between the extrados of the prefabricated vault and the intrados, an appropriate filling to transmit the forces of the walls of the tunnel to the prefabricated vault.
  • the method of this document has the disadvantage that the filling, being rigid, transmits to the prefabricated vault not only radial forces, that is to say perpendicular to the vault, but also transverse forces, which requires giving to this arch an appreciable thickness.
  • the process of the present invention is of the same type as that which has just been indicated, but it is characterized in that the filling inserted between the vault and the arch contains means specially intended to facilitate the relative displacements of the vault and the arch in a direction tangential to it.
  • This absence of solidarity between the arch and the vault offers the following advantages: it allows temporary reinforcement of the arch, the vault used for this purpose being able to be recovered without difficulty when the reinforcement is no longer necessary, and said arch can then be reused for other comforting operations; on the other hand, the absence of solidarity allows relative movements of the arch and the vault; they can be small tangential movements of various origins, for example due to differences in thermal expansion or to overloads; but it can also be radial movements, the vault being in particular more or less close to the fixed arch, for example by means of jacks placed at the foot of the vault, to allow the vault to collect a fraction more or less significant of the total load of the arch.
  • the filling inserted between the vault and the arch is formed at least in part by a laminated material in the radial direction, and comprising at least one layer of epoxy resin adhering to the vault or to the arch, thus that one or more smooth films of a flexible synthetic material.
  • the filling inserted between the vault and the arch is formed at least in part by a laminated material in the radial direction, and comprising at least one layer of epoxy resin, adhering arch or arch, as well as one or more smooth films of a flexible synthetic material, for example one or more thin sheets of polyethylene, possibly separated from each other and from the resin layer, by layers lubricant, or a more or less viscous substance.
  • the reinforcement method according to the present invention is applicable for example to the demolition and / or reconstruction of at least one arch, an arcade, an arch or a similar construction; in this application, the vault placed under the lower surface of the arch serves as protective decking during the demolition of the arch and possibly as formwork or support during its reconstruction.
  • Figure 1 schematically illustrates the reinforcement of a bridge arch by the method according to the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a view, at the end and in partial section, of a part of a formwork for the prefabrication of a reinforced concrete vault, intended for the implementation of the reinforcement method according to the present invention.
  • Figure 3 shows on a larger scale the detail III of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of the reinforced concrete vault of Figure 2, its upper surface being covered by a laminated material, surmounted by a layer of injection grout.
  • Figure 5 is a section along line VV of Figure 4.
  • Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating different methods of positioning the reinforced concrete vault below an arch to be reinforced.
  • Figure 7 is a partial view showing, at the end, the reinforced concrete vault in the position of reinforcement of the arch.
  • FIG. 8 is a partial view along arrow VIII of FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 9 shows the detail IX of FIG. 7 on a larger scale.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the reinforcement of an arch 1, for example of one of the arches of a masonry or reinforced concrete bridge, by the method according to the present invention: this reinforcement is provided by a vault 2, relatively thin, reinforced concrete in the embodiment considered; this vault 2 has a profile adapted to that of the arch to be reinforced, 1, under the lower surface of which it is placed and maintained by means of which two different embodiments have been illustrated respectively on the right and on the other side of the arch 1; on the right, the foot of the arch 2 rests, for example by means of jacks or wedges, which will be described later in detail, on a die, 3, made of concrete or steel, fixed, by any means, to the corresponding pile of the arch 1, at an appropriate height above its foundation 4.
  • the die 3a is not fixed to the corresponding pile of the arch 1, but rests on its foundation 4a, or a special foundation, by means of a support of appropriate height, 3b, in which, moreover, the die 3a can be integrated, in particular if the die 3 and its support 3b are formed by a single piece of reinforced concrete.
  • the height of the die 3 or of the support 3b above the foundation 4 or 4a is chosen so that there remains, between the lower surface of the arch 1 and the upper surface of the arch 2, an annular interval 5, whose radial width is very small compared to the diameter of the arch. It is in this interval that an appropriate filling, an embodiment of which will be described later, will be inserted so as to eliminate any void between the arch 1 and the arch 2, and thus allow the transmission of radial forces from the first to the second.
