CN1630497A - 药物释放装置 - Google Patents
药物释放装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1630497A CN1630497A CNA008131864A CN00813186A CN1630497A CN 1630497 A CN1630497 A CN 1630497A CN A008131864 A CNA008131864 A CN A008131864A CN 00813186 A CN00813186 A CN 00813186A CN 1630497 A CN1630497 A CN 1630497A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种药物释放装置,以及采用该装置将药物活性药剂释放到机体内的目标组织上的方法。一种药物释放装置包括一个基体,该基体包括一个便于植入到目标组织附近的内表面和一个在该内表面上有开口的槽。一个包含一种药物活性药剂的内核配置在该槽中。
Description
本申请要求系列号为60/160,673、申请日为1999年10月21日的美国临时申请的优先权。
技术领域
本发明一般涉及用于局部释放药物活性药剂到机体组织中的有生物适应性的植入物。更具体但不构成限制的是,本发明涉及用于局部释放药物活性药剂到眼后部的有生物适应性的植入物。
背景技术
眼后部的几种疾病威胁着视力。与年龄相关的黄斑变性(ARMD)、脉络膜新血管形成(CNV)、视网膜病变(如糖尿病性视网膜病变、玻璃体视网膜病变)、视网膜炎(如巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎(CMV))、眼色素层炎、黄斑水肿、青光眼和神经病变是这些疾病的几个例子。
与年龄相关的黄斑变性(ARMD)是导致老年性视觉缺失的首要原因。ARMD攻击视觉中心并使其模糊,使得阅读、驾驶和其它细致的工作变得困难或不可能完成。单就美国来说每年就有约200,000新的ARMD病例发生。最近的估计显示超过75岁的人群中大约有百分之四十、超过60岁的人群中大约有百分之二十在某些程度上患了黄斑变性。“湿”的ARMD是最常见的产生视觉缺失的ARMD类型。在湿ARMD中,新形成的脉络膜血管(脉络膜新血管形成(CNV))渗出液体并且导致视网膜的损害逐渐加重。
对于ARMD中的特殊病例CNV,目前有两种治疗方法,(a)光焊接(b)使用血管生成抑制剂。然而,当CNV靠近中央凹时,光焊接会损伤视网膜,因而是不可行的。另外,在超过一定时间后,光焊接常常导致CNV复发。将抗血管形成的化合物以口服或胃肠外(非眼部)的给药作为一种对ARMD的系统治疗也在进行试验。然而,由于药物特有的代谢限制,系统给药常常给眼睛提供的是达不到治疗效果的药物浓度。因此,为了使眼内达到有效的药物浓度,需要或者采用不可接受的高剂量或采用重复的传统剂量。在眼周注射这些化合物通常导致药物迅速冲出,并且经眼周脉管系统和软组织滴流到总循环系统中。重复进行眼周注射可能会导致严重的、通常是致盲的并发症,比如视网膜脱落和眼内炎。
为了防止与上述治疗相关的并发症,并且提供更好的眼科治疗,研究人员已经建议采用各种植入物,旨在对眼睛局部地释放抗血管生成化合物。授予Wong的美国专利第5,824,072号提示了一个不可生物降解的共聚物植入物,在该植入物中配置了药物活性药剂。该药物活性药剂通过标题入物的共聚物体扩散到目标组织。该药物活性药剂包括治疗黄斑变性和糖尿病性视网膜病变的药物。该植入物基本上被放置在泪液中,在眼睛外表面的无血管区域,并且可以固定在结膜或巩膜中;在巩膜外层或巩膜内层一个无血管的区域之上;基本上在脉络膜空间上一个无血管的区域内,例如在睫状环或一个外科诱导的无血管区域;或者可直接与玻璃体连通。
授予Gwon等人的美国专利第5,476,511号揭示了一个放置在眼睛结膜之下的共聚物植入物。该植入物可以用来释放用于治疗ARMD的新血管抑制剂和用于治疗视网膜病变、视网膜炎、CMV视网膜炎的药物。药物活性药剂通过植入物的共聚物体进行扩散。
授予Ashton等人的美国专利第5,773,019号揭示了不可生物腐蚀的共聚物植入物,该植入物用来释放的某些药物,其中包括血管抑制类固醇和例如用于治疗眼色素层炎的环孢菌素。药物活性药剂也是通过植入物的共聚物体进行扩散的。
以上所述的所有植入物都需要进行仔细的设计和加工,以便通过共聚物体(基体装置)或共聚物膜片(储存装置)将药物活性药剂有控制地扩散到需要进行治疗的位置。药物从这些装置的释放分别依赖于基体或膜片的孔隙率和扩散特性。必须为每一种用于该装置的药物定制这些参数。结果,这些需求通常增加了这种植入物的复杂性和成本。
授予Peyman的美国专利第5,824,073号揭示了在眼内定位的压头。该压头有一个凸出的部分,用来压凹眼睛黄斑区之上的巩膜或对眼睛黄斑区之上的巩膜施加压力。该专利申请揭示了,这种压力增加了脉络膜充血和通过视网膜下新血管形成膜的血液流量,这又反过来增加了出血和视网膜下液体的累积。
