CN116963848A - 破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及处理生活垃圾的方法，具体地，涉及通过等离子体化学破坏处理具有低含水量的垃圾的方法。本发明的目的在于提供一种低含水量有机废弃物的破坏方法，达到拓宽技术方案范围的技术效果。通过破坏方法获得技术效果，其中将具有低含水量的有机废物经由输入口装载到反应器中，另外还装载生物来源的废物。反应器以封闭腔的形式提供，其内表面完全或部分导电并接地。电极突出到反应器中，其与接地表面隔离。向电极提供高压脉冲。脉冲导致在电极和反应器的导电表面之间的间隙中形成电晕放电流。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及处理生活垃圾的方法，特别是涉及通过等离子体化学破坏来处理低含水量的垃圾的方法。
背景技术
在RU2741004号专利(2021年1月22日公布)的装置中，有一种已知的固体有机废物处理方法，通过蒸汽等离子体气化转换的方式处理固体有机废物并产生合成气。通过高温等离子体反应器进行处理，其中水蒸气被用作等离子体支持气体，反应区的温度约为1600至2000℃。
这种方法的缺点是需要大量的加热来进行，而且对固体有机生活垃圾的处理也不彻底，因为处理的结果是合成气，也需要对其进行处理。
根据文献[1]，在大气压下放电的等离子体对水产生影响，并且在水分子被破坏时引起自由基的形成：H2O→OH·+H·。根据文献[2]，有机物质氧化过程在水存在下的链式反应可由大气氧和臭氧引发，但速率低。高速链式反应由OH·自由基引发。由于水的量不足，自由基的浓度不显著，不允许引发有机物质在水中氧化的链式反应。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种低含水量有机废弃物的破坏方法，达到拓宽技术方案范围的技术效果。
该技术效果通过破坏方法获得，其中具有低含水量的有机废物经由输入开装载到反应器中，另外还装载生物来源的废物。反应器以封闭腔的形式提供，其内表面完全或部分导电并接地。电极突出到反应器中，并且该电极与接地表面隔离。向电极提供高压脉冲。脉冲导致在电极和反应器的导电表面之间的间隙中形成电晕放电流。
众所周知，生物来源的废物含有高达98％的水(《苏联大百科全书》中“水”一节表2中的"藻类")。在反应器中引发的电晕放电流的等离子体对生物来源的废物中包含的水产生影响，因此由于其中包含的水分子H2O→OH·+H·的崩解而导致自由基的形成。此外，其它活性物质由于电晕放电流而在反应器中形成：О3、О2(a1Δ)、H2O2、ОН、O(3P)、NO、HNO2和HNO3。电晕放电还引起紫外(UV)辐射。上述活性物质和紫外线辐射对生活垃圾中含有的任何有机和无机物质，包括低含水量的有机垃圾，起到破坏作用，从而使其完全破坏，形成无害的气态反应产物，即水和二氧化碳。废物的非有机物被酸破坏。
换句话说，该方法提供了对废物中包含的有机和无机物质(包括具有低含水量的有机废物)的等离子体化学破坏。
优选地，电极与空腔内表面的至少一个导电部分之间的间隙的尺寸设置在5至50毫米的范围内。
优选地，当实施该方法时，限制大气空气进入反应器。
优选地，废物以定量的形式加入反应器。
优选地，废物的剂量以压缩形式装载到反应器中，同时限制大气空气进入反应器。
优选地，在实施该方法时，同时或相继将低含水量的生活垃圾和生物来源的垃圾装入反应器中。
优选地，与大气压力相比，反应器内的压力降低0.1至1.0Pa。
在该方法的一个实施方案中，在反应器输出口处形成真空以降低反应器内的压力。
附图说明
图1示出了用于实施所要求保护的方法的反应器的垂直横截面，其中使用以下附图标记：
1.具有内腔的反应器主体；
2.输入口；
3.输出口；
4.反应器腔内表面；
5.反应器腔内表面的导电部分；
6.尖端电极；
7.隔离构件；
8高压脉冲源；
9.电极端；
10.电抗器导电底部；
11.用于定量装载待处理废物的装置；
12.具有在反应器输出处提供降压的抽气风扇的静电过滤器。
具体实施方式
该方法通过使用以封闭主体(1)的形式提供的反应器来实现，其中底部(10)是导电的并且接地。具有尖端(9)的电极(6)突出到主体(1)中。尖端(9)与主体(1)的导电底部(10)隔离并且指向它。从装置(11)装载一部分具有低含水量的压缩有机废物，以便在装载一部分生物来源的压缩废物之后，经由主体(1)的输入口(2)定量装载待处理的废物，同时限制大气空气进入主体(1)。从源(8)向电极(6)提供高压脉冲。如从文献[1]中已知的，每一个脉冲都会在电极(6)的尖端(9)附近出现大量的流。流开始向主体(1)的导电底部(10)倍增和扩散，逐渐填充电极间间隙并形成拖缆电晕放电。