  • the first phase of the implementation of the reinforcement method according to the present invention is therefore the prefabrication of a profile vault adapted to that of the arch to be reinforced; in the case of a reinforced concrete vault, this prefabrication can be carried out for example using the adjustable formwork which is illustrated diagrammatically in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • This formwork comprises a base frame 6, which rests on the ground by means of adjustable height members 7, for example jacks, sand boxes, wedges, keys or the like.
  • the formwork further comprises sets, parallel and transverse, of sand pits; the end view of FIG. 2 shows some of the sand pits, 8a to 8e, of the first transverse assembly closest to the illustrated end of the formwork, which comprises other similar assemblies, situated in transverse planes, parallel to that of Figure 2.
  • the sand pits of each transverse assembly are hinged one after the other, as visible, in the detail view of Figure 3, for the sand pits 8c and 8d, the ends of which are joined by means of a yoke 9.
  • Each transverse set of sand pits is supported at its articulations such as 9, by radial props, such as 10, and vertical props, such as 11, of which at least some are of adjustable length, and which all bear on the base frame 6; horizontal stays 12, which can also be of adjustable length, can also be provided to join together the stays 10 and 11. All the stays of adjustable length are constituted for example by screw jacks.
  • the detail view of FIG. 3 further shows that the neighboring sand pits, for example 8c and 8d, are articulated by ball joints 13, which rest on the bottom, 10a, of the fork of the screw jack, constituting the adjustable end of the corresponding radial forestay 10.
  • the sand pits which can be made of wood or metal, on the other hand support pieces of wood, or pieces, such as 14a to 14e (FIG. 2), each having a flat face, applied on the corresponding sand pit, and an opposite face, curved appropriately.
  • On the sets of valleys such as 14a to 14e rest longitudinal joists such as 15, themselves supporting a formwork skin, made of wood, metal, plastic ... etc., designated by 16.
  • an external formwork which can be limited so as to cover only the parts of said internal formwork, the most inclined on the horizontal, as visible on the right-hand part of FIG. 2.
  • the external formwork element which is represented therein also comprises a formwork skin 17, longitudinal joists 18, and transverse elements 19.
  • a laminated material is applied to the upper surface of said vault, an embodiment of which will be described using FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the upper surface of the prefabricated vault is prepared by cleaning it by brushing and / or sanding, then it is applied directly to the upper surface, for example by spraying with a spray gun, or by coating with a brush.
  • a layer of epoxy resin, 22, having a very low surface friction coefficient, and an average thickness of the order of 0.30 mm; to constitute this layer one can use for example the material UTAREP 105 (mark registered by Laboratoires UETTWILLER).
  • a very thin layer 23 is then deposited, for example of a mineral, vegetable or synthetic grease, or of an equivalent substance, more or less viscous.
  • a polyethylene sheet 24 is finally deposited, having for example a thickness of 0.45 mm, like that which is sold under the name "BTP" by PO-LYANE ISOCHANTIER. It is essential that this polyethylene sheet is impermeable in the radial direction for the injection grout which will be mentioned later, and this over the entire surface of the upper surface of the vault 2; consequently, in the case of a large vault, this sheet may be formed by several juxtaposed strips, the edges of which are welded or glued together so as to provide impermeability for the injection grout.
  • a second layer of grease, 25, for example identical to the layer 23 previously described, is deposited over the polyethylene sheet 24.
  • the laminated material which has just been described could have several polyethylene sheets such as 24, separated by an appropriate number of grease layers such as 23 and 25. These are also optional.
  • the prefabricated vault the upper surface of which was covered with the laminated material previously described, can then be put in place by one of the following two methods, which will be described with the aid of FIG. 6.
  • the dice 3 are first of all implemented by one of the two techniques illustrated in FIG. 1 and previously indicated (in FIG. 6, it has been assumed that they are fixed directly to the corresponding stack of the bridge, as on the right side of figure 1).