因此,在有生物适应性植入物领域需要一种可外科植入的药物释放装置,该装置可以安全、有效、可控制速率地局部释放各种药物活性药剂给任何机体组织。植入该装置的外科操作将是安全、简单、迅速的并且可以对门诊病人实施。理想地,该装置应该在制造上是方便和经济的。另外,由于它的多功能性,并且可以释放各种药物活性药剂,这种植入物也应该可以用于门诊研究,以便释放为患者或动物受体产生一种特殊身体状态的药物。在眼药释放的特殊领域,在需要局部释放药物活性药剂到眼睛后部以抵抗ARMD、CNV、视网膜病变、视网膜炎、眼色素层炎、黄斑水肿、青光眼和神经病变的情况下,尤其需要这种眼药释放装置。
发明内容
本发明的一个特征在于包括一种药物释放装置,该装置包括一个基体,该基体有一个便于植入到目标组织附近的内表面和一个在该内表面上有开口的槽。一个包括药物活性药剂的内核配置在该槽中。
本发明的另一个特征在于包括一种将药物活性药剂释放到机体中目标组织上的方法。提供了一种药物释放装置。该药物释放装置包括一个具有内表面的基体和一个在该内表面有开口的槽,以及一个配置在该槽中含有药物活性药剂的内核。该装置被放置到机体中,这样药物活性药剂通过开口与目标组织连通。
在另一个特征中,本发明包括一种眼药释放装置,该装置包括一个基体,该基体包括一个便于植入到巩膜附近的巩膜表面和一个在该巩膜表面上有开口的槽或空腔。一个含有药物活性药剂的内核配置在该槽中。
在另一个特征中,本发明包括一种将药物活性药剂释放到具有巩膜的眼睛中的方法。提供了一种药物释放装置。该药物释放装置包括一个基体以及一个内核,该基体具有一个巩膜表面和一个在该巩膜表面上有开口的槽,而该内核含有药物活性药剂并且配置在该槽中。该装置被放置在眼睛中,这样药物活性药剂通过开口与巩膜连通。
在另一个特征中,本发明包括一种将药物活性药剂释放到具有一个巩膜、一个眼球筋膜、一个黄斑的眼中的方法。一个药物释放装置包括一个配置了药物活性药剂的基体。该装置被配置在巩膜外表面处,在眼球筋膜以下,并且靠近黄斑。
附图说明
为了更彻底地理解本发明及其更多的目的和优点,在以下参考附图所作的描述中进行了说明,其中:
图1是根据本发明的一个优选实施例的药物释放装置的侧剖视图;
图2是根据本发明的一个优选实施例的第二个药物释放装置的侧剖视图;
图3是表示人眼的示意性侧剖视图;
图4是图3所示的眼睛沿线4-4的详细的横剖面视图;
图5是一个根据本发明的优选实施例的眼药释放装置的透视图;
图6A是图5中的眼药释放装置的侧剖视图;
图6B是一个图6A中所示的眼药释放装置沿线6B-6B的放大横剖视图;和
图7是一个表示药物动力学研究结果的图线,该项研究是将图5到图6B所示的眼药释放装置植入到新西兰白兔中来所进行的,其中显示了作为时间的函数的、在兔子的视网膜和脉胳膜上目标位置处的药物活性药剂平均浓度。
具体实施方式
本发明的优选实施例及其优点可以通过参考附图1到图7得到最好的理解,其中相同的标识符号将用在各图中相同的或相对应的部件上。
图1示意性地显示了根据本发明的优选实施例的药物释放装置10。装置10可以用于任何需要将药物活性药剂局部释放到机体组织中的情况。例如,装置10可以用来治疗例如眼睛、耳朵、鼻子、喉咙、皮肤、皮下组织或骨头中的医疗障碍。装置10可用于人或动物。
装置10通常包括一个基体12,该基体12具有一个内表面14和一个外表面16。如图1所示,基体12通常具有方形的三维几何形状,带有一个近端18和一个远端20。基体12可以具有其它任何的几何形状,该形状中有一个便于在靠近患者目标组织附近植入的内表面14。例如,基体12可以具有圆柱形、椭圆形、正方形或其它多边的三维几何形状。
基体12包括一个在内表面14上有开口24的槽或空腔22。一个内核26最好配置在槽22中。内核26最好是包含一种或多种药物活性药剂的药片。另外,内核26也可以包括传统的水凝胶,该水凝胶中含有一种或多种药物活性药剂。保持零件28最好配置在开口24附近。保持零件28防止内核26从槽22中掉出。当内核26是圆柱形的药片时,保持零件28最好是一个连续的框或凸缘,配置在开口24的周边,其直径稍微小于药片26的直径。另外,保持零件26还可以包括一个或多个由基体12延伸到开口24中的零件。虽然图1没有显示,内核26也可以包括一种含一种或多种药物活性药剂的悬浊液、溶液、粉末或其混合物。在本实施例中,内表面14上没有开口24,而悬浊液、溶液、粉末或其混合物是通过内核26下面的相对较薄的内表面14部分而进行扩散的。另外,装置10可以不带槽22或内核26,而以悬浊液、溶液、粉末或其混合物的形式存在的药物活性药剂可以散布在整个装置10的基体12中。在此实施例中,药物活性药剂通过基体12扩散到目标组织中。
装置10的几何形状使得内核26中的药物活性药剂与内表面14之下的组织之间的连通最大化。内表面14最好实际上与目标组织相接触。例如,如果目标组织具有大体上平的表面,装置10适合于释放药物活性药剂。作为另一个例子,如果目标组织具有大体上为凸的表面,就可以采用图2中所示的装置10a,该装置有一个与目标表面匹配的凹的内表面14a。近端18a的角部30和远端20a的角部32可以是倾斜的和/或导角的,使装置10a的植入更加便利,并且使患者达到最大的舒适程度。保持零件28最好设计成具有保持内核26所需的最小厚度,这样可以将内核26的表面26a配置到最靠近目标组织的位置。虽然在图1或图2中没有显示,但所形成的内核26也可以使表面26a实际上与目标组织接触。
