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CN1317507C - 一种风力发电设备的转子叶片 - Google Patents

一种风力发电设备的转子叶片 Download PDF

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CN1317507C
CN1317507C CNB998141437A CN99814143A CN1317507C CN 1317507 C CN1317507 C CN 1317507C CN B998141437 A CNB998141437 A CN B998141437A CN 99814143 A CN99814143 A CN 99814143A CN 1317507 C CN1317507 C CN 1317507C
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rotor blade
wind power
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阿洛伊斯·沃本
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0675—Rotors characterised by their construction elements of the blades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B17/00—Methods preventing fouling
    • B08B17/02—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust
    • B08B17/06—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B17/00—Methods preventing fouling
    • B08B17/02—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust
    • B08B17/06—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement
    • B08B17/065—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement the surface having a microscopic surface pattern to achieve the same effect as a lotus flower
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/0608—Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/40—Ice detection; De-icing means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05B2230/90—Coating; Surface treatment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00—Components
    • F05B2240/20—Rotors
    • F05B2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/96—Preventing, counteracting or reducing vibration or noise
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
    • F05D2300/50—Intrinsic material properties or characteristics
    • F05D2300/512—Hydrophobic, i.e. being or having non-wettable properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明的目的在于进一步改善风力发电设备的噪音排放。本发明的风力发电设备的转子叶片，采用了可降低因转子叶片引起的噪音的结构，所述结构是通过在转子叶片的至少部分表面上涂敷一不粘液体的涂层和/或表面构成的。本发明还涉及一种采用如上述转子叶片的风力发电设备。

