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EP1045089A1 - Mauerwerkstruktur und Verfahren zu deren Verstärkung - Google Patents

Mauerwerkstruktur und Verfahren zu deren Verstärkung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1045089A1
EP1045089A1 EP00401040A EP00401040A EP1045089A1 EP 1045089 A1 EP1045089 A1 EP 1045089A1 EP 00401040 A EP00401040 A EP 00401040A EP 00401040 A EP00401040 A EP 00401040A EP 1045089 A1 EP1045089 A1 EP 1045089A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
masonry
vault
working element
working
masonry structure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00401040A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1045089B1 (de
Inventor
Marc-Henry Menard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
M Lefevre SA
M Lefevre SA
Original Assignee
M Lefevre SA
M Lefevre SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by M Lefevre SA, M Lefevre SA filed Critical M Lefevre SA
Publication of EP1045089A1 publication Critical patent/EP1045089A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1045089B1 publication Critical patent/EP1045089B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E04G23/0233—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements of vaulted or arched building elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
    • E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
    • E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
    • E04G2023/0251—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements by using fiber reinforced plastic elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of strengthening masonry structures extending between two support points, by example a roof element or a cross member, comprising a plurality of parts mutually in compression.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy the disadvantages of known methods.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a method of reinforcement of masonry structure of easy, fast implementation and inexpensive, while respecting the elements which should not be modified by reinforcement.
  • the reinforcement method according to the invention is intended for a masonry structure extending between at least two support points distinct and comprising a plurality of parts mutually compression, each part being maintained by friction on the parts adjacent.
  • a working element made of materials of expansion coefficients and elasticity coefficients close to those of material constituting the masonry structure, and secured to said masonry structure. This avoids any intervention on the surface lower structure which is usually one of interest historical or aesthetic.
  • the working element is joined to a vault of the masonry structure.
  • vault a portion of vault bounded by edges or by ribs occupying the place of edges.
  • the structure of masonry comprising at least one arch formed of juxtaposed keyboards, the working element is secured to said arc.
  • a vault of the masonry structure can be taken between the arch and the working element.
  • the keys are supported by the working element.
  • the constraints are distributed at least between the keys and the element working. They can be divided between the keystones, the roof of the masonry structure and working element.
  • the constraints of compression are distributed between a roof structure masonry and the working element.
  • the masonry structure is joined together and the element working by means of needles sealed in drilled holes in the masonry structure and projecting into the working element.
  • the masonry structure according to the invention extends between two support points and includes a plurality of parts mutually compression. Each part is maintained by friction on the parts adjacent.
  • the structure includes a reinforcing element made in materials with coefficients of expansion and elasticity close to those of the material constituting the masonry structure.
  • the element of reinforcement is arranged on an upper surface of said structure masonry and is secured to said masonry structure.
  • Reinforcement is achieved by increasing the cross-section structure worker.
  • the working element has a section variable adapted to said efforts and thus allowing a reduction of the amount of material used to make the working element and therefore a reduction in cost.
  • This increase in section working reduces stress on existing elements.
  • We will be able to then provide a separation member between the working element and the existing structure for example a sheet of felt, polyane or any other compatible material having sufficient resilience.
  • a reinforcing veil extending from on either side of the working element, for example on a certain width of a flat vault or a vault in order, again, to increase the inertia of the vault.
  • the working element can be of width equal to that an arc of the masonry structure or of width greater than that of the arch, in order to increase its transverse rigidity.
  • the working element can be provided on the whole surface or on part of the surface of the existing structure, for example on some arches of a vault, on arc portions of a vault, in console between a vault and wall, etc.
  • a plurality of rods of reinforcement are embedded in the reinforcing element.
  • the element of reinforcement is completed by a beam element, the element of reinforcement and the beam element being integral.
  • the reinforcing element is present under the form of at least one flat beam secured to at least part of the said masonry structure, by means of tie rods.
  • At least part of said masonry structure is fitted with tie rods capable of distributing at least part of the load towards support points, each tie being secured to said part of the masonry structure and with a fulcrum.
  • a tie rod is sealed in a support point provided with means for distributing the traction exerted by said pulling.
  • the means of distributing a point support can be formed by at least one reinforcement bar substantially perpendicular to the tie secured to said support point.