另外,装置10或10a也可以这样配置在患者的机体内,使内表面14或14a配置在目标组织的附近。在这种情况下,内表面14或14a实际上与在该内表面和目标组织之间的中间组织相接触。通过开口24和该中间组织,内核26的药物活性药剂与目标组织连通。
再参见图1,基体12最好包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的材料。基体12更好地是包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的共聚成份。所述共聚成份可以是一种单共聚物、一种直链、支链、交连或混合的共聚物。适合用于所述共聚成份的共聚物例子包括硅氧烷、聚乙烯醇、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、聚乳酸、尼龙、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、纤维素、醋酸纤维素酯、聚乙二醇酸、聚乳-乙二醇酸、纤维素酯、聚醚砜、丙烯、上述成份的衍生物及其混合物。适合的软丙烯的例子在美国专利第5,403,901中有更全面的揭示,该专利已整个包括在本文中。所述共聚成份最好包括硅氧烷。当然,所述共聚成份还可以包括影响其物理性质的传统材料,其中所述物理性质不构成限制地包括孔隙率、弯曲度、渗透性、刚性、硬度和光滑性。影响这些性质中的其中之一的材料的例子包括传统的可塑剂、填料和润滑剂。所述共聚成份可以包括其它影响其化学性质的材料,其中的化学性质不构成限制地包括毒性、疏水性和基体12-内核26的相互作用。基体12最好对于内核26中的药物活性药剂来说是不可渗透的。当基体12由一般的弹性共聚成份制成时,可以使槽22的直径稍微小于内核26的直径。这种磨擦配合将内核26固定在槽22中。在此实施例中,如果理想的话,基体12可以不带保持零件28。
内核26可以包括任何适合于局部释放到目标组织中的药物活性药剂。适合于内核26的药物活性药剂的例子是抗感染药,不构成限制地包括抗生素、抗病毒药、抗真菌药、抗过敏原的药和乳突细胞稳定剂;类固醇和非类固醇的抗炎药;抗感染药和抗炎药的混合物;减充血剂;抗青光眼药,不构成限制地包括肾上腺素能剂、β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂、α-肾上腺素能促效药、拟副交感剂、胆碱酯酶抑制剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂和前列腺素;抗青光眼药的混合物;抗氧化剂;营养供给剂;用于治疗囊样黄斑水肿的药物不构成限制地包括非类固醇抗炎药;用于治疗ARMD的药物不构成限制地包括血管生成抑制剂和营养供给剂;用于治疗疱疹感染和CMV眼部感染的药物;用于治疗增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的药物不构成限制地包括抗代谢剂和溶解纤维蛋白;创伤调节药物不构成限制地包括生长素;抗代谢剂;神经保护药物不构成限制地包括eliprodil;和用于治疗眼后部疾病的血管抑制类固醇,这些眼后部疾病不构成限制地包括ARMD、CNV、视网膜病变、视网膜炎、眼色素层炎、黄斑水肿和青光眼。这种血管抑制类固醇更完全地揭示于美国专利第5,679,666和第5,770,592号中,这些专利均已完全包括在本文中。这种血管抑制类固醇的较优的种类包括4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)和4,9(11)-孕双烯-17a,21-二醇-3,20-二酮-21醋酸酯(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione-21-acetate)。内核26还可以包括传统的非活性的赋形剂以加强活性药剂或药核的稳定性、溶解性、渗透性或其它特性。
如果内核26是一个药片,它还可以包括传统的制药片需要用的赋形剂,如填料和润滑剂。这种药片可以用传统的制药片方法来生产。药物活性药剂最好均匀地分布在整个药片中。除了传统的药片之外,内核26还可以包括一种以控制的速率被生物腐蚀的特殊药片,来释放药物活性药剂。例如,这种生物腐蚀可通过水解或酶分裂产生。如果内核26是一种水凝胶,这种水凝胶会以控制的速率进行生物腐蚀,并且释放出药物活性药剂。另外,这种水凝胶还可以是非生物腐蚀的,但可以扩散药物活性药剂。
装置10可以采用传统的共聚物生产方法来制造,这些方法不构成限制地包括注射模塑、压挤模塑、传递模塑和压塑。最好,装置10采用传统的注射模塑技术形成。内核26最好在装置10的基体12形成之后配置到槽22中。保持零件28最好具有足够的弹性,以便让内核26插到开口24中并且随后恢复到其原来位置,如图1所示。