  • suitable lifting gear which can rest on the ground and / or possibly on the structure itself, if its strength is sufficient, lift the vertical vault, according to arrow F1, the prefabricated vault with the upper surface covered by the laminated material described above, until its two feet, such as 2a, are located substantially at the level of the upper faces of the two corresponding dice, 3.
  • the prefabricated vault 2, covered by the laminated material is deposited at the foot of the structure on a rolling track 26, extending as far as below the arch to be reinforced 1; before the implementation of the dice such as 3, the arch 2 is moved horizontally by rolling or sliding on the track 26, along the arrow F3, so as to be brought below the arch 1; it is then lifted to the level of the arch 1 by appropriate lifting devices, along arrow F4, and maintained at the correct height by said devices during the laying of the dice, 3, intended to support it.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show on a larger scale the method of fixing a die 3, of the type represented on the right of FIG. 1.
  • the die, 3 is fixed to the corresponding pile of the arch 1 by prestressing bars 27, each having one end passing through or sealed in the corresponding pile of the arch 1, while its other end passes through a hole in the die 3 and has a thread on the unobstructed face thereof, onto which a nut such as 28 can be screwed, possibly with the interposition of a clamping plate (not shown).
  • the prestressing bars 27 could also be replaced by prestressing cables.
  • the opposite faces of the die, 3, and of the corresponding foot, 2a, of the arch 2 are reinforced by steel plates 29 and 30, intended to ensure a good distribution of the forces.
  • Each plate such as 29 can in particular facilitate the rolling or sliding of the prefabricated vault 2 on track 26 (FIG. 6).
  • the dice such as 3 are fixed to the arch 1 in positions such that there remains, between the steel plates 29 and 30, an interval in which are arranged vertical actuators, 31, the role of which will be explained later; the number and arrangement of said jacks along each of the dice such that 3 are chosen to ensure the stability of the arch 2.
  • a narrow annular interval, 5, then remains between the lower surface of the arch 1 and upper surface of the roof 2, covered by the laminated material; during manufacture, pipes, generally metallic, such as 32, were embedded for example in the feet 2a of the vault 2, so as to open into the annular interval 5.
  • the radial width of the latter is then adjusted to a predetermined value by the action of the jacks 31 and one then proceeds to the caulking of the ends of the annular gap 5, on the front faces of the arch 1 and of the arch 2, which are respectively in the same plans; this caulking can be achieved by any suitable means, for example by means of planks and / or cement mortar.
  • the injection pressure has a value chosen so that, after solidification of the grout, the vault 2 optionally collects at least part of the load of the arch 1.
  • the layer of solidified grout (which has been designated by 33 in Figures 4 and 5) fills all the inequalities of the lower surface of the arch to be reinforced and ensures its continuity with the upper surface of the arch 2, or at least with the outermost layer, 25, of the laminated material , which covers it.
  • the arch 2 is clamped against the arch 1 by the action of the jacks 31, bearing on the dice 3, so as to ensure good transmission of the loads from the arch 1 to the arch 2, via of the filling constituted by the superposition of the laminated material 22 to 25 and of the layer 33 of solidified grout.
  • the loads, generally variable over time, which are applied to the arch 1, reinforced by the arch 2, can however produce a certain reduction in the clamping pressure of the arch against the arch.
  • This clamping pressure can be restored to its initial value by actuating the jacks 31 and / or by reinjecting, under a determined pressure, solidifiable grout, via the pipes 32.
  • shims such as 34, made of concrete, wood or steel.
  • the possible restoration of the clamping pressure requires either the replacement of the jacks 31, or the reinjection of solidifiable grout.
  • the present invention is not limited to the embodiments previously described. It encompasses all their variants.
  • the reinforcement method according to the present invention is particularly advantageous when it is necessary to demolish and / or reconstruct at least one arch of a structure such as a bridge; in this case, in fact, the vault placed under the lower surface of the arch can serve as protective decking during the demolition of the arch, which avoids any interruption in service, in particular of circulation below the arch during the demolition operation.