Description

一种风力发电设备的转子叶片
技术领域
本发明涉及风力发电设备，尤其涉及风力发电设备的转子叶片。
背景技术
已知的风力发电设备的转子叶片有多种形式。在风力发电设备上，转子或者转子叶片是主要的噪音源。由于验收及噪音防护法律方面的原因，应当或必须采取措施，使噪音排放尽可能少。这是因为风力发电设备也常设置在居民楼附近。目前风力发电设备或风能转换设备带来的噪音排放常导致社区居民因噪音问题而反对安装风力发电设备，因而使风力发电设备安装遇到一些困难或根本无法安装，因为授权机构常因环境污染—噪音也是一种环境污染因素—而拒绝批准安装风力发电设备。
人们业已提出许多建议，用以改进风力发电设备转子叶片的结构，从而降低噪音。例如在EP-A-0 652367或DE 196 14 420.5中所公开的方案。
不过，通过对转子叶片的结构所采取的措施降低噪音的可能性仍然十分有限。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于进一步改善风力发电设备的噪音排放。
本发明的目的在于提供一种风力发电设备上的转子叶片，其上采用了可降低转子叶片引起的噪音的结构，其中所述结构是通过在转子叶片的至少部分表面上涂敷一不粘液体的涂层和/或表面构成的。
本发明基于这样一种认识，如果在转子叶片至少一部分涂敷不粘水和/或不粘冰的涂层，转子叶片会更加粗糙。也就是说，在转子叶片上加上一层涂料层，其效果不是象原本希望的获得表面最大的光滑度，相反，从微观结构上说，表面更加粗糙。已知这种表面也可以由漆层或其他涂层构成，其可获得所谓的“洛特斯效应”的功能，使水/冰仅能较弱地附着在该表面上。这里，所述的由涂色层构成的涂层形成一种毫微级的凸头床。凸头床上的凸头不仅使转子叶片表面粗糙，而且使表面硬度降低。这是因为各个毫微级凸头在其纵向上也会变形，因而使其结构明显弱于转子叶片的玻璃纤维层。
由于转子叶片上的“洛特斯”层的影响，在转子叶片表面形成的涡流因表面较低的硬度而得到衰减，或消耗了空气涡流的能量，由此从总体上—如预期的那样—降低了在转子叶片转动时产生的噪音。
微硅酮涂料“Lotusan”(Dyckerhoff集团的分支机构，ispo有限公司的商标)可在实际中作为自清洁层或涂层用于使转子叶片噪音明显降低。这种微硅酮涂料的公司销售产品号为1950，并被描述具有不粘污物不粘水功能。该涂层也可以通过薄层或薄膜制成，其表面结构形成不粘水层。在EP 0772 514中也公开了了自清洁表面(以及制造方法)。
附图说明
图1表示了带有转子的风力发电设备，其上安装有三个转子叶片10。
图2为转子叶片横截面的剖面图。
图3为转子的局部视图，其示出了“鲨鱼皮”薄膜的结构。
图4示出了“鲨鱼皮”薄膜中肋的横截面放大图。
具体实施方式
以下将借助于附图1和2举例说明本发明。
图1表示了带有转子的风力发电设备，其上安装有三个转子叶片10。在图1中表示了Enercon公司的E-40型风力发电设备。
图2为转子叶片横截面的剖面图。从图中可见，在表面上有一涂层1或覆盖层，其构成包含“毫微凸头”3的凸头床2。毫微凸头之间的距离A大约为2至250μm。毫微凸头的高度H大约为2至250μm。毫微凸头是由诸如疏水聚合物或稳定的疏水材料构成的。若毫微凸头的高度为5至60μm，毫微凸头之间的距离为5至110μm，则消除由转子叶片产生的噪音的效果特别好。
由微硅酮涂料(如“Lotusan”)形成的转子叶片的涂层还可以获得这样的效果，即，使得水(H2O)或其他液体不会粘附保持在转子叶片的表面上。由此也可排除叶片底部结冰的可能。
涂层优选不是在转子叶片的整个表面涂覆，而是涂覆转子叶片的后三分之一的区域(从转子方向看)内。优选该区域位于转子叶片末端或转子叶片的后端和前端边。
由于毫微凸头3的存在，转子叶片的表面获得了相当大的不规则度和粗糙度，使得水滴4(分子)与转子叶片表面之间的质量引力不足以使水分子保持附着在该表面上。毫微凸头使得非水分子相对转子叶片表面6保持一定间距，从而大大减小了水分子与所述表面之间的引力。
同时，毫微凸头3对于降低噪音起着类似“(噪音)震动衰减器”的作用。其原因在于，当自然地形成于转子叶片表面且对产生噪音具有影响的涡流(图中未示)遇到毫微凸头时，由于毫微凸头与叶片的刚性玻璃纤维结构相比具有较大的移动性，从而可以吸收涡流的能量，进而消耗掉空气涡流的能量，由此降低噪音。
所述涂层可以由涂覆的涂料或粘贴薄膜或薄层构成。
所述涂层不仅可以设置在转子叶片上或其部件上，也可以设置在风力发电设备的其他部件上，例如在风力发电设备的塔架7上和/或在防护罩8上。该防护罩—通常也称之为吊舱—设置在塔架的顶部，通常包围着风力发电设备的发电机或其他部件，使其不直接暴露而对周围环境产生影响。所述涂层不仅可以设置在塔架、转子叶片和/或防护罩的外部，也可以设置在其内部。为此，优选是在其内侧和/或外侧设置滴液槽(图中未示)。通过该滴液槽可以捕获、收集并有控制地排出从诸如塔架和/或防护罩上流下来的水。这种槽优选设置在塔壁上并相对于塔架的纵向轴线基本垂直(或略微倾斜)。被捕获的液体通过一个与其连接的落水管排出。