装置10最好通过手术直接放置到目标组织附近。外科医生首先在目标组织附近作一个切口。然后,外科医生在目标组织所在层面或靠近目标组织的地方进行钝器解剖术。一旦目标组织被定位,外科医生用钳子夹住装置10,使其内表面14对着目标组织,远端20远离外科医生。然后外科医生将装置10导入分离出的通道,并且将装置10定位,使内表面14对着目标组织。该装置一旦就位,根据具体组织的情况,外科医生就可以采用或者不采用缝合来将装置10固定到在其下面的组织上。在植入之后,外科医生缝合手术开口,并且将一条抗生素软膏放置在外科创口上。
基体12的实际形状包括内表面14、槽22、开口24、和保持零件28的几何形状,都是有利于从内核26向目标组织单方向释放有药效剂量的药物活性药剂。特别是,在内核26和其下面的组织之间不设共聚物层或膜的条件下,活性药剂向目标组织的释放得到很大的加强和简化。
根据所采用的药物活性药剂的具体物理化学特性,装置10可以用来长年释放药效剂量的药物活性药剂。植入物的物理化学特性包括疏水性、溶解性、溶解速率、扩散系数、分配系数和组织亲和性。在内核26不再含有活性药剂后,外科医生可以很容易地将装置10移走。另外,“以前形成”的通道便于用一个新装置10来替换旧的装置10。
图3到图6B示意性地显示了根据本发明优选实施例的眼药释放装置50。装置50可以用于任何需要将药物活性药剂局部释放到眼中的情况。装置50特别适用于需要将药物活性药剂局部释放到眼睛后部的情况。装置50的一个优选的应用是为了治疗ARMD、视网膜新血管形成(CNV)、视网膜病变、视网膜炎、眼色素层炎、黄斑水肿和青光眼而将药物活性药剂释放到视网膜上靠近黄斑的区域中。当然,如果要求的话,装置50也可以用于将药物活性药剂局部释放到除了眼睛以外的其它机体组织中。
参见图3,其中示意地显示了人眼52。眼52有一个角膜54、一个晶状体56、一个巩膜58、一个脉络膜60、一个视网膜62和一个视觉神经64。眼52的前部66包括一个眼52在线67前面的部分。眼52的后部68通常包括眼52在线67后面的部分。视网膜62在靠近睫状环70的地方、以环绕的方式与脉络膜60实际相连。视网膜62有一个位于视神经乳头盘侧面附近的黄斑72。在眼科中众所周知,黄斑72主要包括视网膜锥体,并且是视网膜62中视敏度最高的区域。一个眼球筋膜或眼球囊74配置在巩膜58上。结膜76盖住了边缘77(球状结膜)后面的眼球52的一个短区域,并且上折(上陷凹)或下折(下陷凹)来分别盖住上眼睑78和下眼睑79的内部区域。结膜76配置在眼球筋膜74的顶部。如图3和4所示,并且如下面所要详细描述的那样,装置50最好直接配置在巩膜58的外表面上,在眼球筋膜74以下,以便治疗大多数的眼后部疾病。此外,为了治疗人类的ARMD,装置50最好直接配置在巩膜58的外表面上,在眼球筋膜74以下,并且使装置50的内核靠近黄斑72。
图5、6A和6B示意地详细显示了药物释放装置50。装置50一般包括一个基体80,该基体80有一个巩膜表面82和一个眼眶表面84。最好将巩膜表面82的弯曲半径设计得使其便于与巩膜58的直接接触。最好将眼眶表面84的弯曲半径设计得便于在眼球筋膜74之下的植入。基体80最好有一个弯曲的、一般为方形的三维几何形状,并且带有导圆角的侧边86和88、近端90和远端92。正如在图6A的侧剖视图中所示,眼眶表面84最好具有分别靠近近端90和远端92的锥形表面94和96,这样有利于装置50在Tenon下的植入,并且增强了患者的舒适程度。基体80也可以具有与图2中所示的装置10a相似的几何形状。另外,基体80还可以具有任何几何形状,这些几何形状中都有一个弯曲的巩膜表面82以便与巩膜58接触。例如,基体80可以大体上为圆柱形、椭圆形、方形或其它多边形三维几何形状。
基体80包括一个其开口104在巩膜表面82上的槽或空腔102。一个内核106最好配置在槽102中,内核106最好是一个包含一种或多种药物活性药剂的药片。另外,内核106也可以包括一种传统的含有一种或多种药物活性药剂的水凝胶。一个保持零件108最好配置在开口104附近。保持零件108防止内核106掉出槽102。当内核106是一个圆柱形的药片时,保持零件108最好是一个配置在开口104周边的连续的框或凸缘,其直径稍微小于药片106的直径。另外,保持零件108还可以包括一个或多个从基体80延伸到开口104中的零件。虽然在图6A中没有显示出,但内核106也可以包括一种包含了一种或多种药物活性药剂的悬浊液、溶液、粉末或其混合物。在本实施例中,巩膜表面82上没有开口104,而悬浊液、溶液、粉末或其混合物通过在内核26以下的相对较薄的巩膜表面82的区域扩散。另外,装置50还可以不带槽102或内核106,而以悬浊液、溶液、粉末或其混合物形式存在的药物活性药剂散布在装置50的整个基体80中。在此实施例中,药物活性药剂通过基体80扩散到目标组织中。