  • the prefabricated vault can serve as formwork, or even as a support, in particular for a formwork.
  • the method according to the present invention is applicable to reinforce vaults of any shape, such as for example domes or similar constructions.
  • the filling inserted between the upper surface of the prefabricated vault and the lower surface of the arch to be reinforced can be carried out in such a way that the laminated material (22 to 25 in Figures 4 and 5) is applied to the lower surface of the arch to be reinforced, while the grout is injected between this laminated material and the upper surface of the prefabricated vault.
  • the prefabricated vault can be made lighter by interior voids; to consolidate a very deep arch, several prefabricated vaults can be used, juxtaposed one after the other.
  • FIG. 9 shows that the sealing of the injection space, 5, of the solidifiable grout can be notably improved by providing layers of an appropriate adhesive, on the one hand (layer 35), between the collar 32a of each grout injection pipe, 32, and the polyethylene sheet 24, and, on the other hand (layer 36), between each lower edge, 24a, of said sheet 24, and the corresponding foot of the arch 2 or the edge of the steel plate 29.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)

Claims (11)

1. Verfahren zum Verstärken eines Brückenbogens (1), wozu beispielsweise aus armiertem Beton ein verhältnismässig dünnes Gewölbe (2) mit einem dem zu verstärkenden Bogen (1) angepassten Profil vorgefertigt wird, das unter der Laibung des Bogens (1) angeordnet und dort vorübergehend oder dauernd gehalten wird, worauf zwischen dem Rücken des vorgefertigten Gewölbes (2) und der Bogen-Laibung eine geeignete Füllung (5) vorübergehend oder dauerhaft eingefügt wird, die zum Übertragen der Beanspruchungen des Bogens (1) auf das vorgefertigte Gewölbe (2) geeignet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zwischen dem Gewölbe (2) und dem Bogen (1) eingefügte Füllung (5) speziell ausgebildete Mittel aufweist, welche Relativverschiebungen zwischen dem Gewölbe und dem Bogen in einer Tangentialrichtung erleichtern.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zwischen dem Gewölbe (2) und dem Bogen (1) eingefügte Füllung (5) zumindest teilweise von einer verfestigbaren Einspritzmasse (33) gebildet wird.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zwischen dem Gewölbe (2) und dem Bogen (1) eingefügte Füllung (5) zumindest teilweise von einem in Radialrichtung geschichteten Material gebildet wird und zumindest eine an dem Gewölbe (2) oder dem Bogen (1) haftende Epoxidharzschicht sowie eine oder mehrere glatte Dünnschicht(en) aus einem nachgiebigen Kunststoff aufweist.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Material der bzw. jeder Dünnschicht (24) Polyethylen ist.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Polyethylen-Dünnschichten (24) voneinander sowie von der Harzschicht (22) durch Schmiermittelschichten (23, 25) oder durch mehr oder weniger viskoses Material getrennt sind.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine verfestigbare Masse (33) zwischen ein auf dem Rücken des Gewölbes (2) angebrachtes Schichtmaterial (22 bis 25) einerseits und die Laibung des Bogens (1) andererseits eingespritzt wird, wobei das Schichtmaterial (22 bis 25) vorzugsweise für die Spritzmasse undurchlässig gemacht wird, und zwar durch eine Kunststoff-Folie (24), die entweder einstückig oder durch Verschweissung bzw. Verklebung mehrerer aneinanderliegender Lagen gebildet ist.
7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nach dem Aufbringen der Füllung (5) und gegebenenfalls der Einspritzmasse (33) das Gewölbe (2) auf den Bogen (1) mittels Druckzylindern (31) gepresst wird, die beispielsweise an den Auflagern (3, 3a) des Gewölbes (2) angreifen, so dass letzteres zumindest einen Teil der Bogen-Last aufnimmt, und dass später die Auflagekraft des Bogens (1) auf dem Gewölbe (2) durch die Druckzylinder (31) verstellbar ist oder diese anschliessend durch angepasste Stützen (34) ersetzbar sind.
