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CN116963847B - 废物处理装置的反应器 - Google Patents

废物处理装置的反应器 Download PDF

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CN116963847B
CN116963847B CN202280007782.4A CN202280007782A CN116963847B CN 116963847 B CN116963847 B CN 116963847B CN 202280007782 A CN202280007782 A CN 202280007782A CN 116963847 B CN116963847 B CN 116963847B
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CN116963847A (zh
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米凯·亚历山大维奇·米山尼诺夫
德米特里·亚诺维奇·阿加罗夫
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Anton Victorovich Segory
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于处理固态、液态和气态废物的装置，特别地，本发明涉及用于通过等离子体化学破坏提供废物处理的装置。通过本发明获得的技术效果是实施提供对住宅固体和/或液体废物的有机和无机物质的破坏的反应器。该技术效果通过以封闭腔的形式提供的反应器获得，该封闭腔具有连接到废物进料装置的输入孔口和用于输出破坏的气态产物的输出孔口。使空腔的内表面完全或部分导电，并将电极插入反应器中。电极与导电表面隔离并且连接到高压脉冲源，并且电极与腔的导电表面之间的间隙的尺寸通过电晕放电提供等离子体体流的形成。

Description

废物处理装置的反应器
技术领域
本发明涉及用于处理固态、液态和气态废物的装置，特别地，本发明涉及通过等离子体化学破坏提供废物处理的装置。
背景技术
根据专利RU2741004(2021年1月22日公布)，有一种已知的固体有机废物转化方法，其中固体有机废物的转化通过蒸汽等离子体气化并获得合成气来进行。使用高温等离子体反应器提供该处理，该反应器采用水蒸汽作为等离子体形成气体，并在活性区域提供约1600-2000℃的温度。
这种反应器的局限性是固体有机废物的不完全转化，因为转化的结果也应被转化的合成气，而且它不能转化住宅固体废物的非有机物质。
发明内容
本发明的一个技术效果是实施了一个反应器，提供了对住宅固体和/或液体废物的有机和无机物质的破坏。
该技术效果是通过一个封闭腔体形式的反应器获得的，该封闭腔具有连接到废物进料装置的输入孔口和用于输出破坏的气态产物的输出孔口。腔体的内表面完全或部分导电，并且电极被插入反应器中，其中电极与导电表面隔离并且连接到高压脉冲源，电极和腔体的导电表面之间的间隙尺寸提供电晕放电的等离子体流的形成。
优选地，电极是圆柱形的并且具有尖锐的尖端。
优选地，电极由钢制成。
在一个实施例中，腔体底部覆盖有导电含湿液体。
优选地，电极和腔体的内部导电表面的至少一部分或覆盖该部分的导电含湿液体的表面之间的间隙设置在5至50mm的范围内。
优选地，所述腔体内表面的导电部分由钢或其他金属制成并接地。
在一个实施例中，腔体的内部非导电表面可以具有由介电材料制成的保护涂层。
在一个实施例中，圆柱形电极配备有翼部，该翼部设置成通过其短边附接到电极的钢带的形式，而钢带的长边指向电极，并且翼部相对于电极朝向电极的尖锐尖端成角度地设置。
优选地，所述钢带与电极轴的夹角为20-60度。
优选地，使用3-6个钢带。
在一个实施例中，腔体底部是平坦且导电的，圆柱形电极横向于底部定位且设有间隙。
在一个实施例中，钢格栅通过附接到底部的绝缘垫片平行于底部固定。栅格具有用于圆柱形电极的开口，使得在电极周围形成间隙，并且翼部的自由端邻接固定到栅格的绝缘垫片。
优选地，圆柱形电极周围的间隙设置在3至10mm的范围内，但是其小于圆柱形电极尖端与导电底部之间的间隙。
优选地，反应器内部的压力比大气压力低0.1-1Pa。
在一个实施例中，通过将具有抽吸鼓风机的静电过滤器连接到输出孔来提供反应器内部的负压。
优选地，所述反应器被实施为限制进气。
在一个实施方案中，通过使用封闭反应器入口的絮状物来提供空气吸入的限制，其中在进料至反应器之前通过加压废物来预形成絮状物。
附图说明
使用附图解释本发明。
图1示出了具有以下设计的反应器的垂直横截面：
1-具有内腔的反应器主体；
2-输入孔口；
3-输出孔口；
4-反应器腔体的内表面；
5-反应器腔体内表面的导电部分；
6-尖锐电极；
7-绝缘垫片；
8-高压脉冲源；
9-电极尖端；
10-反应器的导电底部；
11-用于计量进料待处理废物的设备；
12-具有抽吸鼓风机的静电过滤器。
具体实施方式
本发明可以在具有主体的反应器中实施。反应器主体具有连接到设备11的输入孔口2，设备11用于待处理的固体和/或液体废物的计量进料。设备11被配置成限制进入反应器的空气量。反应器主体具有旨在用于去除气态破坏产物的输出孔口3，并且连接到具有抽吸鼓风机的静电过滤器。腔体内表面5和底部10的部分由钢制成。电极6通过隔离垫片7插入到主体1的空腔中。电极6连接到高压脉冲的源8。电极6的尖端9相对于反应器主体1的导电底部10以20mm的间隙定位。