装置50的几何形状和尺寸最大限度地连通了内核106中的药物活性药剂和在巩膜表面82以下的目标组织。巩膜表面82最好实际上接触到巩膜58的外表面。另外,虽然在图6A或6B中没有显示,但内核106也可以这样形成,使得表面106a实际上与巩膜58的外表面接触。另外,巩膜表面82也可以靠近巩膜58的外表面。例如,装置50可以配置在正好在巩膜58外表面之上的眼周组织中,或者在巩膜58中的薄层内。
基体80包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的材料。基体80最好包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀共的聚成份。所述共聚成份包括基体80,和适合用于基体80的共聚成份的共聚物可以是任何上述的装置10的基体12的成份和共聚物。基体80最好是由包括硅氧烷的共聚成份组成。基体80最好对于内核106中的药物活性药剂来说是不可渗透的。当基体80由一般的弹性共聚成份制成时,可以使槽102的直径稍微小于内核106的直径。这种磨擦配合将内核106固定在槽102中。在此实施例中,如果要求的话,基体80可以带有或不带保持零件108。
内核106可以包括任何眼部可接受的药物活性药剂,以便进行局部释放。药物活性药剂的例子包括上述为装置10的内核26所罗列的药物活性药剂。内核106也可以包括传统的非活性的赋形剂以加强活性药剂的稳定性、溶解性、渗透性或其它特性。
如果内核106是一个药片,它还可以包括传统的制药片需要用的赋形剂,如填料和润滑剂。这种药片可以用传统的制药片方法来生产。药物活性药剂最好均匀地分布在整个药片中。除了传统的药片之外,内核106还可以包括一种以控制的速率被生物腐蚀的特殊药片,来释放药物活性药剂。例如,这种生物腐蚀可通过水解或酶分裂产生。如果内核106是一种水凝胶,这种胶水凝胶会以控制的速率进行生物腐蚀,并且释放出药物活性药剂。另外,这种水凝胶还可以是非生物腐蚀的,但可以扩散药物活性药剂。
装置50可以采用传统的共聚物生产方法来制造,这些方法不构成限制地包括注射模塑、压挤模塑、传递模塑和压塑。最好,装置50采用传统的、如以上对装置10所述的那种注射模塑技术形成。
装置50最好通过手术直接放置到巩膜58的外表面上,在眼球筋膜74之下,其所采用的是可用于门诊病人的简单外科技术。外科医生首先在眼52的一个四分体上进行一个球结膜环状切开术。最好,外科医生在颞下的四分体上、在眼52的边缘77之后3毫米处进行这种球结膜环状切开术。一旦形成切口,外科医生就进行一个钝器解剖术以便将眼球筋膜74从巩膜58上分离,形成一个前后方向的通道。一旦该通道形成,外科医生使用钳子来夹持装置50,使巩膜表面82对着巩膜58,而远端92远离外科医生。然后外科医生以基本为圆运动的方式将装置50导入通道中,使装置50的内核106基本定位在视网膜62上要求的位置上。外科医生然后通过将眼球筋膜74和结膜76缝合到巩膜58上来关闭球结膜环状切口。关闭之后,外科医生将一个抗生素软膏条放置到外科创口上。另外,外科医生可以将装置50的近端90缝合到巩膜58上,以便在关闭通道之前将装置50保持在要求的位置上。
在人眼的ARMD病例中,外科医生利用上述的技术来将装置50的内核106定位到眼52的颞下四分体上的两个优选位置之一上。一个优选位置直接在巩膜58的外表面上,在眼球筋膜之下,内核106的位置靠近但不直接位于黄斑72之上。外科医生通过在基本上平行于侧直肌的方向上在下斜肌之下移动装置50的远端92,就可以将装置50的内核106定位在该位置上。第二个优选的位置直接在巩膜58的外表面上,在眼球筋膜之下,内核106的位置直接位于黄斑72之上。外科医生在下斜肌之下,沿着基本上在侧和下直肌之间的路线,将装置50的远端92移向黄斑72,这样就可以将装置50的内核106移动到该位置上。对于治疗ARMD来说,内核106中的药物活性药剂最好是美国专利第5,679,666和5,770,592号所揭示的血管抑制类固醇的一种。
装置50的基体80的实际形状,包括巩膜表面82、槽102、开口104和保持零件108的形状都有利于通过巩膜58、脉络膜60从内核106向视网膜62单向释放有药效剂量的药物活性药剂。特别是在内核106与巩膜58之间不设置共聚物层或膜的条件下,活性药剂对视网膜62的释放得到很大的加强和简化。
据信,根据所采用的药物活性药剂的具体物理化学特性,装置50可以用来长年向视网膜62释放有药效剂量的药物活性药剂。植入物的物理化学特性包括疏水性、溶解性、溶解速率、扩散系数和组织亲和性。在内核106不再含有活性药剂后,外科医生可以很容易地将装置50移走。另外,“以前形成”的通道便于用一个新装置50来替换旧的装置50。
以下的实施例表示了采用本发明的优选实施例和外科技术,使有效药物向兔子视网膜中的释放,但本实施例不构成限制。
实施例