  • part of the said masonry structure, subjected to transverse tensile forces is reinforced by crossed reinforcements to form a traction zone homogeneous, which may include an arc part, a pillar part and a part of the intermediate blockage between lower and upper surfaces.
  • the working element a material with a Young's modulus more or less close to that of the existing structure according to the desired load transfer between the existing structure and the reinforcement.
  • Needles used to secure the parts of the structure of existing masonry and the working element are made from materials with good mechanical qualities and little sensitive to corrosion, for example glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers. These needles are sealed in the existing structure by means of a synthetic resin, for example epoxy, loaded or not with sand.
  • a synthetic resin for example epoxy, loaded or not with sand.
  • the invention is perfectly suited to the reinforcement of vaults flat, of arches with semicircular arches, beyond or not, with broken arches, basket handle arches, with creeping arches or multi-lobed, resting on walls or pillars, and strengthening a masonry structure right of the kind cross or lintel made in several pieces working in compression.
  • FIG. 1 the principle of a cross vault is shown. warheads comprising two arcs 1 and 2 mutually perpendicular and cruising in their centers.
  • the vault is limited on its edges 3 to 6, either by walls, either by double arches or former arches.
  • the invention applies to all types of masonry structure resting on two support points and working in compression, by example a vault according to FIG. 1 or 2, or other types of vaults, vault sexpartite warheads, flat arch, or straight structure working in compression, whatever the material in which the structure, bricks, different types of stones, granite, sandstone, limestone, etc.
  • FIG 3 we see a portion of stone vault 10 supported by a pedestal 11 surmounted by a sideboard wall 12.
  • the portion of vault 10 comprises an arch 13 formed of a succession of keystones 14 juxtaposed and whose separation planes pass through the axis of the arch 10.
  • Each key 14 is put in compression between the neighboring keys and by said neighboring keystones as well as by the load of the arch 10.
  • the keyboards 14 are generally provided with mortar joints ensuring a maximum friction between the different keys 14.
  • the arch 10 also includes a portion of vault bounded by arches and called vault 15.
  • the vault 15 is of reduced thickness compared to the arc 13 on which it rests.
  • the lower surface 16 of the vault 10 is visible to the public, while the upper surface 17 is not not, being covered with a floor or roof.
  • a working element 18, made of synthetic mortar, is poured on the upper surface 17 of the vault 10 in line with the arch 13.
  • the working element 18 is firmly secured with each key 14 by means of needles 19, for example in resin epoxy loaded with glass fibers.
  • the working element 18 and needles 19 are fitted as follows. We start by clearing the upper surface 17 at the right of the arc 13 of any annoying element such as a cracked coating or waste various. From the upper surface 17, we dig into each keyway 14 at minus a blind hole in which we come to dispose a needle 19 which we seals with a synthetic resin composition, for example epoxy.
  • the depth of the blind hole and therefore the length of sealing of the needle 19 are determined according to the load at support by said needle 19. In the event of a very heavy load, it is possible to provide several needles 19 per key 14.
  • the section of the working element 18 is calculated according to the constraints of compression to be supported.
  • the working element 18 can be at variable section in order to adapt to variations in constraints.
  • the element working 18 makes it possible to reduce the stresses that must be borne by existing elements.
  • the synthetic mortar intended to form the working element 18 is then directly cast onto the keyboards 14 to promote good adhesion between these two elements.
  • Reinforcement reinforcements 27 can be embedded in the working element 18 to increase its characteristics mechanical.
  • the frames 27 can be made of material synthetic, of the epoxy resin type reinforced with glass fibers or carbon.
  • the working element 18 must take up all the constraints of compression and support each key 14 of the arc 13.
  • the separator 20 can be presented in the form of a membrane, for example of felt or polyane.
  • the separator 20 is disposed between the working element 18 and each key 14 of the arc 13.
  • a glass or laminate fabric forming a veil of reinforcement 21 and which extends over part or all of the roof 15 in in view of its participation in the resumption of compression constraints.
  • the reinforcement web 21 can be produced by a succession of layers of canvas fiberglass and resin, possibly including panels honeycomb sandwich.
  • stiffeners 22 disposed between a part of the reinforcement veil 21 in front of the roof 15 and another part of the reinforcement web 21 in contact with the working element 18.
  • the stiffeners 22 can be arranged at regular intervals, for example on the cob with a predetermined angle relative to the working element 18 and can be made of any inert material capable of withstanding tensile stresses, for example in aramid fibers.
  • FIG. 6 Another type of vault is illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • This vault 10 is provided with a lower surface 16 of circular shape and a flat upper surface 17.
  • the arch 10 is therefore of variable thickness, smaller in the center and more strong on the edges.
  • These stones or bricks can be either keystones if the vault 10 is an arch, or roof elements if the arch 10 is a flat arch not ribbed.
  • these blind holes of variable depth we come arrange and then seal needles 19 of suitable length to project beyond the upper surface 17, then we pour the synthetic mortar forming the working element 18.
  • Reinforcement reinforcements 27 can be embedded in the working element 18 to increase its mechanical characteristics.
  • the arch 10 is flat and thin, the upper surface 17 being convex.