降低噪音产生的方案还有与上述结构不同的或对上述方案补充的方案。例如转子叶片具有“鲨鱼皮”式的特殊表面。该表面通过薄层或薄膜涂层形成。这种薄膜或薄层可采用诸如3M公司销售的、型号为3M 8691的抗拉带(Riblet带)。这种薄膜或薄层是航空工业部门研制的，其目的是，通过这种特殊的“鲨鱼皮”表面节约飞机的燃料。
这种“鲨鱼皮”薄膜结构是已知的，例如见于Dittrich W.Bechert(德国航空航天(DLR)研究中心涡轮装置研究部)的出版物中。这种“鲨鱼皮薄膜”结构也详细地公开在EP 0846 617，DE-C-36 09 541或DE-C-34 14 554中。为避免重复，上述文献中的内容也作为本申请的内容。
由于飞机上的噪音主要取决于发动机，因而不能减少由飞机产生的噪音，特别是由飞机上的空气动力部件(翼面)产生的噪音水平处于听力阈值之下，因而不能觉察到。
德国航空航天(DLR)研究中心涡轮装置研究部在柏林大学的工程师们，在Dittrich W.Bechert博士的领导下，根据鲨鱼皮原理研制成了一种薄膜(在一个相应的表面下)。在这样一种“鲨鱼皮”薄膜上，薄膜的表面有若干沿气流方向延伸的细槽11。这些槽不是连通的，而是如图3所示，被框线(鱼鳞片)12断开，各框线相互错开。在图示的实例中，一个“鱼鳞片”中有5个槽11，各槽的长度互不相同，且其纵向垂直于(或平行于)风力发电设备的转子叶片的半径r。在这种情况下，槽11(或肋)的高度H是槽间距s的30％至70％，槽(或肋)优选为楔形，其斜角约为5°至60°。
鲨鱼皮薄膜表面上横肋之间的标准间距用如下公式计算：s+＝(s/ny)*√(tao0/rho)，其值为12至22。其中，s为侧向肋间距，tao0为一个承受相同的气流的平滑参考表面的壁板应力，rho为气流介质(空气)的密度，ny为气流介质(空气)的动力性粘度。在这种情况下，标准的肋间距s+优选是在风力发电设备的转子叶片的周向速度(或角速度)为额定值的情况下调整。优选在转子叶片末端或末端区域(大约为转子叶片长度的5％至25％)的周向速度范围内调整。
槽间距s在这种情况下约为0.001至0.15mm。
在整个转子叶片的表面上也可以采用不同槽间距和/或不同的的鱼鳞片间距的表面结构，使得标准槽间距的调整总能适应在额定工况下转子的周向速度。
肋的侧向连接优选也有一个曲率半径，其最大为肋间距s的50％，优选介于5％和35％之间，最优选为20％。
作为一种优选方案，鲨鱼皮薄膜的表面，在两肋之间，有一个曲率半径，其至少等于侧向肋间距的100％，优选介于200％和400％之间。图4表示了一个放大的横截面图。
起初的试验表明，具有上述鲨鱼皮薄膜(因而也具有上述相应结构的表面)的转子叶片的转子所产生的噪音大约可降低0.2至3dB(与周向速度和风力情况有关)。
一种对上述降低噪音措施的改变或补充方案是，在转子叶片的局部区域，特别是转子叶片的前端涂一层防腐漆或防腐涂料。这种防腐漆可以采用诸如一种溶剂承载的、两组份的聚氨酯漆，其具有类似特氟隆的表面特性。迄今人们在转子叶片的前端粘贴防腐薄膜或薄层，用以防止因灰尘颗粒/雨滴/冰雹等产生的对转子叶片前端的腐蚀。粘贴这种薄膜非常复杂和麻烦且需要极为小心，以防工作时过早地脱落。尽管已经十分小心，但粘贴上的薄膜还总会脱落，在某些情况下，这会进一步提高工作中的噪音水平。在任何情况下，这都会提高维修费用，因为需要将脱落的薄膜部分或端部的薄膜部分(薄膜拐角)重新固定到转子叶片上或贴一层新的薄膜。
Coelan公司提供的一种光滑的密封剂型号为VP 1970M，适合作为一种防腐漆，可以消除已知防腐薄膜的缺点。这包括一种溶剂承载的、两组份的聚氨酯漆，其具有类似特氟隆的表面特性，其特性参数如下：
固体含量：组分A：约为60％
          组分B：约为5％
          混合物：约为32％
燃点：    -22℃
密度：    组分A：1.11g/cm3(20℃)
          组分B：0.83g/cm3(20℃)
粘度：    组分A：约80s DIN 4(23℃)
          组分B：＜10s DIN 4(23℃)
加工时间：在密封容器中约16小时
成膜时间：约30分钟(20℃；50％的相对空气湿度下)
失粘时间：约2小时后(20℃；50％的相对空气湿度下)
完全干燥时间：约96小时(20℃；50％的相对空气湿度下)
冲击硬度：147秒(根据皇家标准；DIN53157)
快速风化：2350小时UV-A，用Q板仪器
(QUV试验)2430小时UV-B，用Q板仪器
混合比例：组分A：100份重量
          组分B：100份重量
这种漆是为造船业研制的，但至今还没有用在转子叶片上用来减少噪音，这种漆是十分有利的，因为它能代替已知的防腐薄膜并可以解决其存在的问题。