在眼球筋膜之下,基本上沿着二十个(20)新西兰白兔的右眼中的侧直肌的下边界,将一个装置50植入到巩膜的外表面上,所采用的操作与上述的将装置50植入到眼52的巩膜58上的操作类似。装置50的结构如图5到图6B所示,具有下述的尺寸。基体80的长度110约为15毫米、宽度112约为7.0毫米、最大厚度114约为1.8毫米。保持零件108的厚度116约为0.15毫米。巩膜表面82的弯曲半径约为8.5毫米,而其弧长约为18毫米。内核106是一种圆柱形的药片,其直径约为5.0毫米、厚度约为1.5毫米。开口104的直径约为3.8毫米。槽102的直径约为4.4毫米。药片中采用的药物活性药剂是4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione),这是一种由Steraloids,Inc.of Wilton,NewHampshire出售的血管抑制类固醇,这种药在美国专利第5,770,592和5,679,666号中有更全面揭示。药片106的配方是4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)的重量百分比为99.75,硬脂酸镁的重量百分比为0.25。
在植入一周后,4个兔子被施用无痛致死术,并且摘出它们的右眼。将装置50从眼中移去,将药片106的位置在巩膜上做上记号。随后去除眼的前部和玻璃体,并且将这样形成的眼睛杯状物内翻,就得到了一个10毫米直径的、与巩膜上的药片106同心并在药片下面的圆形视网膜组织(“目标位置”)。从远离目标位置并且在视觉神经另一侧的第二位置上也得到一个10毫米直径的圆形的视网膜组织。另外,从在第二位置和目标位置之间的第三位置上也得到一个10毫米直径的圆形的视网膜组织。类似地,在目标位置、第二位置和第三位置也得到了10毫米直径的圆形的脉络膜组织。所有这些组织都分别被搅均,采用高性能的液相色谱分析法和质谱测定法(LC-MS/MS),通过一个眼部药物动力学研究,来测定各组织中的血管抑制类固醇浓度。这种操作在植入后3、6、9和12周时重复进行。
图7显示的是在目标位置处的视网膜和脉络膜组织中的4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)的平均浓度作为时间的函数。在各数据周围的“误差条”表示标准的偏差。如图7所示,在长达12周的时间内,装置50释放有药效的、并且基本恒定量的4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)给目标位置上的视网膜和脉络膜组织。与此相反,在第二和第三位置上的视网膜和脉络膜组织中的4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)的浓度水平等于或接近零。因此,装置50也是向目标位置上的视网膜和脉络膜组织释放局部剂量的血管抑制类固醇。
由上述,可以理解本发明提供了一种改进的装置和方法,以便安全、有效、可控制速率地局部释放各种药物活性药剂到任何机体组织。植入该装置的外科操作安全、简便、迅速并且可以对门诊病人实施。制造这种装置是方便和经济的。另外,由于它有能力释放多种药物活性药剂,该装置也可以用于门诊研究,以便释放为患者或动物受体产生一种特殊身体状态的药物。在眼科药物释放这个特殊领域,在需要局部释放药物活性药剂到眼后部以抵抗ARMD、CNV、视网膜病变、视网膜炎、眼色素层炎、黄斑水肿和青光眼的情况下,该装置是特别有用的。
可以相信,前面的描述将使本发明的操作和结构变得更明显。在以上所显示或描述的设备和方法已经被优选实施例说明的同时,也可以进行各种改变和改进,而不会脱离在所附权利要求中确定的本发明的实质和范围。
Claims (48)
1.一种药物释放装置,包括
一个基体,该基体有一个便于植入到目标组织附近的内表面和一个在该内表面上有开口的槽;和
一个配置在所述槽中、包括药物活性药剂的内核。
2.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述基体包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的材料。
3.根据权利要求2的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述基体包括一种共聚成份。
4.根据权利要求3的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述共聚成份包括一种或多种从以下材料组中选出的共聚物:硅氧烷、聚乙烯醇、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、聚乳酸、尼龙、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、纤维素、醋酸纤维素酯、聚乙二醇酸、聚乳-乙二醇酸、纤维素酯、聚醚砜和丙烯。
5.根据权利要求4的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述共聚成份包括硅氧烷。
6.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:还包括一个从所述基体延伸到所述开口附近的保持零件。
7.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述内核是一个药片。