  • the holes and needles are short length due to the small thickness of the vault 10.
  • a masonry element of straight shape working in compression comprising a plurality of keys 26 in bevel shape to ensure their mutual wedging and a operation similar to that of a vault.
  • Each key 26 is drilled one or more blind holes in which is arranged and sealed a needle 19 protruding above the keyway 26.
  • a working element 18 is installed by grouting a synthetic mortar above said keys 26 and coats the free end of the needles 19.
  • a needle 19 is oriented with an angle between the angle of one of the faces of the bevel and the angle of the other face.
  • FIG. 9 The variant illustrated in Figure 9 is close to the figure 3.
  • a separator 20 is placed between the upper surface 17 of the arc 13 and the element working 18.
  • Reinforcement reinforcements 27 are arranged in the working element 18.
  • the frames 27 have the form of straight bars rigid, substantially cylindrical in diameter on the order of 10 to 30 mm.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a particular embodiment of the invention.
  • a vault 28 covering a square piece is supported in its center by a pillar 29 and on its outer edges by walls 30.
  • the upper surface 31 of the vault 28 is formed by the floor of the floor superior.
  • the lower surface 32 is formed by arches and vaults.
  • a blockage 33 is arranged and used to fill the space and load the vault 28. In this type of structure, there is often a deformation of the lower surface 32 and a pillar settlement 29.
  • a working element 34 in the form of one or more beams is arranged in one or more recesses dug in the upper surface 31 and extends into the walls 30. Needles, not shown, can be arranged to secure the working element 34 and / or the arches or vaults of the lower surface 32.
  • Rods 35 are fixed to an upper end in the working element 34 and at one end lower in pillar 29, for example at a height between the lower surface 32 and the upper surface 31.
  • the tie rods 35 are distributed over all or part of the length of the working element 34.
  • the tie rods 35 are formed in the same material as the needles and sealed in the same way.
  • the portion 29a of the pillar 29 in which the ends are fixed lower ties 35 is subject to significant stresses traction in a horizontal plane.
  • many tie rods 35 are fixed by sealing in the portion 29a.
  • an armed complex 36 (FIG. 11) is formed in said portion 29a and in its neighborhood.
  • the armed complex 36 comprises a plurality of rods 39 crossed comprising glass, carbon or other fibers and having mechanical characteristics adapted to traction.
  • Rods 39 are arranged in substantially horizontal holes drilled from the lower surface 32 at the portion 29a.
  • Rods 39 are sealed with the same way as the needles, in the portion 29a, the blocking 33 and the arcs or vaults of the lower surface 32.
  • the armed complex 36 forms an area suitable for resist transverse tensile forces and receive the anchorage of the lower end of the tie rods 35.
  • Tie rods 37 or sheets of tie rods, are fixed to an upper end in the walls 30 and to a lower end in pillar 29 at the level of the armed complex 36. holes are drilled in the walls 30.
  • the upper end of the tie rods 37 is sealed over almost the entire thickness of the walls 30.
  • the tie rods 37 are made of material similar to needles and can reach sections of several square centimeters to resume efforts important. The sealing is carried out in the same way as for the needles. Prestressing can be applied to tie rods 37.
  • a wall 30 is a heterogeneous set of stones or bricks of various dimensions and mortar. Its resistance to tensile forces exerted by a tie rod 37 is difficult to model and, a priori, weak. To avoid tearing away stones or bricks from said walls, 30 plans to reinforce it in the following way, before installing the tie rods 37.
  • One or more horizontal holes are drilled in the direction of length of a wall 30 substantially perpendicular to future tie rods 37.
  • Rods 38 of the same type as tie rods 37 are placed there and sealed there. of suitable dimensions. Prestressing can be applied to them.
  • the area in which the rods 38 are arranged has cohesion high.
  • the forces exerted by the tie rods 37 can be distributed in the said zone without risk of tearing stones or bricks. Thanks to the rods 38, we form a kind of horizontal beam inserted into each wall 30 and constituting a force distributor.
  • the area in which the rods 38 are arranged is, of all ways, stabilized by the mass of the parts of the walls 30 located at a level higher and exerting a compressive stress.
  • a reinforcement process and a structure of masonry extending between two support points and comprising a reinforcement element made with materials of expansion coefficients and elasticity close to that of the material constituting the structure masonry, secured to said masonry structure, at least part of said masonry structure being provided with suitable tie rods to distribute at least part of the load to support points, each pulling being secured to said part of the masonry structure and with a fulcrum.
  • a tie rod can be sealed in a fulcrum provided with distributors of the tensile forces exerted by said tie rod.
  • a masonry structure is obtained considerably strengthened to the extent that its stiffness is proportional to the cube of the height of its working section.
  • the invention is perfectly suited to any structure whose bottom surface must be protected, both during the work of reinforcement only at the end of these.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
  • Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
EP00401040A 1999-04-16 2000-04-14 Mauerwerkstruktur und Verfahren zu deren Verstärkung Expired - Lifetime EP1045089B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9904842A FR2792354B1 (fr) 1999-04-16 1999-04-16 Structure de maconnerie et procede de renforcement associe
FR9904842 1999-04-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1045089A1 true EP1045089A1 (de) 2000-10-18
EP1045089B1 EP1045089B1 (de) 2005-02-09