电晕放电的等离子体对装载到反应器中的生物来源的废物中包含的水产生影响，并且在破坏水分子时引起自由基的形成：H2O→OH·+H·，其在它们形成之后也对具有低含水量的有机废物产生影响。此外，其它活性物质由于电晕放电而在反应器中形成：О3、О2(a1Δ)、H2O2、ОН、O(3P)、NO、HNO2和HNO3。电晕放电还引起紫外(UV)辐射。上述活性物质和UV辐射对待处理废物中包含的任何有机和无机物质施加破坏作用，从而提供其完全破坏并形成无害的气态反应产物，即水和二氧化碳。废物的非有机物被酸破坏。有机物质在水中的氧化过程是链式反应[2]。低速率链式反应可由大气氧和臭氧引发。然而，高速率链式反应仅由OH·自由基引发，在反应器中的形成是由施加在生物来源的废物中包含的水中的电晕放电等离子体的影响引起的。换句话说，该装置提供对废物中包含的有机和无机物质(包括具有低含水量的有机废物)的等离子体化学破坏。破坏的气态产物进入反应器的输出口(3)。
因此，以提供等离子体化学破坏废物中包含的有机和非有机物质(包括具有低含水量的有机废物)的方法的形式获得了特定的技术效果。
非专利文献
[1]АристоваН.А.,ПискаревИ.М.,ИвановскийА.В.,СелемирВ.Д.,СпировГ.М.,ШлепкинС.И.Инициированиехимическихреакцийподдействиемэлектрическогоразрядавсистеметвердыйдиэлектрик-газ-жидкость//Журналфизическойхимии.2004.Т.78.№7.С.1326–1331.(Aristova N.A.,Piskarev I.M.,Ivanovskiy A.V.,Selemir V.D.,Spirov G.M.,Shlepkin S.I.在电介质-气体-液体配置中通过放电启动化学反应//物理化学杂质,2004,Vol.78,#7,第1326–1331页.)
[2]ПискаревИ.М.Окислительно-восстановительныепроцессывводе,инициированныеэлектрическимразрядомнадееповерхностью//Журналобщейхимии.2001.Т.71.Вып.10.С.1622.(Piskarev I.M.水面以上放电引发的水中氧化-还原过程//普通化学杂志,2001,Vol.71,Issue 10,第1622页.)
Claims (8)
1.一种破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，将低含水量有机废物通过输入口装入反应器中，另外还装入生物来源废弃物；所述反应器呈密闭腔体形式，使其内表面全部或部分导电接地；与接地表面隔离的电极伸入反应器中；向电极提供高压脉冲，在电极与反应器导电表面之间的间隙中形成电晕放电流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，所述电极与所述腔体内表面的至少一个导电部之间的间隙的尺寸在5至50毫米的范围内。
3.根据权利要求1所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，在装载废弃物的过程中限制大气进入反应器。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，所述废物以定量的形式装载到所述反应器中。
5.根据权利要求5所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，所述废物以压缩形式装入所述反应器。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，所述低含水量有机废弃物和生物来源废弃物同时或依次装入反应器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，所述反应器内的压力比大气压降低0.1-1.0Pa。
8.根据权利要求7所述的破坏低含水量的有机废物的方法，其特征在于，在所述反应器输出口处形成真空。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2021140063 | 2021-12-30 | ||
| RU2021140063 | 2021-12-30 | ||
| PCT/IB2022/060909 WO2023126706A1 (ru) | 2021-12-30 | 2022-11-14 | Способ деструкции органических отходов с малым содержанием воды |
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