该装置以以下方式操作。高压脉冲从源8输送到电极6。如从[1]已知的，每个脉冲在电极6的尖端9处引起大量等离子体流。等离子体流倍增并向主体1的导电底部10扩散，逐渐填充电极间间隙并形成电晕放电。此后，例如，将一部分压制的固体住宅垃圾从设备11输送到装置中，用于经由输入孔口2计量输送待处理的垃圾，因此限制了经由输入孔口2将大气空气吸入主体1中。电晕放电等离子体作用于输入废物中包含的水，导致在破坏水分子H2O→OH·+H·时产生自由基。另外，脉冲电晕放电的等离子体流导致在反应器中形成其它活性物质，即，О3,О2(a1Δ),H2O2,ОН,O(3P),NO,HNO2和HNO3。电晕放电也是紫外(UV)辐射源。活性物质和UV辐射对包含在待处理废物中的任何有机和无机物质提供破坏性影响，从而确保其分解并形成无害的气态产物，即水和二氧化碳。由于电晕放电，废物的无机物被反应器中形成的酸HNO2和HNO3破坏。有机物质在水中的氧化过程是链式反应[2]。低速率链式反应可由大气氧和臭氧引发。高速链式反应由OH·自由基引发。换句话说，在装置中提供了对废物中包含的有机和无机物质的等离子体化学破坏。气态破坏产物流入反应器的输出孔口。
因此，由于该设备对住宅垃圾中的有机和无机物质进行了等离子体化学破坏，因此获得了所述技术效果。
参考文献
[1]АристоваН.А.,ПискаревИ.М.,ИвановскийА.В.,СелемирВ.Д.,СпировГ.М.,ШлепкинС.И.Инициированиехимическихреакцийподдействиемэлектрическогоразрядавсистеметвердыйдиэлектрик-газ-жидкость.//Журналфизическойхимии.2004.Т.78.№7.С.1326–1331.(Aristova N.A.,PiskarevI.M.,Ivanovskiy A.V.,Selemir V.D.,Spirov G.M.,Shlepkin S.I.介质-气体-液体配置中的放电引发的化学反应//《物理化学杂志》，2004年，第78卷，第7期，第1326-1331页。)
[2]ПискаревИ.М.Окислительно-восстановительныепроцессывводе,инициированныеэлектрическимразрядомнадееповерхностью.//Журналобщейхимии.2001.Т.71.Вып.10.С.1622.(Piskarev I.M.水面以上放电引发的水的氧化-还原过程//《普通化学杂志》，2001年，第71卷，第10期，第1622页。)。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于废物处理装置的反应器，所述反应器以腔体的形式提供，所述腔体具有连接到固体废物进料设备的输入孔口和用于输出破坏的气态产物的输出孔口，其特征在于，所述腔体的内表面是完全或部分导电的，并且电极插入到所述反应器中，其中，所述电极与导电表面隔离并且连接到高压脉冲源，并且当所述高压脉冲被供应到所述电极时，所述电极与所述腔体的所述导电表面之间的间隙的尺寸提供脉冲电晕放电等离子体流的形成；
其中，所述腔体的底部被导电的含湿液体覆盖，并且对进入反应器的空气进行限制；
所述电极与覆盖部分所述腔体的导电内表面的导电的含湿液体的表面之间的间隙的尺寸为5至50 mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述电极为圆柱形电极并且具有尖锐的尖端。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述电极由钢制成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述电极与所述腔体的至少一部分导电内表面之间的间隙尺寸为5至50 mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述腔体的内表面的导电部分由钢或其它金属制成并接地。
6.根据权利要求1所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述腔体的非导电内表面具有介电材料制成的保护涂层。
7.根据权利要求2所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述圆柱形电极配备有翼部，所述翼部以钢带的形式通过所述电极的短边附接到所述电极，而所述钢带的长边指向所述电极，并且所述翼部相对于所述电极朝向所述电极的尖锐尖端成角度地设置。
8.根据权利要求7所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述钢带与所述电极的轴线的夹角为20-60度。
9.根据权利要求7所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述圆柱形电极设有3-6个钢带。
10.根据权利要求2所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述腔体的底部是平坦且导电的，并且所述圆柱形电极定位成具有横向于所述底部的间隙。
11.根据权利要求9所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，钢格栅通过附接到所述腔体的底部的绝缘垫片平行于所述底部固定，其中所述钢格栅具有用于所述圆柱形电极的开口，以便在所述圆柱形电极周围形成间隙，并且所述翼部的自由端邻接固定到所述钢格栅的所述绝缘垫片。
12.根据权利要求10所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述圆柱形电极周围的间隙尺寸为3-10 mm，但小于所述电极端与所述导电底部之间的间隙尺寸。
13.根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述反应器内部的压力低于大气压0.1-1Pa。
14.根据权利要求12所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，所述反应器内部的负压通过将静电过滤器与抽吸鼓风机连接到所述输出孔口来提供。
15.根据权利要求1所述的用于废物处理装置的反应器，其特征在于，空气的吸入受到封闭所述反应器的入口的絮状物的限制，其中，所述絮状物在供给到所述反应器之前通过对废物加压而预先形成。
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