8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die verfestigbare Masse (33), während das Gewölbe (2) durch geeignete Abstützungen (3, 3a) unter der Laibung des Bogens (1) gehalten ist, unter passendem Druck so einspritzt, dass nach Verfestigung der Masse (33) diese eine gleichmässige Überleitung der Beanspruchung des Bogens (1) auf das Gewölbe (2) gewährleistet.
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Einrichtung (32) zum Einspritzen der Masse lagefest gehalten wird, um den Auflagedruck des Bogens (1) auf dem Gewölbe (2) unter Nachspritzen von Masse später wiederherzustellen oder zu vergrössern.
10. Anwendung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 auf den Abbruch und/oder den Wiederaufbau eines Brückenbogens, wobei das unter der Laibung des Bogens (1) angebrachte Gewölbe (2) während des Bogen-Abbruchs als (Ersatz-)Bodenbelag oder auch als Schalung und während des Wiederaufbaues als Abstützung dient.
11. Schalung für die Vorfertigung von Brückenbögen aus armiertem Beton mit einem Tragrahmen (6), der auf zur Ausschalung höhenverstellbaren Zwischenelementen (7) ruht, mit parallel und transversal verlaufenden, jeweils aneinander angelenkten Pfettengruppen (8a bis 8e), die in Höhe ihrer Gelenke (9) durch Streben (10, 11, 12) veränderlicher Länge auf dem Tragrahmen (6) abgestützt sind, mit einer Innenschalung, die im wesentlichen von Längs-Unterzügen (15) gebildet ist, welche sich auf den Transversal-Pfettengruppen (8a bis 8e) vermittels Profilstücken (14a bis 14e) so abstützen, dass sich die Innenschalung unter geeigneter Längeneinstellung der Streben (10, 11, 12) dem vorzufertigenden Gewölbe (2) angepasst, und mit einer Aussenschalung (19), die in geeignetem Abstand oberhalb der Innenschalungs-Abschnitte möglichst steil zur Horizontalen abgestützt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schalung speziell ausgebildete Mittel aufweist, welche Relativverschiebungen zwischen der Schalung und dem Bogen in einer Tangentialrichtung zu diesen erleichtern.
EP83400387A 1982-03-22 1983-02-25 Verfahren zum Verstärken von Gewölben oder ähnlichen Konstruktionen Expired EP0089861B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83400387T ATE39514T1 (de) 1982-03-22 1983-02-25 Verfahren zum verstaerken von gewoelben oder aehnlichen konstruktionen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8204825 1982-03-22
FR8204825A FR2523627A1 (fr) 1982-03-22 1982-03-22 Procede pour conforter des arches ou des constructions analogues

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0089861A1 EP0089861A1 (de) 1983-09-28
EP0089861B1 true EP0089861B1 (de) 1988-12-28

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EP83400387A Expired EP0089861B1 (de) 1982-03-22 1983-02-25 Verfahren zum Verstärken von Gewölben oder ähnlichen Konstruktionen

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EP (1) EP0089861B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE39514T1 (de)
DE (1) DE3378773D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2523627A1 (de)

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RU171760U1 (ru) * 2016-09-19 2017-06-15 Федеральное государственное казенное военное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "ВОЕННАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ МАТЕРИАЛЬНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ имени генерала армии А.В. Хрулева" Блочный лежневый фундамент промежуточной опоры временного грунтозасыпного моста
RU171928U1 (ru) * 2017-01-19 2017-06-21 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" КГАСУ Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
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CN112411743A (zh) * 2020-11-26 2021-02-26 湖南鸿阳钢结构有限公司 一种新型装配式管桁架结构
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ATE39514T1 (de) 1989-01-15
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DE3378773D1 (en) 1989-02-02
FR2523627B1 (de) 1984-05-25

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