8.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述内核包括一种水凝胶,并且所述药物活性药剂配置在所述水凝胶中。
9.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述基体对于所述药物活性药剂来说是不可渗透的。
10.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述内表面的几何形状与所述目标组织的表面匹配。
11.根据权利要求1的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述装置可以用外科的方法植入机体中。
12.一种将药物活性药剂释放到机体中的一个目标组织处的方法,包括的步骤为:
提供一种药物释放装置,该装置包括:
一个基体,该基体有一个内表面和一个在该内表面上有开口的槽;和
一个配置在所述槽中、包括药物活性药剂的内核;和
将所述装置配置到所述机体中,这样所述药物活性药剂通过所述开口与所述目标组织连通。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:所述基体包括有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的材料。
14.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:所述内核是一个药片。
15.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:所述内核包括一种水凝胶,并且所述药物活性药剂配置在所述水凝胶中。
16.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:所述基体对于所述药物活性药剂来说是不可渗透的。
17.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:所述配置步骤包括使所述内表面与所述目标组织相接触。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其特征在于:所述内表面的几何形状与所述目标组织的表面匹配。
19.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:所述配置步骤包括使所述内核与所述目标组织相接触。
20.根据权利要求12的方法,其特征在于:还包括在一段时间内将有药效剂量的所述药物活性药剂释放到所述目标组织上的步骤。
21.一种眼药释放装置,包括:
一个基体,该基体具有一个便于植入到巩膜附近的巩膜表面和一个开口在所述巩膜表面上的槽;和
一个配置在所述槽中、含有一种药物活性药剂的内核。
22.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述基体包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的材料。
23.根据权利要求22的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述基体包括一种共聚成份。
24.根据权利要求23的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述共聚成份包括一种或多种从以下材料组中选出的共聚物:硅氧烷、聚乙烯醇、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯、聚乳酸、尼龙、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、纤维素、醋酸纤维素酯、聚乙二醇酸、聚乳-乙二醇酸、纤维素酯、聚醚砜和丙烯。
25.根据权利要求24的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述共聚成份包括硅氧烷。
26.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:还包括一个从所述基体延伸到所述开口附近的保持零件。
27.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述内核是一个药片。
28.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述内核包括一种水凝胶,并且所述药物活性药剂配置在所述水凝胶中。
29.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述基体对于所述药物活性药剂来说是不可渗透的。
30.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述巩膜表面的几何形状与所述巩膜相匹配。