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EP00401040A Expired - Lifetime EP1045089B1 (de) 1999-04-16 2000-04-14 Mauerwerkstruktur und Verfahren zu deren Verstärkung

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EP (1) EP1045089B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE288979T1 (de)
DE (1) DE60017965D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2792354B1 (de)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2817575A1 (fr) * 2000-12-05 2002-06-07 Lefevre Sa M Structure de maconnerie et procede de renforcement associe
RU2471943C2 (ru) * 2011-04-11 2013-01-10 Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" КазГАСУ Способ усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
CN103397604A (zh) * 2013-07-19 2013-11-20 重庆交通大学 用槽形拱肋复合增强的石拱桥构造
CZ305270B6 (cs) * 2014-03-27 2015-07-08 Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Konstrukce statického zajištění obloukové klenby pomocí prostorově uspořádané předpínací výztuže
WO2015166103A1 (en) * 2014-05-02 2015-11-05 Soletanche Freyssinet S.A.S. Method of enlarging the space beneath a masonry arch bridge, and a masonry arch bridge
CZ305689B6 (cs) * 2014-12-01 2016-02-03 ÄŚeskĂ© vysokĂ© uÄŤenĂ­ technickĂ© v Praze, Fakulta stavebnĂ­, Katedra konstrukcĂ­ pozemnĂ­ch staveb Systém stabilizace a zpevnění valených kleneb
CZ306367B6 (cs) * 2015-03-16 2016-12-21 efl Josef Ĺ Způsob obnovy deformované klenby do původního tvaru
RU169131U1 (ru) * 2016-05-04 2017-03-06 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" (КГАСУ) Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
RU169130U1 (ru) * 2016-05-04 2017-03-06 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
RU171928U1 (ru) * 2017-01-19 2017-06-21 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" КГАСУ Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2851781B1 (fr) * 2003-02-28 2006-04-14 Lefevre Sa M Procede de renforcement d'un element de construction et element de construction