Claims (21)

1.一种风力发电设备上的转子叶片，其上采用了可降低转子叶片引起的噪音的结构，其特征在于，所述结构是通过在转子叶片的至少部分表面上涂敷一不粘液体的涂层和/或表面构成的。
2.如权利要求1所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述不粘液体的涂层至少涂敷在当转子叶片转动时产生噪音的主要部位。
3.如权利要求1所述风力发电设备的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述转子叶片至少有部分涂层，其使转子叶片的微观结构产生相当大的不平整度，以至于水滴不能停留在转子叶片的表面上，所以在转子叶片的表面上不会保存水滴和/或冰粒，由此降低了风力发电设备工作时转子叶片产生的噪音。
4.如权利要求1所述风力发电设备的转子叶片，其特征在于，其表面上至少有部分涂层，使转子叶片表面上有涂层区域的硬度小于没有涂层的区域。
5.如权利要求1所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述涂层是一个由凸头与沟槽组成的表面结构，各个凸头之间的间距为2至250μm，凸头的高度为2至250μm。。
6.如权利要求5所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述凸头由疏水聚合物或稳定的疏水材料制成，其不会被自然雨水溶解。
7.如权利要求1所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述的疏水层为一个类似于“鲨鱼皮”结构的表面。
8.如权利要求1所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，转子叶片有一个壁表面，其上有具有气流主方向的气流涡旋，其上有沿主气流方向取向的且在主气流方向间隔开的肋，其高度约为侧向肋间距的30％至70％。
9.如权利要求8所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述肋为楔形，其斜角约为10°至60°。
10.如权利要求8所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，标准侧向肋间距用如下公式测量：
        s+＝(s/ny)*√(tao0/rho)
其值为12至22，其中，s为肋间距，tao0为一个承受相同的气流的平滑参考平面的壁板应力，rho为流体的密度，ny为流体的动力性粘度。
11.如权利要求10所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，标准肋间距s+适合于转子叶片的周向速度。
12.如权利要求11所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述标准肋间距s+适合于转子叶片末端区正常运转的情况下的周向速度。
13.如权利要求8所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，侧向肋间距s介于0.001至0.15mm之间。
14.如权利要求8所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述肋的侧向连接最大的曲率半径为侧向肋间距s的5％至35％。
15.如权利要求8所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，在两肋之间的表面有一个曲率半径，其至少等于两肋之间间距的100％。
16.如权利要求15所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述曲率半径介于200％至400％之间。
17.如权利要求1所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，在转子叶片的局部区域，涂有类似特氟隆的表面特性的一层防腐漆。
18.如权利要求17所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述防腐漆涂覆在转子叶片的前端。
19.如权利要求17所述的转子叶片，其特征在于，所述防腐漆为一种可承受溶剂的、两组份的聚氨酯漆。
20.包括如上述权利要求任意一项所述的转子叶片的风力发电设备。
21.一种风力发电设备包括至少具有一个转子叶片的转子、一个塔架和一个防护罩，该防护罩包围着风力发电设备的发电机，其特征在于，上述元件，如转子叶片、塔架和/或防护罩中至少一件上涂敷有如权利要求1-19中任意一项所述的疏水层，该层至少涂敷在上述元件如转子叶片、塔架及/或防护罩的部分表面上。
CNB998141437A 1998-12-09 1999-12-09 一种风力发电设备的转子叶片 Expired - Fee Related CN1317507C (zh)

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