31.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述装置可以用外科的方法植入眼睛中。
32.根据权利要求31的药物释放装置,其特征在于:还包括一个眼眶表面,该眼眶表面至少具有一个锥形表面,以便于所述装置的植入。
33.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述药物活性药剂包括一种从以下化合物组中选择出来的化合物:4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)和4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮-21醋酸酯(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione-21-acetate)。
34.根据权利要求21的药物释放装置,其特征在于:所述药物活性药剂包括eliprodil。
35.一种将药物活性药剂释放到眼睛中的方法,所述眼睛具有一个巩膜,所包括的步骤为:
提供一种药物释放装置,包括:
一个基体,该基体具有一个巩膜表面和一个开口在所述巩膜表面上的槽;和
一个配置在所述槽中、含有一种药物活性药剂的内核;和
将所述装置配置到所述眼睛中,这样所述药物活性药剂通过所述开口与所述巩膜连通。
36.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述基体包括一种有生物适应性的、不可生物腐蚀的材料。
37.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述内核是一个药片。
38.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述内核包括一种水凝胶,并且所述药物活性药剂配置在所述水凝胶中。
39.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述基体对于所述药物活性药剂来说是不可渗透的。
40.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述的配置步骤包括使所述巩膜表面与所述巩膜相接触。
41.根据权利要求40的方法,其特征在于:所述巩膜表面的几何形状与所述巩膜相匹配。
42.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述配置步骤包括使所述内核与所述巩膜相接触。
43.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述药物活性药剂包括一种从以下化合物组中选择出来的化合物:4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione)和4,9(11)-孕双烯-17α,21-二醇-3,20-二酮-21醋酸酯(4,9(11)-Pregnadien-17α,21-diol-3,20-dione-21-acetate)。
44.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述药物活性药剂包括eliprodil。
45.根据权利要求40的方法,其特征在于:所述眼睛是一个具有巩膜的人眼,并且所述配置步骤包括将所述装置基本上配置到所述巩膜之上。
46.根据权利要求35的方法,其特征在于:所述的眼睛是一个具有脉络膜和视网膜的人眼,并且还包括在一段时间内将有药效剂量的药物活性药剂通过所述巩膜和所述脉络膜释放到所述视网膜上的步骤。
47.一种将一种药物活性药剂释放到眼睛中的方法,所述眼睛具有一个巩膜、一个眼球筋膜和一个黄斑,所包括的步骤为:
提供一种药物释放装置,该装置包括一个基体,在该基体中配置有药物活性药剂;和
将所述装置配置到所述巩膜的一个外表面上,在所述眼球筋膜以下,并且靠近所述黄斑。
48.根据权利要求47的方法,其特征在于:所述的配置步骤包括将所述装置基本上配置到所述黄斑之上。
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CN115737892A (zh) * | 2022-11-21 | 2023-03-07 | 诺莱生物医学科技有限公司 | 搭载修复基质的弹性敷料及其制备方法 |
CN115737892B (zh) * | 2022-11-21 | 2024-06-14 | 诺莱生物医学科技有限公司 | 搭载修复基质的弹性敷料及其制备方法 |
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CN1805719A (zh) | 眼药输送装置 | |
AU2002319606A1 (en) | Ophthalmic drug delivery device |
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