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GB2302896A (en) * 1995-07-01 1997-02-05 William George Edscer Arch reinforcement
WO1997007289A1 (en) * 1995-08-18 1997-02-27 Protec Industrial Ltd. Reinforcing masonry structures

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RU2036290C1 (ru) * 1991-06-27 1995-05-27 Сергей Владимирович Снятков Устройство для усиления реконструируемого сводчатого перекрытия здания
GB2302896A (en) * 1995-07-01 1997-02-05 William George Edscer Arch reinforcement
WO1997007289A1 (en) * 1995-08-18 1997-02-27 Protec Industrial Ltd. Reinforcing masonry structures

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DATABASE WPI Section PQ Week 199604, Derwent World Patents Index; Class Q46, AN 1996-038663, XP002123292 *
DELBECQ; MICHOTEY; SIMONET: "Calcul, désordres, réparation et modernisation des ponts en maçonnerie", TRAVAUX., no. 561, December 1981 (1981-12-01), EDITIONS SCIENCE ET INDUSTRIE S.A. PARIS., FR, XP002123401, ISSN: 0041-1906 *
RUFFERT G: "DIE KONSTRUKTIVE SANIERUNG VON BAUDENKMALERN", BAUTECHNIK,DE,ERNST & SOHN VERLAG. BERLIN, vol. 71, no. 7, pages 382-389, XP000195309 *

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2817575A1 (fr) * 2000-12-05 2002-06-07 Lefevre Sa M Structure de maconnerie et procede de renforcement associe
RU2471943C2 (ru) * 2011-04-11 2013-01-10 Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" КазГАСУ Способ усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
CN103397604B (zh) * 2013-07-19 2016-06-08 重庆交通大学 用槽形拱肋复合增强的石拱桥构造
CN103397604A (zh) * 2013-07-19 2013-11-20 重庆交通大学 用槽形拱肋复合增强的石拱桥构造
CZ305270B6 (cs) * 2014-03-27 2015-07-08 Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Konstrukce statického zajištění obloukové klenby pomocí prostorově uspořádané předpínací výztuže
WO2015166103A1 (en) * 2014-05-02 2015-11-05 Soletanche Freyssinet S.A.S. Method of enlarging the space beneath a masonry arch bridge, and a masonry arch bridge
CN106536824A (zh) * 2014-05-02 2017-03-22 索列丹斯弗莱西奈公司 扩大圬工拱桥下方空间的方法以及圬工拱桥
JP2017515028A (ja) * 2014-05-02 2017-06-08 ソルタンシュ フレシネ ソシエテ パー アクション サンプリフィエ 石造アーチ橋の下方のスペースを拡大する方法及び石造アーチ橋
US10011962B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2018-07-03 Soletanche Freyssinet S.A.S. Method of enlarging the space beneath a masonry arch bridge, and a masonry arch bridge
CZ305689B6 (cs) * 2014-12-01 2016-02-03 ÄŚeskĂ© vysokĂ© uÄŤenĂ­ technickĂ© v Praze, Fakulta stavebnĂ­, Katedra konstrukcĂ­ pozemnĂ­ch staveb Systém stabilizace a zpevnění valených kleneb
CZ306367B6 (cs) * 2015-03-16 2016-12-21 efl Josef Ĺ Způsob obnovy deformované klenby do původního tvaru
RU169131U1 (ru) * 2016-05-04 2017-03-06 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" (КГАСУ) Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
RU169130U1 (ru) * 2016-05-04 2017-03-06 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания
RU171928U1 (ru) * 2017-01-19 2017-06-21 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Казанский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет" КГАСУ Устройство усиления каменных сводчатых перекрытий здания

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60017965D1 (de) 2005-03-17
ATE288979T1 (de) 2005-02-15
FR2792354A1 (fr) 2000-10-20
EP1045089B1 (de) 2005-02-09
FR2792354B1 (fr) 2007-10-12

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